Associations between nutrition risk status, body composition and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults

Age Difference in the Association Between Nutritional Status and Dynapenia in Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Although nutritional status plays a critical role in maintaining muscle strength, limited evidence exists regarding its association with dynapenia.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the association between different nutritional statuses and dynapenia among Taiwanese older adults, and assessed whether age modifies this relationship.

METHODS

In this study, we enrolled individuals aged 65 years and older living in community settings through convenience sampling from 2020 to 2021, following a cross-sectional design. The Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) was used to assess whether the participants were at nutritional risk. Standardized assessments measured muscle strength (handgrip measurement), physical performance (6 m walking test), and muscle mass (bioelectrical impedance analysis) to confirm dynapenia classifications. The interaction terms were tested using likelihood ratio tests to examine for dynapenia between nutritional status and age. For overall sample and subgroup analyses, binary logistic regression was employed.

RESULTS

Among 211 participants (mean age: 80.7 ± 7.1 years), after adjusting for potential confounders, those at nutritional risk (OR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.31-7.36) were positively associated with dynapenia, whereas higher MNA-SF scores (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57-0.93) were negatively associated. Interactions regarding dynapenia were observed between nutritional status and age group (p = 0.014), with nutritional risk significantly associated with dynapenia only in the old-old group (≥75 years) (OR = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.39-12.15).

CONCLUSIONS

Age is a potential moderator of nutritional status and dynapenia among older populations. Nutritional status appeared to be more profound in the old-old group in terms of the risk of dynapenia. These findings offer insights for monitoring nutritional status and implementing targeted interventions to prevent dynapenia in those aged over 75 years. Future studies using prospective designs should explore the underlying mechanisms linking nutritional status to dynapenia and assess the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in preventing muscle strength decline.

Exploring the Nutrition-Related Health of the Ageing Population in Fiji: A Narrative Review

Fijis' older population aged 55 years and over makes up 14% of the total population and is expected to reach 20% by 2050. This narrative review aimed to examine the health and nutrition status of the aging population of Fiji and sociodemographic determinants. A search strategy was conducted throughout databases, and gray literature from relevant websites was searched. Due to the limited evidence regarding the nutrition, health, and socio-economic factors that impact the aging population in Fiji the inclusion criteria were broad and included both genders (male and female), all publications up until December 2022, all study designs, and gray literature (government/institutional reports, conference proceedings, guidelines, Act, and Policies) . There was no filter for date applied in the search criteria. Studies that did not meet the search criteria were excluded. 20 documents including published articles were included for analysis and result synthesis. Life expectancy at birth for the Fiji population is 68 years. A significant annual increase in mortality rate from endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases has been observed in women aged 75+ but not older men. Women of low-income status are more at risk than men. However, as most investigations aggregate those ≥18 years, there is a lack of information on older adults (≥65 years) health and nutrition status. To improve the health status of older adults, an understanding of the nutritional status of older adults is warranted, especially concerning lifestyle and sociodemographic determinants.

Incidence of the Risk of Malnutrition and Excess Fat Mass, and Gait Speed as Independent Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Only one cohort study exists on the incidence of the risk of malnutrition (RM) in older adults, though numerous cross-sectional reports, identified several risk factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of this condition. However, alterations in body composition and impaired physical performance as exposition variables of RM have not been explored. This study assessed the incidence of RM and determined its association with excess fat mass, low total lean tissue, gait speed, and handgrip strength as exposition variables for RM in community-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of older adults (≥60 years) derived from the study "Frailty, dynapenia, and sarcopenia in Mexican adults (FraDySMex)", a prospective cohort project conducted from 2014 to 2019 in Mexico City. At baseline, volunteers underwent body composition analysis and physical performance tests. Several covariates were identified through comprehensive geriatric assessment. At baseline and follow-up, RM was assessed using the long form of the mini nutritional assessment (MNA-LF) scale. Associations between the exposition variables and RM were assessed by multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS

The cohort included 241 subjects. The average age was 75.6 ± 7.8 years, and 83.4% were women. The mean follow-up period was 4.1 years, during which 28.6% of subjects developed RM. This condition was less likely to occur in those with an excess fat mass, even after adjusting for several covariates. Regarding total lean tissue, the unadjusted model showed that RM was more likely to occur in men and women with a low TLT by the TLTI classification, compared to the normal group. However, after adjusting for several covariates (models 1 and 2), the association lost significance. Results on the association between gait speed and RM showed that this condition was also more likely to occur in subjects with low gait speed, according to both the unadjusted and adjusted models. Similar results were found for RM in relation to low handgrip strength; however, after adjusting for the associated covariates, models 1 and 2 no longer reached the level of significance.

