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Garcia JPT, Tayo LL. Theoretical Studies of DNA Microarray Present Potential Molecular and Cellular Interconnectivity of Signaling Pathways in Immune System Dysregulation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:393. [PMID: 38674328 PMCID: PMC11049615 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is defined as the inability to regulate immunological activities in the body, especially in response to external triggers, leading to the attack of the tissues and organs of the host. Outcomes include the onset of autoimmune diseases whose effects are primarily due to dysregulated immune responses. In past years, there have been cases that show an increased susceptibility to other autoimmune disorders in patients who are already experiencing the same type of disease. Research in this field has started analyzing the potential molecular and cellular causes of this interconnectedness, bearing in mind the possibility of advancing drugs and therapies for the treatment of autoimmunity. With that, this study aimed to determine the correlation of four autoimmune diseases, which are type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis (PSR), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), by identifying highly preserved co-expressed genes among datasets using WGCNA. Functional annotation was then employed to characterize these sets of genes based on their systemic relationship as a whole to elucidate the biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions of the pathways they are involved in. Lastly, drug repurposing analysis was performed to screen candidate drugs for repositioning that could regulate the abnormal expression of genes among the diseases. A total of thirteen modules were obtained from the analysis, the majority of which were associated with transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modification processes. Also, the evaluation based on KEGG suggested the possible role of TH17 differentiation in the simultaneous onset of the four diseases. Furthermore, clomiphene was the top drug candidate for regulating overexpressed hub genes; meanwhile, prilocaine was the top drug for regulating under-expressed hub genes. This study was geared towards utilizing transcriptomics approaches for the assessment of microarray data, which is different from the use of traditional genomic analyses. Such a research design for investigating correlations among autoimmune diseases may be the first of its kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Patrick T. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines;
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Lemmuel L. Tayo
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines;
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mapúa University, Makati 1200, Philippines
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Petelytska L, Bonomi F, Cannistrà C, Fiorentini E, Peretti S, Torracchi S, Bernardini P, Coccia C, De Luca R, Economou A, Levani J, Matucci-Cerinic M, Distler O, Bruni C. Heterogeneity of determining disease severity, clinical course and outcomes in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic literature review. RMD Open 2023; 9:e003426. [PMID: 37940340 PMCID: PMC10632935 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The course of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is highly variable and different from continuously progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Most proposed definitions of progressive pulmonary fibrosis or SSc-ILD severity are based on the research data from patients with IPF and are not validated for patients with SSc-ILD. Our study aimed to gather the current evidence for severity, progression and outcomes of SSc-ILD.Methods A systematic literature review to search for definitions of severity, progression and outcomes recorded for SSc-ILD was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library up to 1 August 2023.Results A total of 9054 papers were reviewed and 342 were finally included. The most frequent tools used for the definition of SSc-ILD progression and severity were combined changes of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and forced vital capacity (FVC), isolated FVC or DLCO changes, high-resolution CT (HRCT) extension and composite algorithms including pulmonary function test, clinical signs and HRCT data. Mortality was the most frequently reported long-term event, both from all causes or ILD related.Conclusions The studies presenting definitions of SSc-ILD 'progression', 'severity' and 'outcome' show a large heterogeneity. These results emphasise the need for developing a standardised, consensus definition of severe SSc-ILD, to link a disease specific definition of progression as a surrogate outcome for clinical trials and clinical practice.PROSPERO registration number CRD42022379254.Cite Now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Petelytska
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Internal Medicine #3, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Bonomi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Cannistrà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Fiorentini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Peretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Torracchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Bernardini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmela Coccia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Luca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Economou
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Juela Levani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Distler
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Amati F, Bongiovanni G, Tonutti A, Motta F, Stainer A, Mangiameli G, Aliberti S, Selmi C, De Santis M. Treatable Traits in Systemic Sclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023; 65:251-276. [PMID: 37603199 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-023-08969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic systemic disease within the spectrum of connective tissue diseases, specifically characterized by vascular abnormalities and inflammatory and fibrotic involvement of the skin and internal organs resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The clinical phenotype of SSc is heterogeneous, and serum autoantibodies together with the extent of skin involvement have a predictive value in the risk stratification. Current recommendations include an organ-based management according to the predominant involvement with only limited individual factors included in the treatment algorithm. Similar to what has been proposed for other chronic diseases, we hypothesize that a "treatable trait" approach based on relevant phenotypes and endotypes could address the unmet needs in SSc stratification and treatment to maximize the outcomes. We provide herein a comprehensive review and a critical discussion of the literature regarding potential treatable traits in SSc, focusing on established and candidate biomarkers, with the purpose of setting the bases for a precision medicine-based approach. The discussion, structured based on the organ involvement, allows to conjugate the pathogenetic mechanisms of tissue injury with the proposed predictors, particularly autoantibodies and other serum biomarkers. Ultimately, we are convinced that precision medicine is the ideal guide to manage a complex condition such as SSc for which available treatments are largely unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Tonutti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Motta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Stainer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mangiameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Makol A, Nagaraja V, Amadi C, Pugashetti JV, Caoili E, Khanna D. Recent innovations in the screening and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:613-626. [PMID: 36999788 PMCID: PMC10698514 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2198212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Risk of developing progressive ILD is highest among patients with diffuse cutaneous disease, positive anti-topoisomerase I antibody, and elevated acute phase reactants. With the FDA approval of two medications and a pipeline of novel therapeutics in trials, early recognition and intervention is critical. