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Cuff JP, Labonte D, Windsor FM. Understanding Trophic Interactions in a Warming World by Bridging Foraging Ecology and Biomechanics with Network Science. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:306-321. [PMID: 38872009 PMCID: PMC11406160 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change will disrupt biological processes at every scale. Ecosystem functions and services vital to ecological resilience are set to shift, with consequences for how we manage land, natural resources, and food systems. Increasing temperatures cause morphological shifts, with concomitant implications for biomechanical performance metrics crucial to trophic interactions. Biomechanical performance, such as maximum bite force or running speed, determines the breadth of resources accessible to consumers, the outcome of interspecific interactions, and thus the structure of ecological networks. Climate change-induced impacts to ecosystem services and resilience are therefore on the horizon, mediated by disruptions of biomechanical performance and, consequently, trophic interactions across whole ecosystems. Here, we argue that there is an urgent need to investigate the complex interactions between climate change, biomechanical traits, and foraging ecology to help predict changes to ecological networks and ecosystem functioning. We discuss how these seemingly disparate disciplines can be connected through network science. Using an ant-plant network as an example, we illustrate how different data types could be integrated to investigate the interaction between warming, bite force, and trophic interactions, and discuss what such an integration will achieve. It is our hope that this integrative framework will help to identify a viable means to elucidate previously intractable impacts of climate change, with effective predictive potential to guide management and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Cuff
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David Labonte
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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2
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Ngah N, Thomas RL, Fellowes MDE. Does This Look Infected? Hidden Host Plant Infection by the Pathogen Botrytis cinerea Alters Interactions between Plants, Aphids and Their Natural Enemies in the Field. INSECTS 2024; 15:347. [PMID: 38786903 PMCID: PMC11121772 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have considered whether hidden (asymptomatic) plant pathogen infection alters ecological interactions at the higher trophic levels, even though such infection still affects plant physiology. We explored this question in two field experiments, where two varieties of lettuce (Little Gem, Tom Thumb) infected with Botrytis cinerea were either (1) naturally colonised by aphids or (2) placed in the field with an established aphid colony. We then recorded plant traits and the numbers and species of aphids, their predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Infection significantly affected plant quality. In the first experiment, symptomatically infected plants had the fewest aphids and natural enemies of aphids. The diversity and abundance of aphids did not differ between asymptomatically infected and uninfected Little Gem plants, but infection affected the aphid assemblage for Tom Thumb plants. Aphids on asymptomatically infected plants were less attractive to predators and parasitoids than those on uninfected plants, while hyperparasitoids were not affected. In the second experiment, when we excluded natural enemies, aphid numbers were lower on asymptomatically and symptomatically infected plants, but when aphid natural enemies were present, this difference was removed, most likely because aphids on uninfected plants attracted more insect natural enemies. This suggests that hidden pathogen infection may have important consequences for multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Ngah
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Rebecca L Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mark D E Fellowes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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3
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Kardas E, González-Rosario AM, Giray T, Ackerman JD, Godoy-Vitorino F. Gut microbiota variation of a tropical oil-collecting bee species far exceeds that of the honeybee. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122489. [PMID: 37266018 PMCID: PMC10229882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interest for bee microbiota has recently been rising, alleviating the gap in knowledge in regard to drivers of solitary bee gut microbiota. However, no study has addressed the microbial acquisition routes of tropical solitary bees. For both social and solitary bees, the gut microbiota has several essential roles such as food processing and immune responses. While social bees such as honeybees maintain a constant gut microbiota by direct transmission from individuals of the same hive, solitary bees do not have direct contact between generations. They thus acquire their gut microbiota from the environment and/or the provision of their brood cell. To establish the role of life history in structuring the gut microbiota of solitary bees, we characterized the gut microbiota of Centris decolorata from a beach population in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Females provide the initial brood cell provision for the larvae, while males patrol the nest without any contact with it. We hypothesized that this behavior influences their gut microbiota, and