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Martins RS, Weber J, Poulikidis K, Shetawi AHA, Latif MJ, Razi SS, Lebovics RS, Bhora FY. Gene expression profiles in COVID-19-associated tracheal stenosis indicate persistent anti-viral response and dysregulated retinol metabolism. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:140. [PMID: 38755665 PMCID: PMC11100031 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated tracheal stenosis (COATS) may occur as a result of prolonged intubation during COVID-19 infection. We aimed to investigate patterns of gene expression in the tracheal granulation tissue of patients with COATS, leverage gene expression data to identify dysregulated cellular pathways and processes, and discuss potential therapeutic options based on the identified gene expression profiles. METHODS Adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) presenting to clinics for management of severe, recalcitrant COATS were included in this study. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis was performed with transcriptomic data for normal tracheal tissue being used as a control. The top ten most highly upregulated and downregulated genes were identified. For each of these pathologically dysregulated genes, we identified key cellular pathways and processes they are involved in using Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) applied via Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). RESULTS Two women, aged 36 years and 37 years, were included. The profile of dysregulated genes indicated a cellular response consistent with viral infection (CXCL11, PI15, CCL8, DEFB103A, IFI6, ACOD1, and DEFB4A) and hyperproliferation/hypergranulation (MMP3, CASP14 and HAS1), while downregulated pathways included retinol metabolism (ALDH1A2, RBP1, RBP4, CRABP1 and CRABP2). CONCLUSION Gene expression changes consistent with persistent viral infection and dysregulated retinol metabolism may promote tracheal hypergranulation and hyperproliferation leading to COATS. Given the presence of existing literature highlighting retinoic acid's ability to favorably regulate these genes, improve cell-cell adhesion, and decrease overall disease severity in COVID-19, future studies must evaluate its utility for adjunctive management of COATS in animal models and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Seth Martins
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network- Central Region, 65 James Street, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA.
| | - Joanna Weber
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Kostantinos Poulikidis
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Al Haitham Al Shetawi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Dyson Center for Cancer Care, Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Nuvance Health, 12601, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Nuvance Health, 12601, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - M Jawad Latif
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Syed Shahzad Razi
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Robert S Lebovics
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Faiz Y Bhora
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA.
- Chief of Thoracic Surgery, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network- Central Region, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 65 James Street, 08820, Edison, NJ, USA.
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Silbereisen A, Bao K, Wolski W, Nanni P, Kunz L, Afacan B, Emingil G, Bostanci N. Probing the salivary proteome for prognostic biomarkers in response to non-surgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38660744 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIM This prospective study investigated the salivary proteome before and after periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten systemically healthy, non-smoking, stage III, grade C periodontitis patients underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment. Full-mouth periodontal parameters were measured, and saliva (n = 30) collected pre- (T0), and one (T1) and six (T6) months post-treatment. The proteome was investigated by label-free quantitative proteomics. Protein expression changes were modelled over time, with significant protein regulation considered at false discovery rate <0.05. RESULTS Treatment significantly reduced bleeding scores, percentages of sites with pocket depth ≥5 mm, plaque and gingival indexes. One thousand seven hundred and thirteen proteins were identified and 838 proteins (human = 757, bacterial = 81) quantified (≥2 peptides). At T1, 80 (T1 vs. T0: 60↑:20↓), and at T6, 118 human proteins (T6 vs. T0: 67↑:51↓) were regulated. The salivary proteome at T6 versus T1 remained stable. Highest protein activity post- versus pre-treatment was observed for cellular movement and inflammatory response. The small proline-rich protein 3 (T1 vs. T0: 5.4-fold↑) and lymphocyte-specific protein 1 (T6 vs. T0: 4.6-fold↓) were the top regulated human proteins. Proteins from Neisseria mucosa and Treponema socranskii (T1 vs. T0: 8.0-fold↓, 4.9-fold↓) were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal treatment reduced clinical disease parameters and these changes were reflected in the salivary proteome. This underscores the potential of utilizing saliva biomarkers as prognostic tools for monitoring treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Silbereisen
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kunz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beral Afacan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Xie X, Zhang L, Lin Y, Liu X, Wang N, Li P. IL-17A exacerbates psoriasis in a STAT3 overexpressing mouse model. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15727. [PMID: 37465147 PMCID: PMC10351506 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by immunocyte activation, excessive proliferation, and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) play a crucial role in linking activated keratinocytes and immunocytes during psoriasis development. T helper (Th) 17 cells and secreted interleukin (IL)-17A contribute to its pathogenesis. IL-17A treated STAT3 overexpressing mouse model might serve as an animal model for psoriasis. Methods In this study, we established a mouse model of psoriasiform dermatitis by intradermal IL-17A injection in STAT3 overexpressing mice. Transcriptome analyses were performed on the skin of wild type (WT), STAT3, and IL-17A treated STAT3 mice. Bioinformatics-based functional enrichment analysis was conducted to predict biological pathways. Meanwhile, the morphological and pathological features of skin lesions were observed, and the DEGs were verified by qPCR. Results IL-17A treated STAT3 mice skin lesions displayed the pathological features of hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. The DEGs between IL-17A treated STAT3 mice and WT mice were highly consistent with those observed in psoriasis patients, including S100A8, S100A9, Sprr2, and LCE. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the core DEGs revealed a robust immune response, chemotaxis, and cornified envelope, et al. The major KEGG enrichment pathways included IL-17 and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Conclusion IL-17A exacerbates psoriasis dermatitis in a STAT3 overexpressing mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Xie
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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4
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Wu M, Guo Q, Liu X, Wu L. SPRR3, a novel miR‑338‑3p target, regulates the malignant progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in vitro via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:317. [PMID: 35350667 PMCID: PMC8943802 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma and has a poor prognosis. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of small proline-rich repeat protein 3 (SPRR3) in the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells and to investigate its upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms. Survival analysis was performed using the UALCAN website based on the The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Normal renal cell line HK-2 and ccRCC cell lines (786-O, CaKi-1 and UMRC-2) were used. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) levels. Western blotting was used to detect protein levels. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, a wound healing assay and a Transwell invasion assay were used to assess the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells, respectively. Transfection of overexpression plasmids and small interfering RNAs were used to upregulate and knockdown SPRR3 expression, respectively. Transfection of miRNA-mimics was used to overexpress miR-338-3p. A luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the predicted binding relationship between SPRR3 mRNA and miR-338-3p. The results indicated the following: i) SPRR3 was a risk factor for the survival of patients with ccRCC, and was upregulated in ccRCC cell lines; ii) SPRR3 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells; iii) SPRR3 regulated the tumor phenotypes of ccRCC cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway; iv) miR-338-3p directly targeted SPRR3 mRNA and negatively regulated SPRR3 expression; and v) miR-338-3p inhibited the PI3K/Akt pathway and the tumor phenotypes of ccRCC cells by downregulating SPRR3. In conclusion, SPRR3, as a novel target of miR-338-3p, regulated the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway; this finding not only enriches our understanding of the mechanism underlying ccRCC development, but also demonstrates a potential novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoyan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130052, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Crompton RA, Williams H, Campbell L, Hui Kheng L, Saville C, Ansell DM, Reid A, Wong J, Vardy LA, Hardman MJ, Cruickshank SM. An Epidermal-Specific Role for Arginase1 during Cutaneous Wound Repair. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1206-1216.e8. [PMID: 34710388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonhealing wounds are a major area of unmet clinical need remaining problematic to treat. Improved understanding of prohealing mechanisms is invaluable. The enzyme arginase1 (ARG1) is involved in prohealing responses, with its role in macrophages best characterized. ARG1 is also expressed by keratinocytes; however, ARG1 function in these critical wound repair cells is not understood. We characterized ARG1 expression in keratinocytes during normal cutaneous repair and reveal de novo temporal and spatial expression at the epidermal wound edge. Interestingly, epidermal ARG1 expression was decreased in both human and murine delayed healing wounds. We therefore generated a keratinocyte-specific ARG1-null mouse model (K14-cre;Arg1fl/fl) to explore arginase function. Wound repair, linked to changes in keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and differentiation, was significantly delayed in K14-cre;Arg1fl/fl mice. Similarly, using the arginase inhibitor N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine, human in vitro and ex vivo models further confirmed this finding, revealing the importance of the downstream polyamine pathway in repair. Indeed, restoring the balance in ARG1 activity through the addition of putrescine proved beneficial in wound closure. In summary, we show that epidermal ARG1 plays, to our knowledge, a previously unreported intrinsic role in cutaneous healing, highlighting epidermal ARG1 and the downstream mediators as potential targets for the therapeutic modulation of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Crompton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Campbell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lim Hui Kheng