CONCLUSIONS

RM diagnosed by MNA-LF was significantly less likely to occur among subjects with excess fat mass, and a significant association emerged between low gait speed and RM after 4.1 years of follow-up in these community-dwelling older adults. These results confirm the association between some alterations of body composition and impaired physical performance with the risk of malnutrition and highlight that excess fat mass and low gait speed precede the risk of malnutrition, not vice versa.

A comparative intervention trial of deer milk and an oral nutritional supplement efficacy for improving older adults' nutritional status, muscle mass and physical performance

OBJECTIVES

To compare the effectiveness of deer milk (DM) for improving nutritional status, muscle mass and physical performance with that of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in older women.

METHODS

This study was an 11-week randomised, double-blind, parallel group study. Healthy women (N = 120) aged 65-80 years, the majority having a body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 were recruited. The women were randomly assigned to either 200 ml DM or a commercial ONS for 11 weeks. Data on habitual macronutrient intake, nutritional status (Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF; ≤7 malnourished, 8-11 at risk of malnutrition, ≥12 normal nutrition), anthropometrics/body composition, and physical performance were collected. Blood samples were collected for metabolic markers.

RESULTS

102 women (DM 45, ONS 57) completed the study, of whom 29% had a dietary protein intake of <1 g/kg body weight per day, and 38% at risk of malnutrition. There were no between group differences in percentage change in MNA-SF score and body composition (P > 0.05), but a trend for a difference in handgrip strength (DM 11.7 ± 49.8% vs. ONS -2.42 ± 17.9%, P = 0.06). Further exploratory analysis showed that there was a trend for a between group difference in percentage change in MNA-SF score, favoring DM (DM 7.72 + 13.0% vs. ONS 0.63 + 9.25%, P = 0.06) only in women at risk of malnutrition. There was also a between group difference in percentage change in muscle mass (DM 1.68 ± 2.77% vs. ONS -0.18 ± 2.81%, P = 0.02) in women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and in handgrip strength (DM 10.6 ± 23.6% vs. ONS -5.03 ± 18.1%, P < 0.01) in women with BMI<25 kg/m2. Total cholesterol, LDL and LDL:HDL ratio did not change over time (P > 0.05), but there was a between group difference in percentage change in these markers (total cholesterol: DM 3.01 ± 6.97% vs. ONS -2.65 ± 9.92%, P < 0.01; LDL: DM 4.22 ± 14.9% vs. ONS -6.05 ± 17.6%, P < 0.01; LDL:HDL ratio: DM: 2.27 ± 16.4% vs. ONS: -5.78 ± 18.2%, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Baseline nutritional status and BMI may modulate nutritional status, muscle mass and physical performance response to DM (as compared with ONS), suggesting DM may improve nutritional status and physical performance in women at risk of malnutrition and/or with lower BMI, and improve muscle mass in women with a higher BMI. The study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12621000650897p.

Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and sarcopenia in older people living in nursing homes.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study enrolled 386 older adults in nursing homes in Hunan Province, China. Assessments included the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form for nutrition risk, Dietary Diversity Score for dietary diversity and Mini Mental State Examination for cognitive status. Sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex and educational level), health-related characteristics (e.g., food intake, self-care status and medication), body composition (e.g., body mass index [BMI], protein, body fat mass [BFM], percent body fat [PBF], skeletal muscle index [SMI] and total body water [TBW]) and anthropometric parameters data (e.g., calf circumference [CC], upper arm circumference [UAC], handgrip and gait speed) were also collected. Malnutrition and their associated risk were analyzed by multivariable Poisson regression analysis.

RESULTS

In total, 32.4% of participants (n = 125) were at risk of malnutrition and 49.7% (n = 192) suffered from sarcopenia. Nutritional status was positively associated with age (risk ratio [RR] = 1.03), sarcopenia (RR = 1.88), tooth loss affecting food intake (RR = 1.45), low self-care status (RR = 1.82) and moderate/inadequate dietary diversity (RR = 2.04) and negatively associated with one child (RR = 0.27), BMI (RR = 0.82), protein (RR = 0.76), BFM (RR = 0.91), PBF (RR = 0.94), SMI (RR = 0.65), TBW (RR = 0.94), CC (RR = 0.89) and UAC (RR = 0.86).