that the origin of larval microbiota is from brood cell provisions. Methods We collected samples from adult females and males of C. decolorata (n = 10 each, n = 20), larvae (n = 4), and brood cell provisions (n = 10). For comparison purposes, we also sampled co-occurring female foragers of social Apis mellifera (n = 6). The samples were dissected, their DNA extracted, and gut microbiota sequenced using 16S rRNA genes. Pollen loads of A. mellifera and C. decolorata were analyzed and interactions between bee species and their plant resources were visualized using a pollination network. Results While we found the gut of A. mellifera contained the same phylotypes previously reported in the literature, we noted that the variability in the gut microbiota of solitary C. decolorata was significantly higher than that of social A. mellifera. Furthermore, the microbiota of adult C. decolorata mostly consisted of acetic acid bacteria whereas that of A. mellifera mostly had lactic acid bacteria. Among C. decolorata, we found significant differences in alpha and beta diversity between adults and their brood cell provisions (Shannon and Chao1 p < 0.05), due to the higher abundance of families such as Rhizobiaceae and Chitinophagaceae in the brood cells, and of Acetobacteraceae in adults. In addition, the pollination network analysis indicated that A. mellifera had a stronger interaction with Byrsonima sp. and a weaker interaction with Combretaceae while interactions between C. decolorata and its plant resources were constant with the null model. Conclusion Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that behavioral differences in brood provisioning between solitary and social bees is a factor leading to relatively high variation in the microbiota of the solitary bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kardas
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | | | - Tugrul Giray
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - James D. Ackerman
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
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4
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Stenhouse EH, Bellamy P, Kirby W, Vaughan IP, Symondson WOC, Orozco-terWengel P. Herbivorous dietary selection shown by hawfinch ( Coccothraustes coccothraustes) within mixed woodland habitats. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230156. [PMID: 37181798 PMCID: PMC10170347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of diet and dietary selectivity is vital, especially for the conservation of declining species. Accurately obtaining this information, however, is difficult, especially if the study species feeds on a wide range of food items within heterogeneous and inaccessible environments, such as the tree canopy. Hawfinches (Coccothraustes coccothraustes), like many woodland birds, are declining for reasons that are unclear. We investigated the possible role that dietary selection may have in these declines in the UK. Here, we used a combination of high-throughput sequencing of 261 hawfinch faecal samples assessed against tree occurrence data from quadrats sampled in three hawfinch population strongholds in the UK to test for evidence of selective foraging. This revealed that hawfinches show selective feeding and consume certain tree genera disproportionally to availability. Positive selection was shown for beech (Fagus), cherry (Prunus), hornbeam (Carpinus), maples (Acer) and oak (Quercus), while Hawfinch avoided ash (Fraxinus), birch (Betula), chestnut (Castanea), fir (Abies), hazel (Corylus), rowan (Sorbus) and lime (Tilia). This approach provided detailed information on hawfinch dietary choice and may be used to predict the effects of changing food resources on other declining passerines populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan H. Stenhouse
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Paul Bellamy
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Will Kirby
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Ian P. Vaughan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
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Woodhouse A, Swain A, Fagan WF, Fraass AJ, Lowery CM. Late Cenozoic cooling restructured global marine plankton communities. Nature 2023; 614:713-718. [PMID: 36792824 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The geographic ranges of marine organisms, including planktonic foraminifera1, diatoms, dinoflagellates2, copepods3 and fish4, are shifting polewards owing to anthropogenic climate change5. However, the extent to which species will move and whether these poleward range shifts represent precursor signals that lead to extinction is unclear6. Understanding the development of marine biodiversity patterns over geological time and the factors that influence them are key to contextualizing these current trends. The fossil record of the macroperforate planktonic foraminifera provides a rich and phylogenetically resolved dataset that provides unique opportunities for understanding marine biogeography dynamics and how species distributions have responded to ancient climate changes. Here we apply a bipartite network approach to quantify group diversity, latitudinal specialization and latitudinal equitability for planktonic foraminifera over the past eight million years using Triton, a recently developed high-resolution global dataset of planktonic foraminiferal occurrences7. The results depict a global, clade-wide shift towards the Equator in ecological and morphological community equitability over the past eight million years in response to temperature changes during the late Cenozoic bipolar ice sheet formation. Collectively, the Triton data indicate the presence of a latitudinal equitability gradient among planktonic foraminiferal functional groups which is coupled to the latitudinal biodiversity gradient only through the geologically recent past (the past two million years). Before this time, latitudinal equitability gradients indicate that higher latitudes promoted community equitability across ecological and morphological groups. Observed range shifts among marine planktonic microorganisms1,2,8 in the recent and geological past suggest substantial poleward expansion of marine communities even under the most conservative future global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Woodhouse