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charis Saville
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David M Ansell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Reid
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Wong
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena M Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Majewski GP, Singh S, Bojanowski K. Olive leaf-derived PPAR agonist complex induces collagen IV synthesis in human skin models. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:662-676. [PMID: 34661292 PMCID: PMC9298265 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are known to modulate the synthesis of dermal lipids and proteins including collagens. Olive (Olea europaea) leaves have been reported to contain PPAR‐binding ligands. Collagen IV, a major dermal‐epidermal junction (DEJ) protein, degrades with both age and disease. Here, we report the formulation of a novel multi‐ligand complex, Linefade, and its effects on collagen IV synthesis. Methods Linefade prepared from the leaves of Olea europaea contains 2% w/w plant extract solids dissolved in a mixture of glyceryl monoricinoleate and dimethyl isosorbide. In silico docking was performed with PPAR‐α (PDB ID: 2P54). Linefade was evaluated for PPAR‐α‐dependent transcription in a luciferase reporter assay system. Cell viability and collagen IV levels in human dermal fibroblast cultures were measured using the MTT method and ELISA assay, respectively. Transcriptome analysis was conducted on a full‐thickness reconstituted human skin (EpiDermFT) model. Ex vivo cell viability and collagen IV immunostaining were performed on human skin explants. Results In silico docking model of the major constituents (oleanolic acid and glyceryl monoricinoleate) produced a co‐binding affinity of −6.7 Kcal/mole. Linefade significantly increased PPAR‐α transcriptional activity in CHO cells and collagen IV synthesis in adult human dermal fibroblasts. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 1% Linefade modulated the expression of 280 genes with some related to epidermal differentiation, DEJ, PPAR, Nrf2 and retinoid pathways. An ex vivo human explant study showed that 1% Linefade, delivered via a triglycerides excipient, increased collagen IV levels along the dermal–epidermal junction by 52%. Conclusion In silico modelling and in vitro and ex vivo analyses confirmed Linefade‐mediated activation of PPAR‐α and stimulation of collagen IV synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smrita Singh
- Creative Bioinformatics and Science, Morna, District Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tian S, Chen S, Feng Y, Li Y. The Interactions of Small Proline-Rich Proteins with Late Cornified Envelope Proteins are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1355-1365. [PMID: 34594126 PMCID: PMC8478164 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s336072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Psoriasis is a common cutaneous disease with multiple characteristics including inflammation and aberrant keratinocyte proliferation. However, the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not completely clear yet. The objective of this study is to perform an in-depth analysis of the association between SPRR and LCE in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Methods In this study, we explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in psoriasis by analyzing different gene expression profiles obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The DEGs were examined using gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and protein–protein interactions (PPI) network. Correlation analysis in R studio software was used to analyze the association between SPRR and LCE genes. Further, potential direct protein–protein interactions between SPRR proteins and LCE3D were verified by co-localization observations and co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assays in 293T cells. Also, the expression levels of SPRR and LCE genes were detected in lesional skin of the IMQ-induced psoriasiform dermatitis mice using RT-PCR. Results Interestingly, the small proline-rich (SPRR) and late cornified envelope (LCE) genes were identified as a module in the constructed PPI network. And the analysis of the gene expression profile GSE63684 showed that both SPRR family and LCE family genes were significantly upregulated in imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasiform dermatitis mice. Also, the correlation analysis in R studio software recognized the association of SPRR and LCE genes, which were further verified by co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assays in 293T cells, and the results show that the direct interactions between SPRR2 and LCE3D. Notably, we also found that the expression levels of SPRR and LCE genes were significantly increased in the IMQ-induced psoriasiform dermatitis mice, while specifically decreased under the tazarotene cream treatment, indicating that the SPRR and LCEs were regulated simultaneously in psoriasis. Conclusion In summary, our study found that interactions between SPRR proteins and LCE proteins may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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8
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Rossiter H, Copic D, Direder M, Gruber F, Zoratto S, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Kremslehner C, Sochorová M, Nagelreiter IM, Mlitz V, Buchberger M, Lengauer B, Golabi B, Sukseree S, Mildner M, Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Autophagy protects murine preputial glands against premature aging, and controls their sebum phospholipid and pheromone profile. Autophagy 2021; 18:1005-1019. [PMID: 34491140 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1966716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preputial glands are large lipid and hormone secreting sebaceous organs of mice, and present a convenient model for the investigation of biological processes in sebocytes. Suppression of ATG7-dependent macroautophagy/autophagy in epithelial cells of murine skin causes enlargement of hair follicle-associated sebaceous glands and alters the lipid profile of sebum. We have now extended these studies to the preputial glands and find that autophagy significantly delays the onset of age-related ductal ectasia, influences lipid droplet morphology and contributes to the complete dissolution of the mature sebocytes during holocrine secretion. Single cell RNA sequencing showed that many genes involved in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress response were downregulated in immature and mature epithelial cells of ATG7-deficient glands. When analyzing the lipid composition of control and mutant glands, we found that levels of all phospholipid classes, except choline plasmalogen, were decreased in the mutant glands, with a concomitant accumulation of diacyl glycerides. Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) demonstrated that phospholipid species, specifically the dominant phosphatidylcholine (PC 34:1), were decreased in immature and mature sebocytes. In addition, we found a strong reduction in the amounts of the pheromone, palmityl acetate. Thus, autophagy in the preputial gland is not only important for homeostasis of the gland as a whole and an orderly breakdown of cells during holocrine secretion, but also regulates phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism, as well as pheromone production.AbbreviationsATG7: autophagy related 7; BODIPY: boron dipyrromethene; DAG: diacyl glycerides; DBI: diazepam binding inhibitor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; KRT14: keratin 14; HPLC-MS: high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LD: lipid droplet; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MSI: mass spectrometric imaging; ORO: Oil Red O; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PG: preputial gland; PLIN2: perilipin 2; PtdIns: phosphatidylinositol; PL: phospholipids; POPC: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-PC; PS: phosphatidylserine; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcribed PCR; SG: sebaceous gland; scRNAseq: single-cell RNA sequencing; TAG: triacylglycerides; TLC: thin layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragan Copic
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuele Zoratto
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Michaela Sochorová
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela-Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Lengauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Kong X, Wang D, Sun W, Chen M, Chen J, Shi J, Zhang J, Chen X. Small Proline-Rich Protein 2A and 2D Are Regulated by the RBM38-p73 Axis and Associated with p73-Dependent Suppression of Chronic Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112829. [PMID: 34204113 PMCID: PMC8201237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small proline-rich protein 2A and 2D (SPRR2A and SPRR2D) are structure proteins of cornified cell envelopes and function as a protective barrier against diverse external insults. However, the role of SPRR2A/2D in chronic inflammation remains unclear. Here, we showed that SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled by a regulatory loop formed by RNA-binding protein RBM38 and tumor suppressor p73. We also found that RBM38-mediated expression of SPRR2A/2D was p73-dependent and that induction of SPRR2A/2D during keratinocyte differentiation was dependent on both p73 and Rbm38. Furthermore, We found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice exhibited weak expression of SPRR2A/2D in multiple tissues and were susceptible to systemic chronic inflammation. Together, our data reveal that SPRR2A/2D are novel targets of the RBM38-p73 loop and contribute to p73-dependent suppression of chronic inflammation. Abstract Small proline-rich protein 2A and 2D (SPRR2A and SPRR2D) provide barrier function in terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelia through the epidermal differentiation complex. However, little is known how SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled and their role in chronic inflammation. Here, we showed that that SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled by a regulatory loop formed by RNA-binding protein RBM38 and tumor suppressor p73. Specifically, we found that SPRR2A/2D expression was induced by ectopic expression of RBM38 or p73 but suppressed by knockout of Rbm38 or p73. We also found that RBM38-mediated expression of SPRR2A/2D was p73-dependent and that induction of SPRR2A/2D during keratinocyte differentiation was dependent on both p73 and Rbm38. Additionally, we found that SPRR2A/2D expression was closely associated with p73 expression in normal and cancerous tissues. To determine the biological function of the RBM38-p73 loop potentially via SPRR2A/2D, we generated a cohort of wild-type, Rbm38−/−, Trp73+/−, and Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice. We found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice had a much shorter lifespan than that for Rbm38−/−—and to a lesser extent for Trp73+/− mice—but were less prone to spontaneous tumors than Trp73+/− or Rbm38−/− mice. We also found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice exhibited weak expression of SPRR2A/2D in multiple tissues and were susceptible to systemic chronic inflammation, suggesting that decreased SPRR2A/2D expression is likely responsible for chronic inflammation in Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice, leading to a shortened lifespan. Together, our data reveal that SPRR2A/2D are novel targets of the RBM38-p73 loop and contribute to p73-dependent suppression of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmudong Kong
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Dan Wang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (X.K.); (D.W.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.C.)