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest is the current gold standard test for diagnosis of ILD. Yet, it is not offered as a screening tool to all patients due to which ILD can be missed in up to a third of patients. There is a need to develop and validate more innovative screening modalities. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an overview of screening and diagnosis of SSc-ILD, highlighting the recent innovations particularly the role of soluble serologic, radiomic (quantitative lung imaging, lung ultrasound), and breathomic (exhaled breath analysis) biomarkers in the early detection of SSc-ILD. EXPERT OPINION There is remarkable progress in the development of new radiomics and serum biomarkers in diagnosing SSc-ILD. There is an urgent need for conceptualizing and testing composite ILD screening strategies that incorporate these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Makol
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vivek Nagaraja
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Chiemezie Amadi
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Janelle Vu Pugashetti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elaine Caoili
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Michigan Scleroderma Program
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Pugashetti JV, Khanna D, Kazerooni EA, Oldham J. Clinically Relevant Biomarkers in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:411-433. [PMID: 37055096 PMCID: PMC10584384 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) complicates connective tissue disease (CTD) with variable incidence and is a leading cause of death in these patients. To improve CTD-ILD outcomes, early recognition and management of ILD is critical. Blood-based and radiologic biomarkers that assist in the diagnosis CTD-ILD have long been studied. Recent studies, including -omic investigations, have also begun to identify biomarkers that may help prognosticate such patients. This review provides an overview of clinically relevant biomarkers in patients with CTD-ILD, highlighting recent advances to assist in the diagnosis and prognostication of CTD-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Vu Pugashetti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan.
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
| | - Ella A Kazerooni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan; Division of Cardiothoracic Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan
| | - Justin Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan
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Khan AW, Farooq M, Hwang MJ, Haseeb M, Choi S. Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Diseases: Role of Interleukins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097960. [PMID: 37175665 PMCID: PMC10178921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases are a group of disorders resulting from abnormal immune responses in the nervous system, causing inflammation and tissue damage. The interleukin (IL) family of cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. IL-1 is involved in the activation of immune cells, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promotion of blood-brain barrier breakdown. IL-6 is essential for the differentiation of T cells into Th17 cells and has been implicated in the initiation and progression of neuroinflammation. IL-17 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by Th17 cells that plays a crucial role in recruiting immune cells to sites of inflammation. This review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of different interleukins in autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune encephalitis, and discusses the potential of targeting ILs as a therapeutic strategy against these diseases. We also highlight the need for further research to better understand the roles of ILs in autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases and to identify new targets for treating these debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jung Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Republic of Korea
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The Role of T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis: An Update. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease characterized by microvasculopathy, autoantibodies (autoAbs), and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Microvasculopathy and autoAbs appear very early in the disease process. AutoAbs, such as those directed against DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I), are disease specific and associated with disease manifestations, and indicate activation of the adaptive immune system. B cells are involved in fibrosis in SSc. T cells are also involved in disease pathogenesis. T cells show signs of antigen-induced activation; T cells of TH2 type are increased and produce profibrotic cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31; CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are increased in skin lesions, and cause fibrosis and endothelial cell apoptosis; circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells are increased in SSc produce IL-21 and promote plasmablast antibody production. On the other hand, regulatory T cells are impaired in SSc. These findings provide strong circumstantial evidence for T cell implication in SSc pathogenesis and encourage new T cell-directed therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Choreño-Parra JA, Cervantes-Rosete D, Jiménez-Alvarez LA, Ramírez-Martínez G, Márquez-García JE, Cruz-Lagunas A, Magaña-Sanchez AY, Lima G, López-Maldonado H, Gaytán-Guzmán E, Caballero A, Fernández-Plata R, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Mendoza-Milla C, Navarro-González MDC, Llorente L, Zuniga J, Rodriguez-Reyna TS. Dendritic cells drive profibrotic inflammation and aberrant T cell polarization in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 62:1687-1698. [PMID: 36063053 PMCID: PMC10070068 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a devastating autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and obliterative vasculopathy affecting the skin and visceral organs. While the processes mediating excessive extracellular matrix (EM) deposition and fibroblast proliferation are clear, the exact link between autoimmunity and fibrosis remains elusive. Th17 cells have been proposed as critical drivers of profibrotic inflammation during SSc, but little is known about the immune components supporting their pathogenic role. METHODS Dendritic cells (DCs) activate and shape T cell differentiation by producing polarizing cytokines. Hence, we investigated the cytokine responses of monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) from patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc), diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), and healthy controls (HC) after stimulation with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Also, using co-culture assays, we analyzed T cell subpopulations after contact with autologous TLR-activated Mo-DCs. RESULTS In general, we observed an increased production of Th17 related cytokines like IL-1β, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22 by SSc compared with HC Mo-DCs, with variations between lcSSc vs. dcSSc and early- vs. late-stage subgroups. Noticeably, we found a significant increment in IL-33 production by Mo-DCs in all SSc cases regardless of their clinical phenotype. Strikingly, T cells displayed Th2, Th17, and dual Th2/Th17 phenotypes after exposure to autologous TLR-stimulated Mo-DCs from SSc patients but not HC. These changes were pronounced in individuals with early-stage dcSSc and less significant in the late-stage lcSSc subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that functional alterations of DCs subsidize the immune mechanisms favoring the aberrant T cell polarization and profibrotic inflammation behind the clinical SSc heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., México, 64849
| | - Diana Cervantes-Rosete
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Armando Jiménez-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ramírez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Eduardo Márquez-García
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Yelli Magaña-Sanchez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Lima
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto López-Maldonado
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Gaytán-Guzmán
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Caballero
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Fernández-Plata
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan, 4502, Col. Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Del Carmen Navarro-González
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Reumáticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan, 4502, Col. Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, . Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Llorente
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., México, 64849
| | - Joaquin Zuniga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI., Tlalpan, 14080. Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., México, 64849
| | - Tatiana Sofia Rodriguez-Reyna
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco, de Quiroga, 15. Col. Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI. Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
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Tezcan D, Sivrikaya A, Ergün D, Özer H, Eryavuz Onmaz D, Körez MK, Akdağ T, Gülcemal S, Limon M, Yılmaz S. Evaluation of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-13, and IL-17 levels and computed tomography finding in interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease patients. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:4713-4724. [PMID: 34181129 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most severe complications which is associated with connective tissue disease (CTD) and causes to morbidity and mortality. So, we aimed to determine serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-13, and IL-17, to investigate whether these cytokines are related to CTD-ILD, and to find their possible contribution to determining the prognosis of the disease. METHODS A total of 150 participants, 80 patients diagnosed with CTD-ILD (mean age, 58.21 ± 12.36) and 70 healthy controls (mean age, 57.07 ± 9.60) were recruited from the rheumatology department between January 2016 and June 2019 in the study. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings were scored as similarly to previous studies. Serum IL-6, IL 13, and IL-17 levels were measured by ELISA test kits. RESULTS The levels of IL-6, IL-13, and IL-17 in CTD patients were significantly higher than the healthy individuals (p < 001), but the HRCT score's relation were not determined. IL-6 was associated with disease duration and disease activity scores of DAS28, ESDAII, and dSSc. There was a significant relation between dSSc, HCRT fibrosis, and total score.CRP, hemoglobin, and platelets were associated with the HRCT inflammation pattern. CONCLUSION At the study, it has been observed that serum IL-13, IL-6 and IL-17 levels are increased in patients with CTD-ILD. Besides, IL-6 was associated with disease activity scores of DAS28, ESDAII, and dSSc. Also, HRCT fibrosis score is associated with dSSc. Further and comprehensive studies are needed to understand better the complex intersection of lung disease with systemic autoimmunity. Key Points • Serum IL-13, IL-6, and IL-17 levels are increased in patients with CTD-ILD. • IL-6 was associated with disease activity scores of DAS28, ESDAII, and diffuse skin involvement. • HRCT fibrosis score is associated with diffuse skin involvement in patients with SSc-ILD. • HRCT inflammation score is associated with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Tezcan
- Division of Rheumatology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Sivrikaya
- Division of Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ergün
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Halil Özer
- Division of Radiology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Eryavuz Onmaz
- Division of Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muslu Kazım Körez
- Division of Biostatistics, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Turan Akdağ
- Division of Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Vocational School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Semral Gülcemal
- Division of Rheumatology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Limon
- Division of Rheumatology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sema Yılmaz
- Division of Rheumatology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42130, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
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10
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Cytokines Involved in the Pathogenesis of SSc and Problems in the Development of Anti-Cytokine Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051104. [PMID: 34064515 PMCID: PMC8147957 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. SSc causes damage to the skin and various organs including the lungs, heart, and digestive tract, but the extent of the damage varies from patient to patient. The pathology of SSc includes ischemia, inflammation, and fibrosis, but the degree of progression varies from case to case. Many cytokines have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of SSc: interleukin-6 is associated with inflammation and transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-13 are associated with fibrosis. Therapeutic methods to control these cytokines have been proposed; however, which cytokines have a dominant role in SSc might differ depending on the extent of visceral lesions and the stage of disease progression. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the disease state of the patient to be targeted and the type of evaluation method when an anti-cytokine therapy is conducted. Here, we review the pathology of SSc and potential cytokine targets, especially interleukin-6, as well as the use of anti-cytokine therapy for SSc.