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Anshuman Swain
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Fraass
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Invertebrate Paleontology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher M Lowery
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Wang G, Huang Y, Yao W, Huang Q, Huang Y, Wei L, Zhou Q. Structure and characteristics of the plant-frugivore bird network from the Guilin Botanical Garden. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15028. [PMID: 36945357 PMCID: PMC10024898 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between plants and frugivores is crucial to ecosystem function and community diversity. However, little is known about the interaction between plants and frugivorous bird species in urban green spaces. We observed interactions between plants and frugivorous birds in the Guilin Botanical Garden for one year and determined the structure and characteristics of the interaction network. We also analyzed the impact of species traits on their network roles. Interactions between 14 frugivorous birds and 13 fruit plant species were recorded in the study area. Autumn interactions comprised 38.79% of the overall network, and winter interactions comprised 33.15%. The modularity (Q, z-score) of the network was higher in autumn; the weighted nestedness (wNODF, z-score) and interaction evenness (E2 , z-score) of the network were higher in winter; the connectance (C, z-score) and interaction diversity (z-score) of the network were higher in spring; and the specialization (H2', z-score) of the network was higher in summer. The observed network showed lower C, lower interaction H2 , lower E2 , lower wNODF, higher H2' and higher Q when compared to the random networks. The bird species most important to network stability were Hemixos castanonotus, Parus venustulus, and Pycnonotus sinensis. The most important plant species were Alocasia macrorrhiza, Cinnamomum camphora, and Machilus nanmu. Of all the bird and plant traits included in this study, only plant color had a significant impact on species strength, with black fruit having a higher species strength. Our results suggest that interaction networks in urban green spaces can be temporally complex and variable and that a network approach can be an important monitoring tool for detecting the status of crucial ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuchan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
| | - Qihai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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Knowlton JL, Crafford RE, Tinoco BA, Padrón PS, Wilson Rankin EE. High Foraging Fidelity and Plant-Pollinator Network Dominance of Non-native Honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ecuadorian Andes. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:795-800. [PMID: 35680782 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator foraging fidelity (i.e., consistent and repeated visitation to a particular plant species or area) is poorly understood for most bee species, but is important information for both the conservation of plant and pollinator species and the ecosystem services they provide to humans. We used plant-pollinator surveys and mark-recapture of floral-visiting Hymenoptera to study the foraging fidelity and species interaction network properties of a plant-pollinator community in the tropical Andes of southern Ecuador. After marking 92 bees visiting six plant taxa along four 100-m transects between July 16th and July 31st of 2019, only honeybees were resighted at a recapture rate of 47.7% (41/86). During our surveys, we observed nine bee and two wasp taxa feeding from the flowers of 10 morphospecies of plants, and we found significantly low network nestedness and significantly high network-level specialization. Specialization (d') was also significant for honeybees and bumblebees and for three plant taxa. Overall, our findings indicated that feral, non-native honeybees in this region dominated the local plant-pollinator network, yet this species is acting as a specialist forager at the individual level. Our results suggest that honeybees may be replacing the pollination services of some native bees and wasps in the region, but more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of honeybee pollination for the local plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pablo S Padrón