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10
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Roy RR, Shimada K, Murakami S, Hasegawa H. Contribution of transglutaminases and their substrate proteins to the formation of cornified cell envelope in oral mucosal epithelium. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12760. [PMID: 33501693 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cornified envelope formation is crucial for the final differentiation of keratinized epithelium. However, the mechanisms of cornified envelope formation in the oral epithelium remain unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the differences in the distribution and expression of cornified envelope related proteins and genes between keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia. We immunohistochemically investigated the distribution patterns of transglutaminase 1 (TG1), transglutaminase 3 (TG3), and their substrate proteins involucrin (IVL), loricrin (LOR), and small proline rich proteins (SPRs), in 19 keratinized and 14 non-keratinized oral epithelium samples. TG1 and TG3 mRNA levels were investigated in both types of epithelium by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using paraffin-embedded specimens. Data were analyzed to identify factors involved in cornified envelope formation. We demonstrate that 11 localization patterns show statistically significant differences between keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia. These factors clearly drove the separation of the two groups during cluster analysis. TG1 mRNA levels in keratinized oral epithelium were significantly higher than those in non-keratinized oral epithelium. In conclusion, the characteristic distribution of transglutaminases and their substrates and the mRNA levels of TG1 can regulate cornified envelope formation in keratinized oral epithelium, together with the contribution of TG3 first reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rani Roy
- Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Katsumitsu Shimada
- Department of Oral Pathology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hasegawa
- Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
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11
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Effect of SUV39H1 Histone Methyltransferase Knockout on Expression of Differentiation-Associated Genes in HaCaT Keratinocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122628. [PMID: 33297464 PMCID: PMC7762351 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes undergo a complex differentiation process, coupled with extensive changes in gene expression through which they acquire distinctive features indispensable for cells that form the external body barrier—epidermis. Disturbed epidermal differentiation gives rise to multiple skin diseases. The involvement of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation or histone modifications, in the regulation of epidermal gene expression and differentiation has not been fully recognized yet. In this work we performed a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SUV39H1, a gene-encoding H3K9 histone methyltransferase, in HaCaT cells that originate from spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes and examined changes in the expression of selected differentiation-specific genes located in the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) and other genomic locations by RT-qPCR. The studied genes revealed a diverse differentiation state-dependent or -independent response to a lower level of H3K9 methylation. We also show, by means of chromatin immunoprecipitation, that the expression of genes in the LCE1 subcluster of EDC was regulated by the extent of trimethylation of lysine 9 in histone H3 bound to their promoters. Changes in gene expression were accompanied by changes in HaCaT cell morphology and adhesion.
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12
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Saraswati S, Lietman CD, Li B, Mathew S, Zent R, Young PP. Small proline-rich repeat 3 is a novel coordinator of PDGFRβ and integrin β1 crosstalk to augment proliferation and matrix synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts. FASEB J 2020; 34:7885-7904. [PMID: 32297675 PMCID: PMC7302973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902815r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 6 million Americans suffer from heart failure. Increased fibrosis contributes to functional decline of the heart that leads to heart failure. Previously, we identified a mechanosensitive protein, small proline‐rich repeat 3 (SPRR3), in vascular smooth muscle cells of atheromas. In this study, we demonstrate SPRR3 expression in cardiac fibroblasts which is induced in activated fibroblasts following pressure‐induced heart failure. Sprr3 deletion in mice showed preserved cardiac function and reduced interstitial fibrosis in vivo and reduced fibroblast proliferation and collagen expression in vitro. SPRR3 loss resulted in reduced activation of Akt, FAK, ERK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are coordinately regulated by integrins and growth factors. SPRR3 deletion did not impede integrin‐associated functions including cell adhesion, migration, or contraction. SPRR3 loss resulted in reduced activation of PDGFRβ in fibroblasts. This was not due to the reduced PDGFRβ expression levels or decreased binding of the PDGF ligand to PDGFRβ. SPRR3 facilitated the association of integrin β1 with PDGFRβ and subsequently fibroblast proliferation, suggesting a role in PDGFRβ‐Integrin synergy. We postulate that SPRR3 may function as a conduit for the coordinated activation of PDGFRβ by integrin β1, leading to augmentation of fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis downstream of biomechanical and growth factor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Saraswati
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caressa D Lietman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pampee P Young
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,American Red Cross, Biomedical Division, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Zhang J, Xiang J, Wu D, Dai Y, Xu J. Shared gene signature between pterygium and meibomian gland dysfunction uncovered through gene-expression meta-analysis. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:397-404. [PMID: 31373692 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pterygium and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) are two clinically correlated ocular diseases. We propose to investigate the shared gene signature between pterygium and MGD. METHODS Microarray datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Initial processing of the data was performed using the R programming package. Gene-expression values were log2 transformed and normalized by quantile normalization. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each individual dataset were analyzed by the limma package. The integration of different pterygium datasets and gene-expression meta-analysis was conducted by the NetworkAnalyst package. A Venn diagram was created to find the overlapped DEGs between MGD and pterygium datasets. Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analysis were performed using the ToppGene Suite. RESULTS We found 193 DEGs significantly up-regulated in pterygium, with the combined effect sizes ranging from 1.53 to 3.78. A gene signature consisting of 11 DEGs were found to be shared by pterygium and MGD (SPRR3, SERPINB13, NMU, KRT10, IL37, KRT6B, PI3, S100A2, MAL, AURKA, and RGCC), and bioinformatics analyses showed that these overlapped DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to keratinization, cell-cycle regulation, and formation of the cornified envelope. CONCLUSION We identified a shared gene signature between pterygium and MGD through gene-expression meta-analysis. The analysis of this signature underlined that keratinization-related pathways may play important roles in the development of these two clinically correlated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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14