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11
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Avanoǧlu Güler A, Rossi FW, Bellando-Randone S, Prevete N, Tufan A, Manetti M, de Paulis A, Matucci-Cerinic M. The Role of Endogenous Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid-Derived Resolvins in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1249. [PMID: 32636845 PMCID: PMC7318896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolvins, the member of specialized pro-resolving mediators, are produced from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a response to an acute inflammatory process in that termination and resolution of inflammation. In the acute inflammation, these lipid mediators limit polymorphonuclear cells infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production; promote efferocytosis, and regulate several cell types being important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Any dysregulation or defect of the resolution phase result in prolonged, persistent inflammation and eventually fibrosis. Resolvins are implicated in the development of various chronic autoimmune diseases. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a very complicated, chronic autoimmune disorder proceeding with vasculopathy, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity is another important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of SSc. In this review, we will focus on the different roles of this new family of lipid mediators, characterized by the ability to prevent the spread of inflammation and its chronicity in various ways and how they can control the development of fibrotic diseases like SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Avanoǧlu Güler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Abdurrahman Tufan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy
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12
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Li L, Zuo X, Liu D, Luo H, Zhu H. The profiles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in peripheral blood neutrophils exosomes of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98:88-97. [PMID: 32147195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dSSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease with skin fibrosis. Neutrophils display important roles in autoimmunity, inflammation, vasculopathy and fibrosis. Exosomes (EXOs) are cell-derived vesicles contained various noncoding RNAs, mRNA and proteins with biological roles. OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs from dSSc neutrophils EXOs. METHODS EXOs were isolated from cultured neutrophils supernatants and identified by transmission electron microscopy. Global expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs in neutrophils EXOs were sequenced by Illumina HiSeq 3000 and bioinformatic analyses were performed by R/Bioconductor. Genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS In profiles of neutrophils EXOs, we identified 22 dysregulated miRNAs and 281 dysregulated lncRNAs. Predicted target genes of them were enriched in GO, KEGG and Reactome pathways, Wnt, AMPK, IL-23 and NOTCH signaling pathways were selected for further analysis. Widely interactions among them were also found. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and human primary skin fibroblasts were stimulated with dSSc neutrophils EXOs, these fibrosis related genes were detected and some changes were found, such as ENST00000533886.1-hsa-miR-1268a-CAMK2G in Wnt and IL-23 signaling pathways, ENST00000610091.1-hsa-miR-299-3p, 512-3p-CPT1A in IL-23 and AMPK signaling pathways, NR_001564.2, ENST00000520562.1, ENST00000596567.1-hsa-miR-299-3p, 512-3p -TFDP2 in IL-23, AMPK and NOTCH signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The profiles of miRNAs and lncRNAs of neutrophils EXOs provided novel clues for dSSc pathogenesis. We identified several gene pairs in the Wnt, AMPK, IL-23 and NOTCH signaling pathways, which could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in dSSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Li
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; The Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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13
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Chen J, Liu H, Li L, Wang H, Li Y, Wang Y, Ding K, Hao S, Shao Y, Li L, Song J, Wang G, Shao Z, Fu R. Abnormal numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes and abnormal expression of CD4+ T lymphocyte‑secreted cytokines in patients with immune‑related haemocytopenia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3979-3990. [PMID: 31545490 PMCID: PMC6797981 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, a group of cases with persisting haemocytopenia were separated from those with idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance due to the optimal response of these patients to immunosuppression therapy and due to the detection of autoantibodies in the bone marrow of