- Lab de Entomología, Museo de Zoología, Univ del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Gómez‐Martínez C, González‐Estévez MA, Cursach J, Lázaro A. Pollinator richness, pollination networks, and diet adjustment along local and landscape gradients of resource diversity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2634. [PMID: 35403772 PMCID: PMC9539497 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss of habitats and native species, introduction of invasive species, and changing climate regimes lead to the homogenization of landscapes and communities, affecting the availability of habitats and resources for economically important guilds, such as pollinators. Understanding how pollinators and their interactions vary along resource diversity gradients at different scales may help to determine their adaptability to the current diversity loss related to global change. We used data on 20 plant-pollinator communities along gradients of flower richness (local diversity) and landscape heterogeneity (landscape diversity) to understand how the diversity of resources at local and landscape scales affected (1) wild pollinator abundance and richness (accounting also for honey bee abundance), (2) the structure of plant-pollinator networks, (3) the proportion of actively selected interactions (those not occurring by neutral processes), and (4) pollinator diet breadth and species' specialization in networks. Wild pollinator abundance was higher overall in flower-rich and heterogeneous habitats, while wild pollinator richness increased with flower richness (more strongly for beetles and wild bees) and decreased with honeybee abundance. Network specialization (H2 '), modularity, and functional complementarity were all positively related to floral richness and landscape heterogeneity, indicating niche segregation as the diversity of resources increases at both scales. Flower richness also increased the proportion of actively selected interactions (especially for wild bees and flies), whereas landscape heterogeneity had a weak negative effect on this variable. Overall, network-level metrics responded to larger landscape scales than pollinator-level metrics did. Higher floral richness resulted in a wider taxonomic and functional diet for all the study guilds, while functional diet increased mainly for beetles. Despite this, specialization in networks (d') increased with flower richness for all the study guilds, because pollinator species fed on a narrower subset of plants as communities became richer in species. Our study indicates that pollinators are able to adapt their diet to resource changes at local and landscape scales. However, resource homogenization might lead to poor and generalist pollinator communities, where functionally specialized interactions are lost. This study highlights the importance of including different scales to understand the effects of global change on pollination service through changes in resource diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Gómez‐Martínez
- Global Change Research GroupMediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB‐CSIC)EsporlesSpain
| | | | - Joana Cursach
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean ConditionsUniversity of the Balearic IslandsPalmaSpain
| | - Amparo Lázaro
- Global Change Research GroupMediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB‐CSIC)EsporlesSpain
- Department of Biology, Ecology AreaUniversity of the Balearic IslandsPalmaSpain
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9
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Blendinger PG, Rojas TN, Ramírez‐Mejía AF, Bender IMA, Lomáscolo S, Magro J, Núñez Montellano MG, Ruggera RA, Valoy M, Ordano M. Nutrient balance and energy‐acquisition effectiveness: do birds adjust their fruit diet to achieve intake targets? Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G. Blendinger
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET Tucumán Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
| | - Tobias N. Rojas
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET Tucumán Argentina
| | | | - Irene M. A. Bender
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET Tucumán Argentina
| | - Silvia Lomáscolo
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET Tucumán Argentina
| | - Julieta Magro
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET Tucumán Argentina
| | | | - Román A. Ruggera
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy & CONICET Jujuy Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy Jujuy Argentina
| | | | - Mariano Ordano
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET Tucumán Argentina
- Fundación Miguel Lillo Tucumán Argentina
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Davies SR, Vaughan IP, Thomas RJ, Drake LE, Marchbank A, Symondson WOC. Seasonal and ontological variation in diet and age-related differences in prey choice, by an insectivorous songbird. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9180. [PMID: 35979519 PMCID: PMC9366593 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The diet of an individual animal is subject to change over time, both in response to short-term food fluctuations and over longer time scales as an individual ages and meets different challenges over its life cycle. A metabarcoding approach was used to elucidate the diet of different life stages of a migratory songbird, the Eurasian reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) over the 2017 summer breeding season in Somerset, the United Kingdom. The feces of adult, juvenile, and nestling warblers were screened for invertebrate DNA, enabling the identification of prey species. Dietary analysis was coupled with monitoring of Diptera in the field using yellow sticky traps. Seasonal changes in warbler diet were subtle, whereas age class had a greater influence on overall diet composition. Age classes showed high dietary overlap, but significant dietary differences were mediated through the selection of prey; (i) from different taxonomic groups, (ii) with different habitat origins (aquatic vs. terrestrial), and (iii) of different average approximate sizes. Our results highlight the value of metabarcoding data for enhancing ecological studies of insectivores in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian P. Vaughan