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Fukunaga T, Hamada M. A Novel Method for Assessing the Statistical Significance of RNA-RNA Interactions Between Two Long RNAs. J Comput Biol 2018; 25:976-986. [PMID: 29963900 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2017.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-RNA interactions are key mechanisms through which noncoding RNA (ncRNA) regions exert biological functions. Computational prediction of RNA-RNA interactions is an essential method for detecting novel RNA-RNA interactions because their comprehensive detection by biological experimentation is still quite difficult. Many RNA-RNA interaction prediction tools have been developed, but they tend to produce many false positives. Accordingly, assessment of the statistical significance of computationally predicted interactions is an important task. However, there is no method to evaluate the statistical significance of RNA-RNA interactions that is applicable to interactions between two long RNA sequences. We developed a method to calculate the p-value for the minimal interaction energy between two long RNA sequences. The developed method depends on the fact that minimum interaction energies of RNA-RNA interactions between long RNAs follow a Gumbel distribution when repeat sequences in RNAs are masked. To show the usefulness of the developed method, we applied it to whole human 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and 3'-UTR sequences to detect novel 5'-UTR-3'-UTR interactions. We thus identified two significant 5'-UTR-3'-UTR interactions. Specifically, the human small proline-rich repeat protein 3 shows conserved 5'-UTR-3'-UTR interactions with some nucleotide variations preserving base pairings among primates. Our developed method enables us to detect statistically significant RNA-RNA interactions between long RNAs such as long ncRNAs. Statistical significance estimates help in identification of interactions for experimental validation and provide novel insights into the function of ncRNA regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Fukunaga
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan .,2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Hamada
- 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University , Tokyo, Japan .,3 Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tokyo, Japan .,4 Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tokyo, Japan .,5 Institute for Medical-Oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University , Tokyo, Japan .,6 Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Proteome analysis reveals that de novo regenerated mucosa over fibula flap-reconstructed mandibles resembles mature keratinized oral mucosa. Oral Oncol 2018; 78:207-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Sullivan DA, Rocha EM, Aragona P, Clayton JA, Ding J, Golebiowski B, Hampel U, McDermott AM, Schaumberg DA, Srinivasan S, Versura P, Willcox MDP. TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:284-333. [PMID: 28736336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of DED. This sex-related difference in DED prevalence is attributed in large part to the effects of sex steroids (e.g. androgens, estrogens), hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics (e.g. microRNAs). In addition to sex, gender also appears to be a risk factor for DED. "Gender" and "sex" are words that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. "Gender" refers to a person's self-representation as a man or woman, whereas "sex" distinguishes males and females based on their biological characteristics. Both gender and sex affect DED risk, presentation of the disease, immune responses, pain, care-seeking behaviors, service utilization, and myriad other facets of eye health. Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men. The purpose of this Subcommittee report is to review and critique the nature of this role, as well as to recommend areas for future research to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between sex, gender, hormones and DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eduardo M Rocha
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ocular Surface Diseases Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy
| | - Janine A Clayton
- National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Ding
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulrike Hampel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sruthi Srinivasan
- Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Piera Versura
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disorder with a complex, evolving pathogenesis. Research on the pathogenesis has shifted from focusing primarily on generalized immune system abnormalities in T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) activity to more targeted immune and skin barrier abnormalities contributing to the overall phenotype. Specific signaling pathways recently implicated in atopic dermatitis include production of interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13, which promote immunoglobulin E production, Th17 and Th22 cells, and production of cytokines. Barrier defect abnormalities, such as a shared filaggrin mutation noted in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, as well as reduced structural proteins and lipids (eg, ceramides), have been discovered as well. These alterations contribute to increased transepidermal water loss in addition to increased allergen exposure, resulting in debate over the "inside out" versus "outside in" theories-that is, the concept that immunity triggers barrier breakdown versus barrier abnormalities triggering immunologic alteration toward atopy. In fact, it is likely that all of these contribute to pathogenesis, with some individuals initially experiencing immunologic abnormalities more strongly than barrier defects and vice versa. Genetic analyses have continued to advance, leading to the discovery of potential candidate genes relating both to the impaired skin barrier and the altered immune system pathways. This review outlines the evolution of the field of current pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, highlighting the most pertinent recent findings.
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18
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Top-down HPLC-ESI-MS proteomic analysis of saliva of edentulous subjects evidenced high levels of cystatin A, cystatin B and SPRR3. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 77:68-74. [PMID: 28178587 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the salivary peptidome/proteome of edentulous subject with respect to dentate control subjects. DESIGN Unstimulated whole saliva, collected from 11 edentulous subjects (age 60-76 years) and 11 dentate age-matched control subjects, was immediately treated with 0.2% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and the acidic soluble fraction analyzed by High Performace Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The relative abundance of the salivary peptides/proteins was determined by measuring the area of the High Performace Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry eXtracted Ion Current peaks which is linearly proportional to peptide/protein concentration under identical experimental conditions. Levels of salivary peptides/proteins in the two groups were compared by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test to evidence statistically significant differences. RESULTS Levels of cystatin A, S-glutathionylated, S-cystenylated, S-S dimer derivatives of cystatin B and S-glutathionylated derivative of SPRR3, were found significantly higher in edentulous subjects with respect to dentate controls. The major peptides and proteins typically deriving from salivary glands did not show any statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Cystatin A, S-glutathionylated, S-cystenylated, S-S dimer derivatives of cystatin B and S-glutathionylated derivative of SPRR3, which are mainly of intracellular origin and represent the major constituents of the cornified cell envelope are a clue of inflammation of mucosal epithelia.
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Gene network analysis identifies rumen epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolic pathways perturbed by diet and correlated with methane production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39022. [PMID: 27966600 PMCID: PMC5155297 DOI: 10.1038/srep39022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants obtain nutrients from microbial fermentation of plant material, primarily in their rumen, a multilayered forestomach. How the different layers of the rumen wall respond to diet and influence microbial fermentation, and how these process are regulated, is not well understood. Gene expression correlation networks were constructed from full thickness rumen wall transcriptomes of 24 sheep fed two different amounts and qualities of a forage and measured for methane production. The network contained two major negatively correlated gene sub-networks predominantly representing the epithelial and muscle layers of the rumen wall. Within the epithelium sub-network gene clusters representing lipid/oxo-acid metabolism, general metabolism and proliferating and differentiating cells were identified. The expression of cell cycle and metabolic genes was positively correlated with dry matter intake, ruminal short chain fatty acid concentrations and methane production. A weak correlation between lipid/oxo-acid metabolism genes and methane yield was observed. Feed consumption level explained the majority of gene expression variation, particularly for the cell cycle genes. Many known stratified epithelium transcription factors had significantly enriched targets in the epithelial gene clusters. The expression patterns of the transcription factors and their targets in proliferating and differentiating skin is mirrored in the rumen, suggesting conservation of regulatory systems.