CONCLUSIONS

Age, number of children, sarcopenia, food intake, self-care status, dietary diversity and body composition were associated with malnutrition among nursing home residents. For vulnerable groups, researchers should focus on raising the body composition indicators, such as BMI, protein, BFM, SMI and TBW and measuring CC and UAC for initial screening.

Dietary Habits, Food Product Selection Attributes, Nutritional Status, and Depression in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Dysphagia

Dysphagia, which increases the risk of malnutrition and depression, is an important health concern. A total of 304 people aged 50 years or above (148 subjects with dysphagia and 156 non-dysphagia subjects) were recruited for this survey of dietary habits, meal product selection attributes, nutritional status, and depression. For group comparisons, chi-square tests were performed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for the meal product selection attributes. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate links between EAT-10 (The 10-item Eating Assessment Tool), nutrition (Nutrition Quotient/Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly, NQ/NQ-E) and depression (The Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale for Koreans, SGDS-K). Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate links between EAT-10, nutritional status, and depressive status. Finally, a correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis of nutritional status, depression status, and some dietary factors were performed, targeting only the responses of the dysphagia patients. The average ages were 73.79 years in the dysphagia group and 70.15 years in the non-dysphagia group, and the total average age was 71.88 years. The overall age range was 50 to 92 years. Dysphagia (EAT-10) had significant effects on malnutrition (β = 0.037, OR = 1.095) and depression (β = 0.090, OR = 1.095) (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between SGDS-K, needing help with meals, and the amount of food consumed at mealtimes (p < 0.01). The correlation coefficient between SGDS-K and the need for help with meals was 0.474. Dietary factors that affected depression in dysphagia patients were the increase in the need for meal assistance (β = 1.241, OR = 3.460, p < 0.001) and the amount of food eaten at mealtimes (β = −0.494, OR = 0.702, p < 0.05). Dysphagia can increase the risk of depression and malnutrition. To reduce depression in dysphagia patients, it is necessary to develop meal products that address dietary discomfort among patients with dysphagia.

Nutrition risk, physical activity and fibre intake are associated with body composition in OA: analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Objective

Sarcopenic obesity is a key feature in osteoarthritis (OA). While ideal OA treatment involves physical activity and diet, how diet influences OA pathophysiology is unclear. We explored the associations between diet, nutrition risk and physical activity with body composition in older adults with OA.

Methods

Baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging data set were analysed. Participants with hip, knee, hand or multiple forms of OA were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Body composition measures (lean, fat and total masses (kg) and body fat percentage) were separate dependent variables. Regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between body composition with dietary intake (high calorie snack, fibre), nutrition risk (SCREEN II) and physical activity (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly).

Results

1596 participants were 66.5 (9.0) years old with a body mass index of 28.2 (5.3) kg/m². Higher fibre cereal intake was associated with higher lean mass (unstandardised beta coefficient 0.5 (0.1, 0.9), p=0.02) and lower body fat percentage (-0.3 (-0.6, 0.0), p=0.046). Lower nutrition risk was associated with higher lean mass (0.1 (0.0, 0.1), p=0.03), lower fat mass (-0.05 (-0.1, 0.0), p=0.009) and lower body fat percentage (-0.1 (-0.1, 0.0), p<0.001). Higher physical activity was associated with higher lean mass (0.01 (0.01, 0.02), p<0.001), lower fat mass (-0.01 (0.0, 0.0), p=0.005) and lower body fat percentage (-0.01 (0.0, 0.0), p<0.001).

Conclusion

Greater physical activity and lower nutrition risk were associated with better body composition. While fibre intake was also associated body composition, the CIs were wide suggesting weak associations.

The Association between Malnutrition and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