haemopoietic cells. This condition was termed immune-related haemocytopenia (IRH). However, the quantity of T lymphocytes remained unknown. In the present study, the percentage of CD4+ T-cell subsets and related cytokines was measured using flow cytometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An abnormal number of CD4+ T cell subsets was found, including increased percentages of T helper (Th)2, Th9 and Th17 cells and a decreased number of regulatory T (Treg) cells. In addition, the results showed downregulation in the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, transforming growth factor-β and IL-35, and upregulation in the levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and interferon-γ in patients who did not receive therapy (untreated patients). These levels were significantly associated with the number of peripheral blood cells and were recovered following treatment. In conclusion, an abnormal number of CD4+ T cell subsets and corresponding abnormal levels of regulatory cytokines resulted in the stimulation of B1 lymphocytes to produce autoantibodies in IRH, which may be considered as markers to evaluate disease prognosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shanfeng Hao
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guojin Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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14
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Patwardhan A, Spencer CH. An unprecedented COPA gene mutation in two patients in the same family: comparative clinical analysis of newly reported patients with other known COPA gene mutations. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:59. [PMID: 31455335 PMCID: PMC6712851 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-019-0359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COPA syndrome is a newly recognized monogenic, autosomal dominant autoimmune disease presenting mostly presenting in childhood. Clinical features include inflammation of the lungs, kidneys, and joints. Approximately twenty-six patients with COPA syndrome worldwide have been investigated all originating from eight families. Patients with this syndrome exhibit heterozygous monogenic missense mutations in the WD40 domain. This domain is a functionally-significant area of the alpha subunit of coatomer-associated protein (COPα) which encodes the coat protein complex I (COPI). The COPI dysfunction is also associated with autoantibody expansion. We report two patients with COPA syndrome. METHODS All testing and molecular genetic analysis were performed after obtaining the informed consent of both the patient and parents. A retrospective chart review was carried out on both the patients. Demographic, clinical and laboratory findings were abstracted from outpatient and inpatient encounters. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), chest computed tomography (CT) scans, and lung biopsy histopathology reports were also reviewed and summarized. RESULTS The index case and the father of the child both demonstrated a unique inflammatory pulmonary, arthritis, and renal disease triad starting in early childhood including pulmonary hemorrhage. The two patients had a novel COPA mutation previously undescribed. CONCLUSIONS To date, only four pathological, genetic mutations have been reported that are compatible with COPA syndrome. We here report two patients with COPA syndrome within the same family with a novel COPA gene mutation different than the heterozygous monogenic missense mutations in the WD40 domain and distinct from the clinical phenotypes reported in the literature so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Patwardhan
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, 400 Keene Street, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Charles H. Spencer
- 0000 0004 1937 0407grid.410721.1University of Mississippi Medical Center, Batson Children’s Hospital, Rm 289, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
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15
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Bălănescu P, Bălănescu E, Bălănescu A. IL-17 and Th17 cells in systemic sclerosis: a comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:198-204. [PMID: 28704201 DOI: 10.1515/rjim-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
T cells (especially T helper cells) seem to be strongly associated with systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Th17-IL-17 axis was proved to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases. By performing a comprehensive research of the literature indexed in PubMed database, the current review summarizes current knowledge related to Th17 and IL-17 in systemic sclerosis. While there is promising data suggesting inhibition of Tregulatory and Th1 signals on one hand and promotion of Th17 and Th2 signals on the other, studies that include prospective and integrated analysis of Tregulatory, Th17, Th1, Th2 (cells and derived cytokines) on the same cohort of Ssc patients are warranted.