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20
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Liu L, Li B, Zhu Y, Wang C, Li F. Differential gene expression profiles in foetal skin of Rex rabbits with different wool density. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2016.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
<p>This study investigated the mechanisms controlling hair follicle development in the Rex rabbit. The Agilent rabbit gene expression microarray was used to determine differentially expressed genes in Rex rabbit foetuses with different wool densities. The expression patterns of selected differentially-expressed genes were further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to low wool density rabbits, 1342 differentially expressed probes were identified in high wool density rabbits, including 950 upregulated probes and 392 downregulated probes. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the most upregulated differentially expressed probes belonged to receptors and the most downregulated differentially expressed probes belonged to DNA binding molecules. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed probes were mainly involved in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Eph signalling pathways. The results also suggest that transforming growth factor-beta 1, growth hormone receptor, and the keratin-associated protein 6.1 genes, as well as the Shh and Eph signalling pathways, may be involved in the regulation of hair follicle developmental in Rex rabbits.</p>
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Bayar GR, Kuo S, Marcelo CL, Feinberg SE. In Vitro Development of a Mucocutaneous Junction for Lip Reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 74:2317-2326. [PMID: 27160362 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present a straightforward and reproducible technique to create, in vitro, a construct containing a mucocutaneous junction (MCJ) with a transitional zone (vermilion) for fabrication of a microvascular prelaminated flap for use in lip reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured primary human skin keratinocytes and oral mucosal epithelial cells at premixed ratios of 50% skin cells to 50% oral cells, 25% skin cells to 75% oral cells, and 75% skin cells to 25% oral cells were grown on an AlloDerm dermal equivalent (LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ) to create an MCJ equivalent with a lip or transitional zone (vermilion) using a novel 3-dimensional (3D) culture device with a barrier to separate co-cultured skin and oral cells. The 3 different cell ratios were compared by staining for the following specific differentiation markers to define the different areas of skin and mucosal keratinocytes: filaggrin, cytokeratin 10, cytokeratin 19, and small proline-rich protein 3. RESULTS Immunohistochemical results showed that MCJ equivalents seeded with premixed cells were similar to the differentiation patterns of tissue-engineered 3D cultures using 100% oral mucosal epithelial cells or skin keratinocytes. The engineered MCJ-equivalent constructs, grown in the 3D device specifically constructed with a cell-free gap at the barrier site, formed a transitional zone (vermilion) at the barrier site with intermingling of the skin and oral keratinocytes. The results showed different and unique expression patterns of filaggrin, cytokeratin 10, cytokeratin 19, and small proline-rich protein 3 by those cells migrating into the gap, which were similar to those seen in human lip tissue. This pattern was not seen in MCJ equivalents created using premixed skin and oral cells. CONCLUSIONS Using a device to separately co-culture human oral and skin keratinocytes to allow the cells to migrate into a cell-free zone resulted in phenotypic expression closer to what is seen in native tissue, in comparison to premixing the skin and oral cells before seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkan Rasit Bayar
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shiuhyang Kuo
- Assistant Research Scientist, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cynthia L Marcelo
- Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen E Feinberg
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Utheim TP, Islam R, Fostad IG, Eidet JR, Sehic A, Olstad OK, Dartt DA, Messelt EB, Griffith M, Pasovic L. Storage Temperature Alters the Expression of Differentiation-Related Genes in Cultured Oral Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152526. [PMID: 27023475 PMCID: PMC4811429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Storage of cultured human oral keratinocytes (HOK) allows for transportation of cultured transplants to eye clinics worldwide. In a previous study, one-week storage of cultured HOK was found to be superior with regard to viability and morphology at 12°C compared to 4°C and 37°C. To understand more of how storage temperature affects cell phenotype, gene expression of HOK before and after storage at 4°C, 12°C, and 37°C was assessed. Materials and Methods Cultured HOK were stored in HEPES- and sodium bicarbonate-buffered Minimum Essential Medium at 4°C, 12°C, and 37°C for one week. Total RNA was isolated and the gene expression profile was determined using DNA microarrays and analyzed with Partek Genomics Suite software and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differentially expressed genes (fold change > 1.5 and P < 0.05) were identified by one-way ANOVA. Key genes were validated using qPCR. Results Gene expression of cultures stored at 4°C and 12°C clustered close to the unstored control cultures. Cultures stored at 37°C displayed substantial change in gene expression compared to the other groups. In comparison with 12°C, 2,981 genes were differentially expressed at 37°C. In contrast, only 67 genes were differentially expressed between the unstored control and the cells stored at 12°C. The 12°C and 37°C culture groups differed most significantly with regard to the expression of differentiation markers. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly downregulated at 37°C compared to 12°C. Conclusion HOK cultures stored at 37°C showed considerably larger changes in gene expression compared to unstored cells than cultured HOK stored at 4°C and 12°C. The changes observed at 37°C consisted of differentiation of the cells towards a squamous epithelium-specific phenotype. Storing cultured ocular surface transplants at 37°C is therefore not recommended. This is particularly interesting as 37°C is the standard incubation temperature used for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken HF Trust, Drammen, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Rakibul Islam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida G. Fostad
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon R. Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amer Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - May Griffith
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lara Pasovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Sobiak B, Graczyk‐Jarzynka A, Leśniak W. Comparison of DNA Methylation and Expression Pattern of S100 and Other Epidermal Differentiation Complex Genes in Differentiating Keratinocytes. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1092-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sobiak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular NeurobiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur StreetWarsaw02‐093Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk‐Jarzynka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular NeurobiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur StreetWarsaw02‐093Poland
| | - Wiesława Leśniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular NeurobiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur StreetWarsaw02‐093Poland
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Samarawickrama C, Chew S, Watson S. Retinoic acid and the ocular surface. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:183-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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25
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Cottle DL, Ursino GMA, Ip SCI, Jones LK, Ditommaso T, Hacking DF, Mangan NE, Mellett NA, Henley KJ, Sviridov D, Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF, Meikle PJ, Kile BT, Smyth IM. Fetal inhibition of inflammation improves disease phenotypes in harlequin ichthyosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:436-49. [PMID: 25209981 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a severe skin disease which leads to neonatal death in ∼50% of cases. It is the result of mutations in ABCA12, a protein that transports lipids required to establish the protective skin barrier needed after birth. To better understand the life-threatening newborn HI phenotype, we analysed the developing epidermis for consequences of lipid dysregulation in mouse models. We observed a pro-inflammatory signature which was characterized by chemokine upregulation in embryonic skin which is distinct from that seen in other types of ichthyosis. Inflammation also persisted in grafted HI skin. To examine the contribution of inflammation to disease development, we overexpressed interleukin-37b to globally suppress fetal inflammation, observing considerable improvements in keratinocyte differentiation. These studies highlight inflammation as an unexpected contributor to HI disease development in utero, and suggest that inhibiting inflammation may reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas F Hacking
- Department of Anaesthetics, Saint Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Natalie A Mellett
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Katya J Henley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia and
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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26
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Cheong KA, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Kim CH, Lim WS, Noh M, Lee AY. Retinoic acid and hydroquinone induce inverse expression patterns on cornified envelope-associated proteins: implication in skin irritation. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:112-9. [PMID: 25240866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroquinone (HQ) with or without retinoic acid (RA) is routinely used for the treatment of hyperpigmented conditions. Skin irritation is a major problem with popular depigmenting agents, resulting in postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. OBJECTIVE To examine the molecular mechanism associated with skin irritation by RA or HQ. METHODS A genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis was performed using monolayer cultures of human keratinocytes treated with or without irritant doses of RA, HQ, or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a representative irritant. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped on human chromosomes using a Manhattan plot. For the validation of candidate DEGs, the chemicals with different concentrations of varying irritation intensities were applied in vitro and in vivo and analyzed using real time-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS DEGs mapped to the 1q21 locus, which is composed of a cluster of genes encoding the cornified envelope precursors, showed an inverse expression pattern in response to HQ and RA. Concentrations of RA and HQ that induced a broad range of irritant responses in cultured cells or mice skin also induced inverse effects on the expression of cornified envelope-associated proteins. CONCLUSIONS Genetic modulation on cornified envelope-associated proteins by RA-induced irritation, which may be involved in physiological skin barrier disturbance, could be inverse to that by HQ- or SLS-induced irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Cheong
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, South Korea
| | - Ha Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, South Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, South Korea.
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, South Korea.