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Lorna E. Drake
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Ramirez IE, Causton CE, Gutierrez GA, Mosquera D, Piedrahita P, Heimpel GE. Specificity within bird–parasite–parasitoid food webs: A novel approach for evaluating potential biological control agents of the avian vampire fly. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael E. Ramirez
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | | | - George A. Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Guayaquil Ecuador
| | - Denis A. Mosquera
- Charles Darwin Research Station Charles Darwin Foundation Santa Cruz Ecuador
| | - Paolo Piedrahita
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Guayaquil Ecuador
| | - George E. Heimpel
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
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12
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Cuff JP, Windsor FM, Tercel MPTG, Kitson JJN, Evans DM. Overcoming the pitfalls of merging dietary metabarcoding into ecological networks. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Cuff
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Fredric M. Windsor
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Maximillian P. T. G. Tercel
- School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Jersey Channel Islands
| | - James J. N. Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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13
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Moorhouse‐Gann RJ, Vaughan IP, Cole NC, Goder M, Tatayah V, Jones CG, Mike D, Young RP, Bruford MW, Rivers MC, Hipperson H, Russo IM, Stanton DWG, Symondson WOC. Impacts of herbivory by ecological replacements on an island ecosystem. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J. Moorhouse‐Gann
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
- Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal & Plant Sciences Sheffield UK
| | | | - Nik C. Cole
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Vacoas Mauritius
| | | | | | - Carl G. Jones
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Vacoas Mauritius
| | | | - Richard P. Young
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
| | | | | | - Helen Hipperson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal & Plant Sciences Sheffield UK
| | | | - David W. G. Stanton
- Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- Queen Mary University of London School of Biological and Chemical Sciences London UK
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Sponsler D, Kallnik K, Requier F, Classen A, Maihoff AF, Sieger J, Steffan‐Dewenter I. Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sponsler
- Univ. of Würzburg, Dept of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Würzburg Germany
| | - Katharina Kallnik
- Univ. of Würzburg, Dept of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Würzburg Germany
| | - Fabrice Requier
- Univ. Paris‐Saclay, Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Alice Classen
- Univ. of Würzburg, Dept of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Würzburg Germany
| | - A. Fabienne Maihoff
- Univ. of Würzburg, Dept of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Würzburg Germany
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15
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Oilseed Rape Shares Abundant and Generalized Pollinators with Its Co-Flowering Plant Species. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121096. [PMID: 34940184 PMCID: PMC8704917 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plants in semi-natural areas provide food resources for pollinators that visit pollinator-dependent crop species, such as Oilseed Rape (OSR). Here, we study the patterns of pollinator visitation on OSR and its co-flowering plants in adjacent semi-natural areas. We find that OSR is visited by pollinators that are abundant in the community and that these pollinators also visit co-flowering plant species in semi-natural areas. OSR primarily influences the pollination of plant species which have similar floral traits (i.e., other disc flowers). Plant species that attract a high abundances of bumblebees, wild bees, flies, and beetles influence the pollination of OSR the most. Our results suggest that plant species in semi-natural areas that support the high abundances of common pollinators which are generalized in their visitation are most important to the pollination of OSR, and that such plant species do not necessarily have similar floral traits to OSR. Abstract Mass-flowering crops, such as Oilseed Rape (OSR), provide resources for pollinators and benefit from pollination services. Studies that observe the community of interactions between plants and pollinators are critical to understanding the resource needs of pollinators. We observed pollinators on OSR and wild plants in adjacent semi-natural areas in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany to quantify (1) the co-flowering plants that share pollinators with OSR, (2) the identity and functional traits of plants and pollinators in the network module of OSR, and (3) the identity of the plants and pollinators that act as network connectors and hubs. We found that four common plants share a high percentage of their pollinators with OSR. OSR and these plants all attract abundant pollinators in the community, and the patterns of sharing were not more than would be expected by chance sampling. OSR acts as a module hub, and primarily influences the other plants in its module that have similar functional traits. However, the plants that most influence the pollination of OSR have different functional traits and are part of different modules. Our study demonstrates that supporting the pollination of OSR requires the presence of semi-natural areas with plants that can support a high abundances of generalist pollinators.