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16
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Brown M, O'Reilly S. The immunopathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:310-321. [PMID: 30430560 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an idiopathic systemic autoimmune disease. It is characterized by a triad of hallmarks: immune dysfunction, fibrosis and vasculopathy. Immune dysfunction in SSc is characterized by the activation and recruitment of immune cells and the production of autoantibodies and cytokines. How immune abnormalities link the fibrosis and vasculopathy in SSc is poorly understood. A plethora of immune cell types are implicated in the immunopathogenesis of SSc, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, mast cells and macrophages. How these different cell types interact to contribute to SSc is complicated, and can involve cell-to-cell interactions and communication via cytokines, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-4. We will attempt to review significant and recent research demonstrating the importance of immune cell regulation in the immunopathogenesis of SSc with a particular focus on fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brown
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S O'Reilly
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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17
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Ahmed S, Pattanaik SS, Rai MK, Nath A, Agarwal V. Interstitial lung disease in Systemic sclerosis: insights into pathogenesis and evolving therapies. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2018; 29:140-147. [PMID: 32185315 PMCID: PMC7046043 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.29.3.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a leading cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, mortality is improving as pathogenesis is being better understood and new therapies emerge. The roles of the inflammasome and NETosis in fibrosis are being elucidated. Epigenetic targets like DNA methylation and microRNA show promise as new targets for anti-fibrotic agents. The IL17-23 pathway has been shown to be active in SSc-ILD. Newer biomarkers are being described like CCL18 and the anti-eIF2B antibody. Hypothesis-free approaches are identifying newer genes like the ALOX5AP and XRCC4 genes. Computer-aided interpretations of CT scans, screening with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are gradually emerging into practice. Imaging can also predict prognosis. A plethora of studies has shown the benefit of immunosuppression in halting ILD progression. Extent of lung involvement and PFT parameters are used to initiate therapy. The best evidence is for cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate. Besides these, corticosteroids and rituximab are being used in cases refractory to the first line drugs. Stem cell transplant is also backed by evidence in SSc. Longer studies on maintenance therapy are awaited. The inflammation in SSc is mostly subclinical and there is great interest in developing anti-fibrotic drugs for SSc-ILD. Perfinidone and nintedanib are under trial. The last resort is lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakir Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sarit Sekhar Pattanaik
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Rai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Nath
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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18
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Mo C, Zeng Z, Deng Q, Ding Y, Xiao R. Imbalance between T helper 17 and regulatory T cell subsets plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:177-183. [PMID: 30219674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease that is characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and vasculopathy of the skin and internal organs. The etiopathogenesis of SSc remains unclear. However, the pivotal role of T lymphocytes with an aberrant immune response in SSc is well established. Among T cells, IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cell and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets have recently been found to play crucial roles in SSc pathogenesis. Generally speaking, Th17 cell subsets up-regulate inflammation, fibrosis, and autoimmunity, which are present in SSc, while Treg cell subsets have an immunosuppressive function and resist the immunological performance of Th17 cells. Up-to-date evidence has pointed out that the imbalance and abnormal functions of Th17/Treg cells may contribute to SSc. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current understanding of the vital cytokines and signaling pathways that are involved in Th17/Treg differentiation and functions, and their roles in the pathogenesis of SSc, thus providing novel insights about targeting the Th17/Treg balance as a potential therapy for SSc treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Mo
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Qiancheng Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Hainan Provincial Dermatology Disease Hospital, 15 LongKun-Nan Road, Haikou 570206, China.
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China.
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19
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Dufour AM, Alvarez M, Russo B, Chizzolini C. Interleukin-6 and Type-I Collagen Production by Systemic Sclerosis Fibroblasts Are Differentially Regulated by Interleukin-17A in the Presence of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1865. [PMID: 30150989 PMCID: PMC6099180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional cytokine networks have been poorly characterized in systemic sclerosis (SSc). While interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is increased in SSc skin and other organs, its role is still debated, particularly considering fibrogenesis. We uncover here a dual function of IL-17A in the presence of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β), the master pro-fibrotic cytokine. In the one hand, we report an unexpected synergic activity resulting in enhanced production of IL-6 by dermal fibroblasts; in the other hand, a substantial inhibition of type I collagen (col-I) production. IL-17A or TGF-β enhanced the production of IL-6 by 8- to 16-folds when compared to control in healthy donors (HD) and SSc cultures. However, the joint presence of IL-17A and TGF-β resulted in robustly exuberant responses with levels of IL-6 up to 100-folds higher than those observed in untreated cells. Inhibition of NFκB signaling pathway preferentially inhibited the production of IL-6 driven by IL-17A in HD fibroblasts, while inhibition of PI3K preferentially inhibited the production of IL-6 driven by TGF-β. Interestingly, when p38 MAPK was inhibited, substantial reduction of IL-6 production was observed for both IL-17A and TGF-β. Consistently with the inhibition experiments, the combined stimulation of