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27
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ZHANG ZHONGKUI, YANG YONG, BAI SHURONG, ZHANG GUIZHEN, LIU TAIHUA, ZHOU ZHOU, WANG CHUNMEI, TANG LIJUN, WANG JUN, HE SIXIAN. Screening for key genes associated with atopic dermatitis with DNA microarrays. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1049-55. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Carregaro F, Stefanini ACB, Henrique T, Tajara EH. Study of small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) in health and disease: a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:857-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Ding J, Kam WR, Dieckow J, Sullivan DA. The influence of 13-cis retinoic acid on human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4341-50. [PMID: 23722388 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a primary cause of dry eye disease. One of the risk factors for MGD is exposure to 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA), a metabolite of vitamin A. However, the mechanism is not well understood. We hypothesize that 13-cis RA inhibits cell proliferation, promotes cell death, alters gene and protein expressions, and attenuates cell survival pathways in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. METHODS To test our hypotheses, immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells were cultured with or without 13-cis RA for varying doses and time. Cell proliferation, cell death, gene expression, and proteins involved in proliferation/survival and inflammation were evaluated. RESULTS We found that 13-cis RA inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell death, and significantly altered the expression of 6726 genes, including those involved in cell proliferation, cell death, differentiation, keratinization, and inflammation, in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Further, 13-cis RA also reduced the phosphorylation of Akt and increased the generation of interleukin-1β and matrix metallopeptidase 9. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to 13-cis RA inhibits cell proliferation, increases cell death, alters gene expression, changes signaling pathways, and promotes inflammatory mediator and protease expression in meibomian gland epithelial cells. These effects may be responsible, at least in part, for the 13-cis RA-related induction of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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30
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Liu S, Kam WR, Ding J, Hatton MP, Sullivan DA. Effect of growth factors on the proliferation and gene expression of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2541-50. [PMID: 23493293 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesize that growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine pituitary extract (BPE), induce proliferation, but not differentiation (e.g., lipid accumulation), of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. We also hypothesize that these actions involve a significant upregulation of genes linked to cell cycle processes, and a significant downregulation of genes associated with differentiation. Our objective was to test these hypotheses. METHODS Immortalized human meibomian gland and conjunctival epithelial cells were cultured for varying time periods in the presence or absence of EGF, BPE, EGF + BPE, or serum, followed by cell counting, neutral lipid staining, or RNA isolation for molecular biological procedures. RESULTS Our studies show that growth factors stimulate a significant, time-dependent proliferation of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. These effects are associated with a significant upregulation of genes linked to cell cycle, DNA replication, ribosomes, and translation, and a significant decrease in those related to cell differentiation, tissue development, lipid metabolic processes, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling. Serum-induced differentiation, but not growth factor-related proliferation, elicits a pronounced lipid accumulation in human meibomian gland epithelial cells. This lipogenic response is unique, and is not duplicated by human conjunctival epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that EGF and BPE stimulate human meibomian gland epithelial cells to proliferate. Further, our findings show that action is associated with an upregulation of cell cycle and translation ontologies, and a downregulation of genetic pathways linked to differentiation and lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Amniotic fluid activates the nrf2/keap1 pathway to repair an epidermal barrier defect in utero. Dev Cell 2013; 23:1238-46. [PMID: 23237955 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The loss of loricrin, a major component of the cornified envelope, results in a delay of epidermal barrier formation. Therefore, the living layers of the epidermis are aberrantly exposed to late-stage amniotic fluid, which may serve as the signal to upregulate genes that functionally compensate for the loss of loricrin. Consistent with this hypothesis, metabolomic studies revealed marked changes in amniotic fluid between E14.5 and E16.5 days postcoitum. In addition, we discovered that the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway detects these compositional changes and directly upregulates the expression of genes involved in the compensatory response, thus ensuring postnatal survival. In support of this finding, we demonstrate that genetically blocking the Nrf2 pathway abolishes the compensatory response and that preemptively activating Nrf2 pharmacologically rescues the delay in barrier formation in utero. Our findings reveal that the functions of Nrf2 and the composition of amniotic fluid have coevolved to ensure the formation of a functional barrier.
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Dose-related estrogen effects on gene expression in fetal mouse prostate mesenchymal cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48311. [PMID: 23144751 PMCID: PMC3483223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposure of mouse fetuses to estrogens results in dose-dependent permanent effects on prostate morphology and function. Fetal prostatic mesenchyme cells express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and androgen receptors and convert stimuli from circulating estrogens and androgens into paracrine signaling to regulate epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. To obtain mechanistic insight into the role of different doses of estradiol (E2) in regulating mesenchymal cells, we examined E2-induced transcriptomal changes in primary cultures of fetal mouse prostate mesenchymal cells. Urogenital sinus mesenchyme cells were obtained from male mouse fetuses at gestation day 17 and exposed to 10 pM, 100 pM or 100 nM E2 in the presence of a physiological concentration of dihydrotestosterone (0.69 nM) for four days. Gene ontology studies suggested that low doses of E2 (10 pM and 100 pM) induce genes involved in morphological tissue development and sterol biosynthesis but suppress genes involved in growth factor signaling. Genes involved in cell adhesion were enriched among both up-regulated and down-regulated genes. Genes showing inverted-U-shape dose responses (enhanced by E2 at 10 pM E2 but suppressed at 100 pM) were enriched in the glycolytic pathway. At the highest dose (100 nM), E2 induced genes enriched for cell adhesion, steroid hormone signaling and metabolism, cytokines and their receptors, cell-to-cell communication, Wnt signaling, and TGF- β signaling. These results suggest that prostate mesenchymal cells may regulate epithelial cells through direct cell contacts when estrogen level is low whereas secreted growth factors and cytokines might play significant roles when estrogen level is high.
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Tokunaga S, Hashiguchi A, Yoshimura A, Maeda K, Suzuki T, Haruki H, Nakamura T, Okamoto Y, Takashima H. Late-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4F caused by periaxin gene mutation. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:359-65. [PMID: 22847150 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We identified the main features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, type 4F, caused by a periaxin gene (PRX) mutation in Japanese patients. Periaxin is known as one of the key myelination molecules, forming tight junction between myelin loop and axon. We collected 427 DNA samples from individuals with CMT or CMT-related neuropathy, negative for PMP22 duplication. We investigated PRX mutations using a purpose-built resequencing array screen during the period 2006-2012. We detected two types of PRX mutations in three patients; one patient showed a novel homozygous p.D651N mutation and the other two showed homozygous p.R1070X mutation. All PRX mutations reported so far have been of nonsense or frameshift type. In this study, we found homozygous missense mutation p.D651N. Aspartate 651 is located in a repeat domain; its position might indicate an important function. PRX mutations usually lead to early-onset, autosomal-recessive demyelinating CMT neuropathy 4F (CMT4F) or Dejerine-Sottas disease; their clinical phenotypes are severe. In our three patients, the onset of the disease was at the age of 27 years or later, and their clinical phenotypes were milder compared with those reported in previous studies. We showed a variation of clinical phenotypes for CMT4F caused by a novel, nonsense PRX mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tokunaga
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan
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Vermeij WP, Florea BI, Isenia S, Alia A, Brouwer J, Backendorf C. Proteomic Identification of in Vivo Interactors Reveals Novel Function of Skin Cornification Proteins. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3068-76. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300310b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sheena Isenia
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Alia
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Brouwer
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Backendorf
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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35