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16
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Evens R, Conway G, Franklin K, Henderson I, Stockdale J, Beenaerts N, Smeets K, Neyens T, Ulenaers E, Artois T. DNA diet profiles with high-resolution animal tracking data reveal levels of prey selection relative to habitat choice in a crepuscular insectivorous bird. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13044-13056. [PMID: 33304515 PMCID: PMC7713983 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the global decline of many invertebrate food resources, it is fundamental to understand the dietary requirements of insectivores. We give new insights into the functional relationship between the spatial habitat use, food availability, and diet of a crepuscular aerial insectivore, the European Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) by relating spatial use data with high-throughput sequencing (HTS) combined with DNA metabarcoding. Our study supports the predictions that nightjars collect a substantial part of their daily nourishment from foraging locations, sometimes at considerable distance from nesting sites. Lepidopterans comprise 65% of nightjars' food source. Nightjars tend to select larger species of Lepidoptera (>19 mm) which suggests that nightjars optimize the efficiency of foraging trips by selecting the most energetically favorable-larger-prey items. We anticipate that our findings may shed additional light on the interactions between invertebrate communities and higher trophic levels, which is required to understand the repercussions of changing food resources on individual- and population-level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Evens
- Max Planck Institute for OrnithologyEberhard‐Gwinner‐StraßeStarnbergGermany
- Centre for Environmental SciencesResearch Group: Zoology, Biodiversity and ToxicologyHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | | | - Kirsty Franklin
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
- Norwich Research ParkUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Jennifer Stockdale
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
- Faculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Natalie Beenaerts
- Centre for Environmental SciencesResearch Group: Zoology, Biodiversity and ToxicologyHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental SciencesResearch Group: Zoology, Biodiversity and ToxicologyHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Thomas Neyens
- Centre for Environmental SciencesResearch Group: Zoology, Biodiversity and ToxicologyHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Eddy Ulenaers
- Agentschap Natuur en BosRegio Noord‐LimburgBrusselsBelgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental SciencesResearch Group: Zoology, Biodiversity and ToxicologyHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
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17
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Zografou K, Swartz MT, Tilden VP, McKinney EN, Eckenrode JA, Sewall BJ. Stable generalist species anchor a dynamic pollination network. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Zografou
- Department of Biology Temple University 1900 North 12th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania19122USA
| | - Mark T. Swartz
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center Annville Pennsylvania17003USA
| | - Virginia P. Tilden
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center Annville Pennsylvania17003USA
| | - Erika N. McKinney
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center Annville Pennsylvania17003USA
| | - Julie A. Eckenrode
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center Annville Pennsylvania17003USA
| | - Brent J. Sewall
- Department of Biology Temple University 1900 North 12th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania19122USA
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18
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Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Endolichenic Fungi in Jeju Island, South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms containing diverse microorganisms. Endolichenic fungi (ELF) are one of the inhabitants living in lichen thalli, and have potential ecological and industrial applications due to their various secondary metabolites. As the function of endophytic fungi on the plant ecology and ecosystem sustainability, ELF may have an influence on the lichen diversity and the ecosystem, functioning similarly to the influence of endophytic fungi on plant ecology and ecosystem sustainability, which suggests the importance of understanding the diversity and community pattern of ELF. In this study, we investigated the diversity and the factors influencing the community structure of ELF in Jeju Island, South Korea by analyzing 619 fungal isolates from 79 lichen samples in Jeju Island. A total of 112 ELF species was identified and the most common species belonged to Xylariales in Sordariomycetes. The richness and community structure of ELF were significantly influenced by the host taxonomy, together with the photobiont types and environmental factors. Our results suggest that various lichen species in more diverse environments need to be analyzed to expand our knowledge of the diversity and ecology of ELF.
