1
|
Lee HS, Xin W, Katakojwala R, Venkata Mohan S, Tabish NMD. Microbial electrolysis cells for the production of biohydrogen in dark fermentation - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127934. [PMID: 36100184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess biohydrogen for future green energy, this review revisited dark fermentation and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Hydrogen evolution rate in mesophilic dark fermentation is as high as 192 m3 H2/m3-d, however hydrogen yield is limited. MECs are ideal for improving hydrogen yield from carboxylate accumulated from dark fermentation, whereas hydrogen production rate is too slow in MECs. Hence, improving anode kinetic is very important for realizing MEC biohydrogen. Intracellular electron transfer (IET) and extracellular electron transfer (EET) can limit current density in MECs, which is proportional to hydrogen evolution rate. EET does not limit current density once electrically conductive biofilms are formed on anodes, potentially producing 300 A/m2. Hence, IET kinetics mainly govern current density in MECs. Among parameters associated with IET kinetic, population of anode-respiring bacteria in anode biofilms, biofilm density of active microorganisms, biofilm thickness, and alkalinity are critical for current density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sool Lee
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH) 200 Hyeoksin-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wang Xin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ranaprathap Katakojwala
- Bioengineering and Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Noori M D Tabish
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala De Henares, Madrid 28801, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee HS, Lee SY, Yoo K, Kim HW, Lee E, Im NG. Biohydrogen production and purification: Focusing on bioelectrochemical systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127956. [PMID: 36115508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Innovative technologies on green hydrogen production become significant as the hydrogen economy has grown globally. Biohydrogen is one of green hydrogen production methods, and microbial electrochemical cells (MECs) can be key to biohydrogen provision. However, MECs are immature for biohydrogen technology due to several limitations including extracellular electron transfer (EET) engineering. Fundamental understanding of EET also needs more works to accelerate MEC commercialization. Interestingly, studies on biohydrogen gas purification are limited although biohydrogen gas mixture requires complex purification for use. To facilitate an MEC-based biohydrogen technology as the green hydrogen supply this review discussed EET kinetics, engineering of EET and direct interspecies electron transfer associated with hydrogen yield and the application of advanced molecular biology for improving EET kinetics. Finally, this article reviewed biohydrogen purification technologies to better understand purification and use appropriate for biohydrogen, focusing on membrane separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sool Lee
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 200 Hyeoksin-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, South Korea.
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 61003 Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Keunje Yoo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kim
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 200 Hyeoksin-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| | - Eunseok Lee
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 200 Hyeoksin-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Im
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 200 Hyeoksin-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arulmani SRB, Dai J, Li H, Chen Z, Zhang H, Yan J, Xiao T, Sun W. Efficient reduction of antimony by sulfate-reducer enriched bio-cathode with hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145733. [PMID: 33609841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bio-cathode Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising and eco-friendly technology for concurrent hydrogen production and heavy metal reduction. However, the bioreduction of Antimony (Sb) in a bio-electrochemical system with H2 production is not explored. In this study, two efficient sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) strains were used to investigate the enhanced bioreduction of sulfate and Sb with H2 production in the MEC. SRB Bio-cathode MEC was developed from the microbial fuel cell (MFC) and operated with an applied voltage of 0.8 V. The performance of the SRB bio-cathode was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. SRB strains of BY7 and SR10 supported the synergy reduction of sulfate and Sb by sulfide metal precipitation reaction. Hydrogen gas was the main product of SRB bio-cathode, with 86.9%, and 83.6% of H2 is produced by SR10 and BY7, respectively. Sb removal efficiency reached up to 88.2% in BY7 and 96.3% in SR10 with a sulfate reduction rate of 92.3 ± 2.6 and 98.4 ± 1.6 gm-3d-1 in BY7 and SR10, respectively. The conversion efficiency of Sb (V) to Sb (III) reached up to 70.1% in BY7 and 89.2% in SR10. It was concluded that the total removal efficiency of Sb relies on the amount of sulfide concentration produced by the sulfate reduction reaction. The hydrogen production rate was increased up to 1.25 ± 0.06 (BY7) and 1.36 ± 0.02 m3 H2/(m3·d) (SR10) before addition of Sb and produced up to 0.893 ± 0.03 and 0.981 ± 0.02 m3H2/(m3·d) after addition of Sb. The precipitates were characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which confirmed Sb (V) was reduced to Sb2S3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Raj Babu Arulmani
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junxi Dai