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Epstein TG, LeMasters GK, Bernstein DI, Ericksen MB, Martin LJ, Ryan PH, Biagini Myers JM, Butsch Kovacic MS, Lindsey MA, He H, Reponen T, Villareal MS, Lockey JE, Bernstein CK, Khurana Hershey GK. Genetic variation in small proline rich protein 2B as a predictor for asthma among children with eczema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:145-50. [PMID: 22374195 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small proline rich protein 2B (SPRR2B) is a skin and lung epithelial protein associated with allergic inflammation in mice that has not been evaluated in human atopic diseases. OBJECTIVE To determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SPRR2B are associated with childhood eczema and with the phenotype of childhood eczema combined with asthma. METHODS Genotyping for SPRR2B and filaggrin (FLG) was performed in 2 independent populations: the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy & Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS; N = 762; birth-age, 4 years) and the Greater Cincinnati Pediatric Clinical Repository (GCPCR; N = 1152; ages 5-10 years). Eczema and eczema plus asthma were clinical outcomes based on parental report and clinician's diagnosis. Genetic analyses were restricted to whites and adjusted for sex in both cohorts and adjusted for environmental covariates in CCAAPS. RESULTS Variants in SPRR2B were not significantly associated with eczema in either cohort after Bonferroni adjustment. Children from both cohorts with the CC genotype of the SPRR2B rs6693927 SNP were at 4 times the risk for eczema plus asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-10.9; P = .005 in CCAAPS; and adjusted odds ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-9.1; P < .001 in the GCPCR), however. SNPs in SPRR2B were not in strong linkage disequilibrium with the R501X and del2282 FLG mutations, and these findings were independent of FLG. CONCLUSIONS An SNP in SPRR2B was predictive of asthma among white children with eczema from 2 independent populations. SPRR2B polymorphisms may serve as important predictive markers for the combined eczema plus asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolly G Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Kypriotou M, Huber M, Hohl D. The human epidermal differentiation complex: cornified envelope precursors, S100 proteins and the 'fused genes' family. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:643-9. [PMID: 22507538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The skin is essential for survival and protects our body against biological attacks, physical stress, chemical injury, water loss, ultraviolet radiation and immunological impairment. The epidermal barrier constitutes the primordial frontline of this defense established during terminal differentiation. During this complex process proliferating basal keratinocytes become suprabasally mitotically inactive and move through four epidermal layers (basal, spinous, granular and layer, stratum corneum) constantly adapting to the needs of the respective cell layer. As a result, squamous keratinocytes contain polymerized keratin intermediate filament bundles and a water-retaining matrix surrounded by the cross-linked cornified cell envelope (CE) with ceramide lipids attached on the outer surface. These cells are concomitantly insulated by intercellular lipid lamellae and hold together by corneodesmosmes. Many proteins essential for epidermal differentiation are encoded by genes clustered on chromosomal human region 1q21. These genes constitute the 'epidermal differentiation complex' (EDC), which is divided on the basis of common gene and protein structures, in three gene families: (i) CE precursors, (ii) S100A and (iii) S100 fused genes. EDC protein expression is regulated in a gene and tissue-specific manner by a pool of transcription factors. Among them, Klf4, Grhl3 and Arnt are essential, and their deletion in mice is lethal. The importance of the EDC is further reflected by human diseases: FLG mutations are the strongest risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) and for AD-associated asthma, and faulty CE formation caused by TG1 deficiency causes life-threatening lamellar ichthyosis. Here, we review the EDC genes and the progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Kypriotou
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Service of Dermatology and Venereology, Beaumont Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Hoffner G, Vanhoutteghem A, André W, Djian P. Transglutaminase in epidermis and neurological disease or what makes a good cross-linking substrate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:97-160. [PMID: 22220473 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Hoffner
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2228 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Régulation de la Transcription et Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Kataoka M, Inagaki Y, Herzberg MC, Ross KF, Hosoi K, Nagata T, Kido JI. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingival keratinocytes by interleukin-1α. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:761-7. [PMID: 21316034 PMCID: PMC3412402 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the oral cavity, mucosal keratinocytes resist bacterial infection, in part, by producing broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensin, adrenomedullin and calprotectin. Epidermal keratinocyte expression of many AMPs increases in response to interleukin-1α (IL-1α). IL-1α is produced by epidermal keratinocytes and regulates cell differentiation. To better understand innate immunity in the oral cavity, we sought to determine how IL-1α might regulate expression of AMPs by human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs) using DNA microarray and Western blot analyses. HGKs from three subjects expressed eleven AMPs, including S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), cystatin C and β-defensin 2. Of the expressed AMPs, S100A7, S100A12 and LCN2 were up-regulated by IL-1α (inducible AMPs); the other AMPs were considered to be constitutive. Human gingival keratinocytes, therefore, express constitutive and IL-1α-inducible AMPs to provide a rapid and robust innate response to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Nano-bioanalysis Team, Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kazuo Hosoi
- Deartment of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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The Cornified Envelope: A First Line of Defense against Reactive Oxygen Species. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1409-11. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Association screening in the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) identifies an SPRR3 repeat number variant as a risk factor for eczema. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1644-9. [PMID: 21490620 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetically determined impairment of the skin barrier is a primary cause of eczema. As numerous genes essential for an intact epidermis reside within the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), we screened the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database for putatively functional polymorphisms in the EDC genes and tested them for association with eczema. We identified 20 polymorphisms with predicted major impact on protein function. Of these, 4 were validated in 94 eczema patients: a nonsense mutation in FLG2 (rs12568784), a stop codon mutation in LCE1D (rs41268500), a 24-bp deletion in SPRR3 (rs28989168), and a frameshift mutation in S100A3 (rs11390146). The minor allele frequencies were 15.1, 6.1, 47.2, and 0.4%, respectively. Association testing of the validated polymorphisms in 555 eczema patients and 375 controls identified a significant effect of rs28989168 (SPRR3) on eczema. The association was replicated in another 1,314 cases and 1,322 controls, yielding an overall odds ratio of 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.12-1.51; P=0.00067) for a dominant mode of inheritance. Small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) are crossbridging proteins in the cornified cell envelope (CE), which provides the main barrier function of stratified squamous epithelia. The SPRR3 variant associated with eczema carried an extra 24-bp repeat in the central domain, which may alter the physical properties of the CE.
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Liu S, Richards SM, Lo K, Hatton M, Fay A, Sullivan DA. Changes in gene expression in human meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2727-40. [PMID: 21372006 PMCID: PMC3088560 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) may be the leading cause of dry eye syndrome throughout the world. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of this disease is unclear. This study was conducted to identify meibomian gland genes that may promote the development and/or progression of human MGD. METHODS Lid tissues were obtained from male and female MGD patients and age-matched controls after eyelid surgeries (e.g., to correct entropion or ectropion). Meibomian glands were isolated and processed for RNA extraction and the analysis of gene expression. RESULTS The results show that MGD is associated with significant alterations in the expression of almost 400 genes in the human meibomian gland. The levels of 197 transcripts, including those encoding various small proline-rich proteins and S100 calcium-binding proteins, are significantly increased, whereas the expression of 194 genes, such as claudin 3 and cell adhesion molecule 1, is significantly decreased. These changes, which cannot be accounted for by sex differences, are accompanied by alterations in many gene ontologies (e.g., keratinization, cell cycle, and DNA repair). The findings also show that the human meibomian gland contains several highly expressed genes that are distinct from those in an adjacent tissue (i.e., conjunctival epithelium). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that MGD is accompanied by multiple changes in gene expression in the meibomian gland. The nature of these alterations, including the upregulation of genes encoding small proline-rich proteins and S100 calcium-binding proteins, suggest that keratinization plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Stephen M. Richards
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Kristine Lo
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
- the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Mark Hatton
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Fay
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
- the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - David A. Sullivan
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute
- the Department of Ophthalmology, and