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Ollivier M, Lesieur V, Raghu S, Martin JF. Characterizing ecological interaction networks to support risk assessment in classical biological control of weeds. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 38:40-47. [PMID: 32088650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A key element in weed biological control is the selection of a biological control agent that minimizes the risks of non-target attack and indirect effects on the recipient community. Network ecology is a promising approach that could help decipher tritrophic interactions in both the native and the invaded ranges, to complement quarantine-based host-specificity tests and gain insights on potential interactions of biological control agents. This review highlights practical questions addressed by networks, including 1) biological control agent selection, based on specialization indices, 2) risk assessment of biological control agent release into a novel environment, via particular patterns of association such as apparent competition between agent(s) and native herbivore(s), 3) network comparisons through structural metrics, 4) potential of network modelling and 5) limits of network construction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Ollivier
- CBGP, Montpellier SupAgro, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Vincent Lesieur
- CBGP, Montpellier SupAgro, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, European Laboratory, Montferrier sur Lez, 34980, France
| | | | - Jean-François Martin
- CBGP, Montpellier SupAgro, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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20
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Molina C, Stone L. Difficulties in benchmarking ecological null models: an assessment of current methods. Ecology 2020; 101:e02945. [PMID: 31834622 PMCID: PMC7078898 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Identifying species interactions and detecting when ecological communities are structured by them is an important problem in ecology and biogeography. Ecologists have developed specialized statistical hypothesis tests to detect patterns indicative of community-wide processes in their field data. In this respect, null model approaches have proved particularly popular. The freedom allowed in choosing the null model and statistic to construct a hypothesis test leads to a proliferation of possible hypothesis tests from which ecologists can choose to detect these processes. Here, we point out some serious shortcomings of a popular approach to choosing the best hypothesis for the ecological problem at hand that involves benchmarking different hypothesis tests by assessing their performance on artificially constructed data sets. Terminological errors concerning the use of Type I and Type II errors that underlie these approaches are discussed. We argue that the key benchmarking methods proposed in the literature are not a sound guide for selecting null hypothesis tests, and further, that there is no simple way to benchmark null hypothesis tests. Surprisingly, the basic problems identified here do not appear to have been addressed previously, and these methods are still being used to develop and test new null models and summary statistics, from quantifying community structure (e.g., nestedness and modularity) to analyzing ecological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Molina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA.,International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Lewi Stone
- Biomathematics Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Mathematics, School Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Alcántara JM, Garrido JL, Rey PJ. Plant species abundance and phylogeny explain the structure of recruitment networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:366-376. [PMID: 30843205 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Established plants can affect the recruitment of young plants, filtering out some and allowing the recruitment of others, with profound effects on plant community dynamics. Recruitment networks (RNs) depict which species recruit under which others. We investigated whether species abundance and phylogenetic distance explain the structure of RNs across communities. We estimated the frequency of canopy-recruit interactions among woody plants in 10 forest assemblages to describe their RNs. For each RN, we determined the functional form (linear, power or exponential) best describing the relationship of interaction frequency with three predictors: canopy species abundance, recruit species abundance and phylogenetic distance. We fitted models with all combinations of predictor variables, from which we simulated RNs. The best functional form of each predictor was the same in most communities (linear for canopy species abundance, power for recruit species abundance and exponential for phylogenetic distance). The model including all predictor variables was consistently the best in explaining interaction frequency and showed the best performance in predicting RN structure. Our results suggest that mechanisms related to species abundance are necessary but insufficient to explain the assembly of RNs. Evolutionary processes affecting phylogenetic divergence are critical determinants of RN structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Alcántara