In recent years the focus of healthcare and nutritional science in older adults has shifted from mortality towards physical performance and quality of life. The aim of this review was to summarize observational studies on physical performance in malnourished (MN) or at risk of malnutrition (RMN) older adults compared with well-nourished (WN) older adults. Eligible studies had to report on nutritional status and objectively measured physical performance in older adults (≥60 y). MN or RMN groups had to be compared with a WN group, measured with a validated nutrition screener. Ovid Medline and Web of Science were searched until 13 November, 2020. Study quality was scored using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results were analyzed by meta-analysis when possible, or narratively reviewed otherwise. Forty-five studies (16,911 participants in total) were included from studies in outpatient clinics (n = 6), nursing homes (n = 3), community-dwelling older adults (n = 20), hospitalized patients (n = 15), or a combination (n = 1). Studies used 11 different screeners of malnutrition, and 8 types of physical performance measures. Meta-analysis showed that compared with MN, WN groups had better hand grip strength (mean difference [MD] = 4.92 kg; 95% CI: 3.43, 6.41; P < 0.001; n = 23), faster gait speed (MD = 0.16 m/s; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.27; P = 0.0033; n = 7), performed faster on timed-up-and-go (MD = -5.94 s; 95% CI: -8.98, -2.89; P < 0.001; n = 8), and scored 1.2 more short physical performance battery points (95% CI: 1.32, 2.73; P < 0.001; n = 6). Results were less pronounced when compared with RMN. Narratively, all studies showed an association for knee extension strength, 6-min walking test, and multicomponent tests, except for the chair stand test. Study limitations include no studies scoring "good" on NOS, lack of confounder adjustment, and high heterogeneity. Overall, evidence from cross-sectional studies indicate an association between malnutrition and worse physical performance in older adults. This study is registered in PROSPERO as CRD42020192893.

Higher hemoglobin levels are associated with better physical performance among older adults without anemia: a longitudinal analysis

Background

Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality among older adults, and it is associated with decreased physical performance. But the role of hemoglobin in the absence of anemia remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of hemoglobin levels on physical performance in Brazilian older adults without anemia.

Methods

The study is longitudinal in that it relies on two waves of the Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE; Health, Well-being, and Aging) study: 2010 and 2015-2016. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to determine the effects of the hemoglobin concentrations on the Short Physical Performance Battery-SPPB over time among the 1,023 who had complete data and did not have anemia in 2010. In the follow-up, there were 567 without anemia.

Results

In analyses adjusted for age, education, comorbidities, body mass index, and physical inactivity, we found a differential association between hemoglobin concentration and SBBP by sex, with a positive interaction (β Hb*female= 0.20, 95% CI 0.04,0.37). At lower levels of hemoglobin, women have lower levels of SPPB than men, but at higher levels of hemoglobin concentration, there are no sex differences in physical performance. In addition, higher age was negatively associated with SPPB levels and cardiometabolic diseases, other diseases, and physical inactivity. Education was positively associated with physical performance.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that higher hemoglobin levels were associated with better physical performance among older adults without anemia in Brazil. However, there were sex differences in this association. This finding is important because, in clinical practice, most health professionals focus on the World Health Organization definition of anemia. Our study suggests the importance of hemoglobin levels among older adults, even those without anemia, and highlights sex differences.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-02937-4.

Ageing rate of older adults affects the factors associated with, and the determinants of malnutrition in the community: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition negatively impacts on health, quality of life and disease outcomes in older adults. The reported factors associated with, and determinants of malnutrition, are inconsistent between studies. These factors may vary according to differences in rate of ageing. This review critically examines the evidence for the most frequently reported sociodemographic factors and determinants of malnutrition and identifies differences according to rates of ageing.

METHODS

A systematic search of the PubMed Central and Embase databases was conducted in April 2019 to identify papers on ageing and poor nutritional status. Numerous factors were identified, including factors from demographic, food intake, lifestyle, social, physical functioning, psychological and disease-related domains. Where possible, community-dwelling populations assessed within the included studies (N = 68) were categorised according to their ageing rate: 'successful', 'usual' or 'accelerated'.

RESULTS

Low education level and unmarried status appear to be more frequently associated with malnutrition within the successful ageing category. Indicators of declining mobility and function are associated with malnutrition and increase in severity across the ageing categories. Falls and hospitalisation are associated with malnutrition irrespective of rate of ageing. Factors associated with malnutrition from the food intake, social and disease-related domains increase in severity in the accelerated ageing category. Having a cognitive impairment appears to be a determinant of malnutrition in successfully ageing populations whilst dementia is reported to be associated with malnutrition within usual and accelerated ageing populations.

CONCLUSIONS

This review summarises the factors associated with malnutrition and malnutrition risk reported in community-dwelling older adults focusing on differences identified according to rate of ageing. As the rate of ageing speeds up, an increasing number of factors are reported within the food intake, social and disease-related domains; these factors increase in severity in the accelerated ageing category. Knowledge of the specific factors and determinants associated with malnutrition according to older adults' ageing rate could contribute to the identification and prevention of malnutrition. As most studies included in this review were cross-sectional, longitudinal studies and meta-analyses comprehensively assessing potential contributory factors are required to establish the true determinants of malnutrition.