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Lee JE, Chang JY, Lee SE, Kim MY, Lee JS, Lee MG, Kim SC. Epidermal Hyperplasia and Elevated HB-EGF are More Prominent in Retinoid Dermatitis Compared with Irritant Contact Dermatitis Induced by Benzalkonium Chloride. Ann Dermatol 2010; 22:290-9. [PMID: 20711265 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2010.22.3.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Retinoid dermatitis' is a retinoid-induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). The mechanism of retinoid dermatitis may be different from that of other ICDs. However, it remains uncertain how topical retinoid induce ICD. OBJECTIVE We compared several aspects of contact dermatitis induced by topical retinol and benzalkonium chloride (BKC) on hairless mice skin. METHODS 2% retinol or 2.5% BKC was applied to hairless mice and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), ear thickness, histologic and immunohistochemical findings were compared. We also compared mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, epidermal differential markers, cyclooxygenases (COXs) and heparin binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor (HB-EGF). RESULTS Topical application of 2% retinol and 2.5% BKC increased TEWL and ear thickness in similar intensity. Epidermal hyperplasia was more prominent in retinol treated skin. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, involucrin and loricrin expression were higher in retinol-treated skin than in BKC-treated skin. Filaggrin, however, was more expressed in BKC-treated skin. The mRNA expression of IL-8, TNF-alpha, COX-2, involucrin, loricrin and filaggrin were increased in both retinol- and BKC-treated skin in similar intensity. HB-EGF was more significantly increased in retinol-treated skin. CONCLUSION Elevated HB-EGF and epidermal hyperplasia are more prominent features of retinoid dermatitis than in BKC-induced ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Vermeij WP, Backendorf C. Skin cornification proteins provide global link between ROS detoxification and cell migration during wound healing. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11957. [PMID: 20689819 PMCID: PMC2914756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex dynamic process characterised by a uniform flow of events in nearly all types of tissue damage, from a small skin scratch to myocardial infarction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential during the healing process at multiple stages, ranging from the initial signal that instigates the immune response, to the triggering of intracellular redox-dependent signalling pathways and the defence against invading bacteria. Excessive ROS in the wound milieu nevertheless impedes new tissue formation. Here we identify small proline-rich (SPRR) proteins as essential players in this latter process, as they directly link ROS detoxification with cell migration. A literature-based meta-analysis revealed their up-regulation in various forms of tissue injury, ranging from heart infarction and commensal-induced gut responses to nerve regeneration and burn injury. Apparently, SPRR proteins have a far more widespread role in wound healing and tissue remodelling than their established function in skin cornification. It is inferred that SPRR proteins provide injured tissue with an efficient, finely tuneable antioxidant barrier specifically adapted to the tissue involved and the damage inflicted. Their recognition as novel cell protective proteins combining ROS detoxification with cell migration will provide new venues to study and manage tissue repair and wound healing at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Backendorf
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Manconi B, Cabras T, Pisano E, Nemolato S, Inzitari R, Iavarone F, Fanali C, Sanna MT, Tirone C, Vento G, Romagnoli C, Faa G, Castagnola M, Messana I. Characterization of two isoforms of human SPRR3 from saliva of preterm human newborn and autoptic fetal oral mucosa, parotid and submandibular gland samples. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:477-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee HJ, Pazin DE, Kahlon RS, Correa SM, Albrecht KH. Novel markers of early ovarian pre-granulosa cells are expressed in an Sry-like pattern. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:812-25. [PMID: 19301398 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian gonad differentiation involves sexually dimorphic cell-fate decisions within the bipotential gonadal primordia. Testis differentiation is initiated by a center-to-poles wave of Sry expression that induces supporting cell precursors (SCPs) to become Sertoli rather than granulosa cells. The initiation of ovary differentiation is less well understood. We identified two novel SCP markers, 1700106J16Rik and Sprr2d, whose expression is ovary-biased during early gonad development, and altered in Wnt4, Sf1, Wt1, and Fog2 mutant gonads. In XX and XY gonads, both genes were up-regulated at approximately E11 in a center-to-poles wave, and then rapidly down-regulated in XY gonads in a center-to-poles wave, which is reminiscent of Sry expression in XY gonads. Our data suggest that 1700106J16Rik and Sprr2d may have important roles in early gonad development, and are consistent with the hypothesis that ovarian SCP differentiation occurs in a center-to-poles wave with similar timing to that of testicular SCP differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Zunt SL, Burton LV, Goldblatt LI, Dobbins EE, Srinivasan M. Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor 4 are present in human saliva and modulate tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion by macrophage-like cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:285-93. [PMID: 19292767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In health, mucosal inflammation is prevented by tightly regulated responses via Toll-like receptors (TLR) that interact with specific microbe associated molecular patterns. Currently, 13 TLRs have been identified. Based on the specificity of ligand recognition, TLR-2 and TLR-4 can recognize most oral commensal microorganisms. Recent identification of some soluble TLRs (sTLRs) suggests additional regulatory roles for these receptors. We report here the presence of sTLR-4 polypeptides in adult human saliva. Functionally, the salivary sTLR-4 suppressed cytokine secretion by activated macrophages. The sTLR-4 levels were elevated significantly in oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa characterized by clinical persistence. In contrast, the epithelial cells in the saliva of OLP subjects expressed significantly reduced TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA that correlated with fewer bacteria/salivary epithelial cells. Investigating the soluble and cellular components of saliva is useful in identifying potential biomarkers for oral mucosal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Zunt
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Rollenhagen C, Wöllert T, Langford GM, Sundstrom P. Stimulation of cell motility and expression of late markers of differentiation in human oral keratinocytes by Candida albicans. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:946-66. [PMID: 19302578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of the mucosa of immunocompromized hosts in oral candidiasis is a hyperkeratinized region heavily colonized with fungi at the surface of the terminally differentiated epithelium. To gain insight into the processes important for promoting mucosal invasion by fungi, we characterized the response of keratinocytes to the presence of Candida albicans. Indirect immunofluorescence and kymographic analyses revealed a multifaceted keratinocyte response of OKF6/TERT-2 cells to C. albicans that consisted of: cytoskeletal reorganization within 3 h, motility and cell expansion with formation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions within 6 h, increased expression of late differentiation markers and decreased expression of calprotectin. The initial expansive phase was followed by dissolution of cell-cell adhesions and a decrease in cell size accompanied by loss of E-cadherin. The keratinocyte response depended on soluble factors associated with hyphal growth as demonstrated using the efg1Delta/efg1Delta, cap1Delta/cap1Delta, als3Delta/als3Delta, hwp1Delta/hwp1Deltaand sap4-6Delta/sap4-6Delta mutants and was not observed in the presence of the non-pathogenic yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These studies show the potential for C. albicans to manipulate the stratified epithelial cells to a state of differentiation that is more permissive of fungal colonization of oral tissue, which is likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rollenhagen
- Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Ancient origin of the gene encoding involucrin, a precursor of the cross-linked envelope of epidermis and related epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15481-6. [PMID: 18809918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807643105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-linked (cornified) envelope is a characteristic product of terminal differentiation in the keratinocyte of the epidermis and related epithelia. This envelope contains many proteins of which involucrin was the first to be discovered and shown to become cross-linked by a cellular transglutaminase. Involucrin has evolved greatly in placental mammals, but retains the glutamine repeats that make it a good substrate for the transglutaminase. Until recently, it has been impossible to detect involucrin outside the placental mammals, but analysis of the GenBank and Ensembl databases that have become available since 2006 reveals the existence of involucrin in marsupials and birds. We describe here the properties of these involucrins and the ancient history of their evolution.
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Offman J, Jina N, Theron T, Pallas J, Hubank M, Lehmann A. Transcriptional changes in trichothiodystrophy cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:1364-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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50
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Peinado H, Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Pérez-Gómez E, Santos V, Mendiola M, de Diego JI, Nistal M, Quintanilla M, Portillo F, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 as a new poor prognosis marker of squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4541-50. [PMID: 18559498 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (Loxl2) interacts with and stabilizes Snai1 transcription factor, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Either Loxl2 or Snai1 knock-down blocks tumor growth and induces differentiation, but the specific role of each factor in tumor progression is still unknown. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of the squamous cell carcinoma cell line HaCa4 after knocking-down Loxl2 or Snai1 revealed that a subset of epidermal differentiation genes was specifically up-regulated in Loxl2-silenced cells. In agreement, although both Loxl2- and Snai1-knockdown cells showed reduced in vivo invasion, only Loxl2-silenced cells exhibited a skin-like epidermal differentiation program. In addition, we show that expression of Loxl2 and Snai1 correlates with malignant progression in a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Furthermore, we found that increased expression of both LOXL2 and SNAI1 correlates with local recurrence in a cohort of 256 human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. We describe for the first time that high levels of LOXL2 are associated with decreased overall and disease-free survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and lymph node-negative (N(0)) breast adenocarcinomas. Altogether, our results show that LOXL2 can be used as a new poor prognosis indicator in human squamous cell carcinomas promoting malignant transformation by both SNAI1-dependent and SNAI1-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Peinado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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