fibroblasts by IL-17A and TGF-β resulted in 1.8-fold increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation (P = 0.025), when compared to levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK induced by IL-17A alone. Furthermore, the enhanced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the joint presence of IL-17A and TGF-β was unique among the signaling molecules we examined. As expected, TGF-β induced SMAD2 phosphorylation and col-I production. However, in fibroblasts cultured in the joint presence of TGF-β and IL-17A, SMAD2 phosphorylation was decreased by 0.6-folds (P = 0.022) when compared to that induced by TGF-β alone. Remarkably, in this condition, the production of col-I and fibronectin was significantly decreased in both HD and SSc. Thus, IL-17A and TGF-β reciprocally influence each other effector functions in fibroblasts. Intracellular molecular switches may favor synergic or antagonistic activities, which are revealed by specific readouts. The implications of these data in the context of SSc are far reaching, particularly in terms of therapeutic approaches since IL-6, IL-17A, and TGF-β are all putative targets of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maria Dufour
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvarez
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Russo
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Different profile of cytokine production in patients with systemic sclerosis and association with clinical manifestations. Immunol Lett 2018; 198:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Chizzolini C, Dufour AM, Brembilla NC. Is there a role for IL-17 in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis? Immunol Lett 2018; 195:61-67. [PMID: 28919455 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In systemic sclerosis (SSc) immuno-inflammatory events are central to disease development. Amongst other mediators of inflammation, interleukin 17 (IL-17) and Th17 cells have been reported to be increased in the peripheral blood and target organs including involved skin in SSc. They participate and amplify inflammatory responses by inducing the production of cytokines such as IL-6, chemokines such as CCL2 and CXCL8 (IL-8), matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, -9 and the expression of adhesion molecules in stromal cells including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In this respect, IL-17 and Th17 cells behave paradigmatically as documented in other autoimmune pathological conditions or infectious diseases. In experimental animal models of skin and lung fibrosis, IL-17 indirectly enhances the fibrotic process by favoring further inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells, by activating and/or stimulating the production of TGF-β and other pro-fibrotic mediators, by inhibiting autophagy. Whether the findings generated in animal models of fibrosis can be translated to human SSc is unproven. Furthermore, it is controversial whether IL-17 directly promotes the transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and enhances collagen production, with most of the available evidence against this possibility. The reductionist approach in which fibroblast in monolayers are cultured in plastic dishes under the influence of IL-17 limits the relevance of these findings. Further in vitro/ex vivo models with human tissues are being developed to investigate the real effect of IL-17 on extracellular matrix deposition, since agents blocking IL-17 are available for the clinic and it will be important to know whether their use in SSc would be beneficial or detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Chizzolini
- Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandra Maria Dufour
- Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolò Costantino Brembilla
- Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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22
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Th17-lineage cells in pulmonary sarcoidosis and Löfgren's syndrome: Friend or foe? J Autoimmun 2018; 87:82-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Gonçalves RSG, Pereira MC, Dantas AT, Almeida ARD, Marques CDL, Rego MJBM, Pitta IR, Duarte ALBP, Pitta MGR. IL-17 and related cytokines involved in systemic sclerosis: Perspectives. Autoimmunity 2017; 51:1-9. [PMID: 29256263 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1416467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic, complex, and rare disease of connective tissue, with high morbidity and mortality, and without specific treatment. The disease is characterized by three main principles: vascular disease, autoantibody production and inflammation, and fibrosis. Since it is well defined that SSc is characterized by elevated production of TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-1, all of them cytokines related to Th17 differentiation, the hypothesis is that this disease may be strongly related to a polarization of the immune response towards the Th17 pathway. Considering the importance of a better understanding of the pathophysiology of Th17 pathway in SSc, this article aims to propose an update for a better understanding of current knowledge on main cytokines secreted by the Th17 cells (IL-17 A, IL-21, and IL-22) and the future prospects in the current disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Silva Guimarães Gonçalves
- a Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Michelly C Pereira
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Andréa Tavares Dantas
- a Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigues de Almeida
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | | | - Moacyr J B M Rego
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Ivan R Pitta
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Angela Luzia Branco Pinto Duarte
- a Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino R Pitta
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas Suely Galdino , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