Encore Café: An Innovative and Effective Congregate Nutrition Program

Effective community food and nutrition programs are imperative for supporting older adults health and well-being. This three-part study examined to what extent the innovative congregate nutrition program (CNP), Encore Café, and targeted marketing campaign influenced CNP utilization, CNP program satisfaction, and overall CNP impact (e.g., nutritional risk, dietary practices, and loneliness). The Encore Café resulted in increases of 386% in meal distribution and 3,164% in CNP participants during a two-year period compared to a 20.8% reduction at traditional meal sites across the state. Total CNP satisfaction (food and dining) was high for both the Encore Café and Traditional CNP. Encore Café participants maintained their nutritional status and experienced significant reductions in emotional loneliness (p = 0.017) and dietary intake frequencies of processed meat (p = 0.027) compared to non-CNP participants. Utilizing a client-centered approach in marketing and programming for the Encore Café shows promising results for improving the utilization and effectiveness of the CNP.

High prevalence of malnutrition and frailty among older adults at admission to residential aged care

INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is an under-recognised and under-treated problem often affecting older adults. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with malnutrition and frailty among older adults at early admission to residential aged care. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken among eligible older adults within the first week of admission to residential aged care. Participants were assessed for malnutrition risk using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, frailty using the Fried phenotype criterion, muscle strength using a grip strength dynamometer and gait speed using a 2.4-m walk test. A Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with malnutrition risk and frailty status. RESULTS Of 174 participants (mean age 85.5 years, 61% women), two-thirds (66%) were admitted to residential aged care from the community. Most (93%) were either malnourished (48%) or at risk of malnutrition (45%). A total of 76% of participants were frail and 24% were pre-frail. Forty-three percent were both malnourished and frail. Low risk of malnutrition was associated with increases in muscle strength [0.96 (0.93-0.99)], gait speed [0.27 (0.10-0.73)] and pre-frailty status [0.32 (0.12-0.83)]. DISCUSSION This study provides preliminary evidence for high prevalence of malnutrition and frailty at admission to residential aged care. Almost all participants were malnourished or at nutrition risk. Findings highlight the need for strategies to prevent, detect and treat malnutrition in community health care and support nutrition screening at admission to residential aged care.

Identifying and Managing Malnutrition, Frailty and Sarcopenia in the Community: A Narrative Review

Malnutrition, frailty and sarcopenia are becoming increasingly prevalent among community-dwelling older adults; yet are often unidentified and untreated in community settings. There is an urgent need for community-based healthcare professionals (HCPs) from all disciplines, including medicine, nursing and allied health, to be aware of, and to be able to recognise and appropriately manage these conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of malnutrition, frailty and sarcopenia in the community, including their definitions, prevalence, impacts and causes/risk factors; and guidance on how these conditions may be identified and managed by HCPs in the community. A detailed description of the care process, including screening and referral, assessment and diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring and evaluation, relevant to the community context, is also provided. Further research exploring the barriers/enablers to delivering high-quality nutrition care to older community-dwelling adults who are malnourished, frail or sarcopenic is recommended, to inform the development of specific guidance for HCPs in identifying and managing these conditions in the community.

Body composition associations with muscle strength in older adults living in Auckland, New Zealand

BACKGROUND

Aging is associated with decreases in muscle strength and simultaneous changes in body composition, including decreases in muscle mass, muscle quality and increases in adiposity.

METHODS

Adults (n = 369; 236 females) aged 65-74 years living independently were recruited from the cross-sectional Researching Eating Activity and Cognitive Health (REACH) study. Body fat percentage and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) (sum of lean mass in the arms and legs) were assessed using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (Hologic, QDR Discovery A). The ASM index was calculated by ASM (kilograms) divided by height (meters) squared. Isometric grip strength was measured using a hand grip strength dynamometer (JAMAR HAND).

RESULTS

Linear regression analyses revealed that muscle strength was positively associated with the ASM index (R2 = 0.431, p < 0.001). When exploring associations between muscle strength and muscle mass according to obesity classifications (obesity ≥30% males; ≥40% females), muscle mass was a significant predictor of muscle strength in non-obese participants. However, in participants with obesity, muscle mass was no longer a significant predictor of muscle strength.

CONCLUSIONS

Body fat percentage should be considered when measuring associations between muscle mass and muscle strength in older adults.

Item analysis of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) by the Rasch model: a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data obtained among community-dwelling elders

Background

The Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) is increasingly used to screen for self-perceived oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) in community-dwelling elders. A summated EAT-10 total score ranges from 0 to 40, with a score ≥ 3 indicative of OD. When using cut-points of a summated score, important requirements for the measurements are specific objectivity, validity, and reliability. Analysis by the Rasch model allows investigation of whether scales like EAT-10 satisfy these requirements. Currently, a few studies have found that EAT-10 responses from clinical populations with OD do not adequately fit the Rasch model.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine whether measurements by EAT-10 fit the Rasch model when applied in screening self-perceived OD in non-clinical populations.