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - José L Garrido
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Pedro J Rey
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
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22
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A systems approach reveals urban pollinator hotspots and conservation opportunities. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:363-373. [PMID: 30643247 PMCID: PMC6445365 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are often perceived to have lower biodiversity than the wider countryside, but a few small-scale studies suggest that some urban land uses can support substantial pollinator populations. We present a large-scale, well-replicated study of floral resources and pollinators in 360 sites incorporating all major land uses in four British cities. Using a systems approach, we developed Bayesian network models integrating pollinator dispersal and resource switching to estimate city-scale effects of management interventions on plant-pollinator community robustness to species loss. We show that residential gardens and allotments (community gardens) are pollinator ‘hotspots’: gardens due to their extensive area, and allotments due to their high pollinator diversity and leverage on city-scale plant-pollinator community robustness. Household income was positively associated with pollinator abundance in gardens, highlighting the influence of socio-economic factors. Our results underpin urban planning recommendations to enhance pollinator conservation, using increasing city-scale community robustness as our measure of success.
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23
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Verschut V, Strandmark A, Esparza-Salas R, Hambäck PA. Seasonally varying marine influences on the coastal ecosystem detected through molecular gut analysis. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:307-317. [PMID: 30084518 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial predators on marine shores benefit from the inflow of organisms and matter from the marine ecosystem, often causing very high predator densities and indirectly affecting the abundance of other prey species on shores. This indirect effect may be particularly strong if predators shift diets between seasons. We therefore quantified the seasonal variation in diet of two wolf spider species that dominate the shoreline predator community, using molecular gut content analyses with general primers to detect the full prey range. Across the season, spider diets changed, with predominantly terrestrial prey from May until July and predominantly marine prey (mainly chironomids) from August until October. This pattern coincided with a change in the spider age and size structure, and prey abundance data and resource selection analyses suggest that the higher consumption of chironomids during autumn is due to an ontogenetic diet shift rather than to variation in prey abundance. The analyses suggested that small dipterans with a weak flight capacity, such as Chironomidae, Sphaeroceridae, Scatopsidae and Ephydridae, were overrepresented in the gut of small juvenile spiders during autumn, whereas larger, more robust prey, such as Lepidoptera, Anthomyidae and Dolichopodidae, were overrepresented in the diet of adult spiders during spring. The effect of the inflow may be that the survival and growth of juvenile spiders is higher in areas with high chironomid abundances, leading to higher densities of adult spiders and higher predation rates on the terrestrial prey next spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Verschut
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Strandmark
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Esparza-Salas
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Alcántara JM, Pulgar M, Trøjelsgaard K, Garrido JL, Rey PJ. Stochastic and deterministic effects on interactions between canopy and recruiting species in forest communities. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio M. Alcántara
- Depto. Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y EcologíaUniversidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
| | - Manuel Pulgar
- Depto. Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y EcologíaUniversidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
| | | | - José L. Garrido
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de DoñanaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Pedro J. Rey
- Depto. Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y EcologíaUniversidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
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