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenxin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou University-Linköping University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jia Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou University-Linköping University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510650, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Satinover SJ, Rodriguez M, Campa MF, Hazen TC, Borole AP. Performance and community structure dynamics of microbial electrolysis cells operated on multiple complex feedstocks. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:169. [PMID: 33062055 PMCID: PMC7552531 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial electrolysis is a promising technology for converting aqueous wastes into hydrogen. However, substrate adaptability is an important feature, seldom documented in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). In addition, the correlation between substrate composition and community structure has not been well established. This study used an MEC capable of producing over 10 L/L-day of hydrogen from a switchgrass-derived bio-oil aqueous phase and investigated four additional substrates, tested in sequence on a mature biofilm. The additional substrates included a red oak-derived bio-oil aqueous phase, a corn stover fermentation product, a mixture of phenol and acetate, and acetate alone. RESULTS The MECs fed with the corn stover fermentation product resulted in the highest performance among the complex feedstocks, producing an average current density of 7.3 ± 0.51 A/m2, although the acetate fed MECs outperformed complex substrates, producing 12.3 ± 0.01 A/m2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that community structure and community diversity were not predictive of performance, and replicate community structures diverged despite identical inoculum and enrichment procedure. The trends in each replicate, however, were indicative of the influence of the substrates. Geobacter was the most dominant genus across most of the samples tested, but its abundance did not correlate strongly to current density. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that acetic acid accumulated during open circuit conditions when MECs were fed with complex feedstocks and was quickly degraded once closed circuit conditions were applied. The largest net acetic acid removal rate occurred when MECs were fed with red oak bio-oil aqueous phase, consuming 2.93 ± 0.00 g/L-day. Principal component analysis found that MEC performance metrics such as current density, hydrogen productivity, and chemical oxygen demand removal were closely correlated. Net acetic acid removal was also found to correlate with performance. However, no bacterial genus appeared to correlated to these performance metrics strongly, and the analysis suggested that less than 70% of the variance was accounted for by the two components. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the robustness of microbial communities to adapt to a range of feedstocks and conditions without relying on specific species, delivering high hydrogen productivities despite differences in community structure. The results indicate that functional adaptation may play a larger role in performance than community composition. Further investigation of the roles each microbe plays in these communities will help MECs to become integral in the 21st-century bioeconomy to produce zero-emission fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Satinover
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Maria F. Campa
- Institute for a Secure & Sustainable Environment, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Terry C. Hazen
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
- Institute for a Secure & Sustainable Environment, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Abhijeet P. Borole
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saheb‐Alam S, Persson F, Wilén B, Hermansson M, Modin O. Response to starvation and microbial community composition in microbial fuel cells enriched on different electron donors. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:962-975. [PMID: 31228355 PMCID: PMC6680615 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In microbial fuel cells (MFCs), microorganisms generate electrical current by oxidizing organic compounds. MFCs operated with different electron donors harbour different microbial communities, and it is unknown how that affects their response to starvation. We analysed the microbial communities in acetate- and glucose-fed MFCs and compared their responses to 10 days starvation periods. Each starvation period resulted in a 4.2 ± 1.4% reduction in electrical current in the acetate-fed MFCs and a 10.8 ± 3.9% reduction in the glucose-fed MFCs. When feed was resumed, the acetate-fed MFCs recovered immediately, whereas the glucose-fed MFCs required 1 day to recover. The acetate-fed bioanodes were dominated by Desulfuromonas spp. converting acetate into electrical current. The glucose-fed bioanodes were dominated by Trichococcus sp., functioning as a fermenter, and a member of Desulfuromonadales, using the fermentation products to generate electrical current. Suspended biomass and biofilm growing on non-conductive regions within the MFCs had different community composition than the bioanodes. However, null models showed that homogenizing dispersal of microorganisms within the MFCs affected the community composition, and in the glucose-fed MFCs, the Trichococcus sp. was abundant in all locations. The different responses to starvation can be explained by the more complex pathway requiring microbial interactions to convert glucose into electrical current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Saheb‐Alam
- Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringDivision of Water Environment TechnologyChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringDivision of Water Environment TechnologyChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Britt‐Marie Wilén
- Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringDivision of Water Environment TechnologyChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Malte Hermansson
- Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringDivision of Water Environment TechnologyChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reguera G. Microbial nanowires and electroactive biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5000162. [PMID: 29931163 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Geobacter bacteria are the only microorganisms known to produce conductive appendages or pili to electronically connect cells to extracellular electron acceptors such as iron oxide minerals and uranium. The conductive pili also promote cell-cell aggregation and the formation of electroactive biofilms. The hallmark of these electroactive biofilms is electronic heterogeneity, mediated by coordinated interactions between the conductive pili and matrix-associated cytochromes. Collectively, the matrix-associated electron carriers discharge respiratory electrons from cells in multilayered biofilms to electron-accepting surfaces such as iron oxide coatings and electrodes poised at a metabolically oxidizable potential. The presence of pilus nanowires in the electroactive biofilms also promotes the immobilization and reduction of soluble metals, even when present at toxic concentrations. This review summarizes current knowledge about the composition of the electroactive biofilm matrix and the mechanisms that allow the wired Geobacter biofilms to generate electrical currents and participate in metal redox transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reguera
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Satinover SJ, Elkasabi Y, Nuñez A, Rodriguez M, Borole AP. Microbial electrolysis using aqueous fractions derived from Tail-Gas Recycle Pyrolysis of willow and guayule. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:302-312. [PMID: 30529336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated microbial electrolysis of two aqueous phase waste products derived from guayule and willow generated from Tail Gas Recycle Pyrolysis (TGRP). The highest average current density achieved was 5.0 ± 0.7 A/m2 and 1.8 ± 0.2 A/m2 for willow and guayule respectively. Average hydrogen productivity was 5.0 ± 1.0 L/L-day from willow and 1.5 ± 0.2 L/L-day for guayule. Willow also generated higher coulombic efficiency, anode conversion efficiency, and hydrogen recovery than guayule at most organic loading conditions. Compounds investigated exceeded 80% degradation, which included organic acids, sugar derivatives, and phenolics. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated the accumulation of a long chain amine not present in either substrate before treatment, and the persistence of several peptide residues resulting from the TGRP process. New biorefineries may one day capitalize on this otherwise discarded byproduct of TGRP, further improving the potential applications and value of microbial electrolysis towards energy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Satinover
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, United States
| | | | | | | | - Abhijeet P Borole
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, United States; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aulenta F, Puig S, Harnisch F. Microbial electrochemical technologies: maturing but not mature. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 11:18-19. [PMID: 29280345 PMCID: PMC5743788 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Aulenta
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), via Salaria km 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Sebastià Puig
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lewis AJ, Campa MF, Hazen TC, Borole AP. Unravelling biocomplexity of electroactive biofilms for producing hydrogen from biomass. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 11:84-97. [PMID: 28696037 PMCID: PMC5743829 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leveraging nature's biocomplexity for solving human problems requires better understanding of the syntrophic relationships in engineered microbiomes developed in bioreactor systems. Understanding the interactions between microbial players within the community will be key to enhancing conversion and production rates from biomass streams. Here we investigate a bioelectrochemical system employing an enriched microbial consortium for conversion of a switchgrass-derived bio-oil aqueous phase (BOAP) into hydrogen via microbial electrolysis (MEC). MECs offer the potential to produce hydrogen in an integrated fashion in biorefinery platforms and as a means of energy storage through decentralized production to supply hydrogen to fuelling stations, as the world strives to move towards cleaner fuels and electricity-mediated transportation. A unique approach combining differential substrate and redox conditions revealed efficient but rate-limiting fermentation of the compounds within BOAP by the anode microbial community through a division of labour strategy combined with multiple levels of syntrophy. Despite the fermentation limitation, the adapted abilities of the microbial community resulted in a high hydrogen productivity of 9.35 L per L-day. Using pure acetic acid as the substrate instead of the biomass-derived stream resulted in a three-fold improvement in productivity. This high rate of exoelectrogenesis signifies the potential commercial feasibility of MEC technology for integration in biorefineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Lewis
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Maria F Campa
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Institute for Secure and Sustainable Environments, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Terry C Hazen
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Institute for Secure and Sustainable Environments, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Abhijeet P Borole
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Institute for Secure and Sustainable Environments, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|