Methods

Secondary analysis was conducted on data from a cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling elders living in a municipal district of Tokyo, Japan, in which 1875 respondents completed the Japanese version of EAT-10 (J-EAT-10). Data were cleaned and recoded for the purpose of the analysis in this study, which resulted in inclusion of J-EAT-10 responses from 1144 respondents. Data were analyzed using RUMM2030 and included overall model fit, reliability, unidimensionality, threshold ordering, individual item and person fits, differential item functioning, local item dependency, and targeting.

Results

The analysis identified that the response categories from zero to four were not used as intended and did not display monotonicity, which necessitated reducing the five categories to three. Considerable floor effect was demonstrated and there was an inappropriate match between items’ and respondents’ estimates. The person separation reliability (PSI = 0.65) was inadequate, indicating that it is not possible to differentiate between different levels of OD. Several items displayed misfit with the Rasch model, and there were local item dependency and several redundant items.

Conclusions

J-EAT-10 performed less than optimally and exhibited substantial floor effect, low reliability, a rating scale not working as intended, and several redundant items. Different improvement strategies failed to resolve the identified problems. Use of J-EAT-10 in population-based surveys cannot therefore be recommended. For such purpose, alternative screening tools of self-perceived OD should be chosen or a new one should be developed and validated.

Features of physical development and somatotype of girls and women involved in fitness

Purpose : Comparative analysis of the physical development features and somatotype of girls and women involved in fitness. Material : The experiment involved 95 girls and women, divided into 2 groups. Group 1 - 48 girls (36.04 ± 0.19) years, Group 2 - 47 women (43.26 ± 0.22) years, (p <0.01). Participants practiced fitness 2-3 times a week. The duration of the training was 60 minutes. It was determined the body mass and body length, wrist circumference, waist and hips circumferences. The TANITA BC 587 analyzer was applied to determine muscle and fat mass, the specific weight of fat tissue, water content, percentage of visceral fat, basal metabolism value, bone mass mineralization. It was calculated the body mass index and the waist-to-hip ratio. The results were evaluated applying the Student's t-test (t) and Rosenbaum (Q) and Wilcoxon - Mann - Whitney (U) criteria. Results : There were no significant differences in body length and body mass. The girls confirmed a less value of hip circumference (t = 2.04, p <0.05) and a tendency to less waist circumference (t = 1.97, p <0.1) in comparison with group 2. The participants of group 2 had a larger wrist circumference (U = 891, p <0.05). According to this parameter, persons with asthenic body type prevailed among participants. Their specific weight was (56.25 ± 7.16)% of group 1 and (53.19 ± 7.28)% of group 2. It was confirmed less absolute body fat content in group 1 (t = 2.09, p <0.05). All participants were characterized by larger muscle mass. There were no differences in this parameter between groups. It was determined the high concentration of specific weight of fat tissue in comparison with age standards. The content of visceral fat was within the age norm. Its content was higher in group 2 (Q = 18, p <0.01). The basal metabolic value was larger in group 2 (Q = 17, p <0.01). The values of bone mass mineralization reflect the correspondence to the body mass of the participants. This parameter did not have significant differences in the groups. The body mass index value in group 1 was within the average interval. In group 2, this index was higher than the standard one. The body mass index in group 1 was significantly lower (t = 2.18, p <0.05). The participants with a body mass index above the norm were (35.42 ± 6.90)% of group 1 and (59.57 ± 7.16)% of group 2. The prevalence of waist-to-hip ratio above the norm was (54.17 ± 7.19)% 1 group and (59.57 ± 7.17)% 2 group, (p> 0.05). Conclusions : it was determined the proximity of the main anthropometric parameters (mass and body length). The girls have lower values of the hip circumference. Persons with asthenic body type prevailed among the participants. Analysis of the indices confirmed the high prevalence of overweight and high risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The application of bio-impedance method confirmed and clarified the results of anthropometric research. The participants demonstrated the increased content of subcutaneous and visceral fat, increasing with age. The water level in the body gradually decreases with age. This is considered as a reflection of age-related physiological changes in metabolism and should be considered in fitness training organizing. Studies have confirmed the informativeness and adequacy of the bio-impedance method.