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Almanzar G, Klein M, Schmalzing M, Hilligardt D, El Hajj N, Kneitz H, Wild V, Rosenwald A, Benoit S, Hamm H, Tony HP, Haaf T, Goebeler M, Prelog M. Disease Manifestation and Inflammatory Activity as Modulators of Th17/Treg Balance and RORC/FoxP3 Methylation in Systemic Sclerosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 171:141-154. [DOI: 10.1159/000450949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Giusti L, Sernissi F, Donadio E, Ciregia F, Giacomelli C, Giannaccini G, Mazzoni MR, Lucacchini A, Bazzichi L. Salivary psoriasin (S100A7) correlates with diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide in a large cohort of systemic sclerosis patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:262. [PMID: 27608975 PMCID: PMC5015208 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and the internal organs. In a previous work we suggested a correlation between levels of salivary psoriasin (S100A7) and pulmonary involvement in SSc patients. The goals of this study are to determine the distribution characteristics of psoriasin in whole saliva (WS) of SSc and healthy donor populations and define its predictive value on diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), along with others clinical parameters. METHODS Salivary level of psoriasin was determined by ELISA kit in 134 SSc patients, 63 Raynaud syndrome patients, 40 patients affected by other connective diseases (non-case) and 74 healthy control subjects. RESULTS A significant increase of salivary psoriasin was observed in SSc patients when compared with other healthy and pathological controls. Moreover, we confirmed the efficacy of salivary psoriasin to correlate with DLCO in a large cohort of SSc patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall our results suggest a rapid, non invasive and low costing method which can help clinicians in the evaluation of SSc pulmonary involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giusti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sernissi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Ciregia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camillo Giacomelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Mazzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Bazzichi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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26
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Rituximab in the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis. Our experience and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Numan MS, Amiable N, Brown JP, Michou L. Paget's disease of bone: an osteoimmunological disorder? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4695-707. [PMID: 26316708 PMCID: PMC4544727 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s88845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology represents a large area of research resulting from the cross talk between bone and immune systems. Many cytokines and signaling cascades are involved in the field of osteoimmunology, originating from various cell types. The RANK/receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling has a pivotal role in osteoimmunology, in addition to proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-17. Clinically, osteoimmunological disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and periodontitis, should be classified according to their pattern of osteoimmunological serum biomarkers. Paget’s disease of bone is a common metabolic bone disorder, resulting from an excessively increased bone resorption coupled with aberrant bone formation. With the exception of the cellular responses to measles virus nucleocapsid protein and the interferon-gamma signature, the exact role of the immune system in Paget’s disease of bone is not well understood. The cytokine profiles, such as the increased levels of IL-6 and the interferon-gamma signature observed in this disease, are also very similar to those observed in other osteoimmunological disorders. As a potential osteoimmunological disorder, the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone may also benefit from progress made in targeted therapies, in particular for receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand and IL-6 signaling inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Numan
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Amiable
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques P Brown
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Laëtitia Michou
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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28
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COPA mutations impair ER-Golgi transport and cause hereditary autoimmune-mediated lung disease and arthritis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:654-60. [PMID: 25894502 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unbiased genetic studies have uncovered surprising molecular mechanisms in human cellular immunity and autoimmunity. We performed whole-exome sequencing and targeted sequencing in five families with an apparent mendelian syndrome of autoimmunity characterized by high-titer autoantibodies, inflammatory arthritis and interstitial lung disease. We identified four unique deleterious variants in the COPA gene (encoding coatomer subunit α) affecting the same functional domain. Hypothesizing that mutant COPA leads to defective intracellular transport via coat protein complex I (COPI), we show that COPA variants impair binding to proteins targeted for retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport. Additionally, expression of mutant COPA results in ER stress and the upregulation of cytokines priming for a T helper type 17 (TH17) response. Patient-derived CD4(+) T cells also demonstrate significant skewing toward a TH17 phenotype that is implicated in autoimmunity. Our findings uncover an unexpected molecular link between a vesicular transport protein and a syndrome of autoimmunity manifested by lung and joint disease.
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Chen Y, Chen S, Liu LY, Zou ZL, Cai YJ, Wang JG, Chen B, Xu LM, Lin Z, Wang XD, Chen YP. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune hepatitis by activation of the programmed death 1 pathway. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:222-8. [PMID: 25445618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation in many autoimmune diseases. However, few studies have focused on the effects of MSCs on autoimmune hepatitis. In our study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of BMSCs (bone mesenchymal stem cells) transplantation in mouse experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) and explored the potential mechanism. BMSCs were injected intravenously into EAH mice. Then, serum levels of ALT and AST, and pathologic alteration of liver tissue were measured to evaluate the liver function and inflammation degree. The expressions of programmed death ligand 1, IL-17 and IL-23 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blotting. Upon serum biochemical levels and pathological examination, the BMSCs-treated mice especially with multiple dosing administration showed significantly reduction of liver damage. Moreover, the expression of IL-17 was down-regulated by BMSCs intervention as compared to the model group, whereas the PD-L1 and IL-23 were up-regulated following the administration of MSCs. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that BMSCs transplantation, especially on multiple dosing, may exert immunosuppression effect to ameliorate EAH through the inhibition of IL-17 and up-regulation of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo-Lin Zou
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Jing Cai
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Guo Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Man Xu
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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