Selective oxidative stress induces dual damage to telomeres and mitochondria in human T cells

NF-E2-related factor 1 suppresses the expression of a spermine oxidase and the production of highly reactive acrolein

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are among the most abundant intracellular small molecular metabolites, with concentrations at the mM level. The ratios of these three molecules remain constant under physiological conditions. Stress (i.e. polyamine overload, oxidative stress, aging, infection, etc.) triggers the catabolic conversion of spermine to spermidine, ultimately yielding acrolein and hydrogen peroxide. The potential of acrolein to induce DNA damage and protein denaturation is 1,000 times greater than that of reactive oxygen species. We have shown that these polyamine metabolic pathways also involve the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 1 (NRF1) transcription factor. In our chemically-inducible, liver-specific Nrf1-knockout mice, the polyamine catabolic pathway dominated the anabolic pathway, producing free acrolein and accumulating acrolein-conjugated proteins in vivo. This metabolic feature implicates SMOX as an important causative enzyme. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays confirmed that NRF1 directly suppressed Smox expression. This effect was also observed in vitro. Ectopic overexpression of SMOX increased the accumulation of free acrolein and acrolein-conjugated proteins. SMOX knockdown reversed the accumulation of free acrolein and acrolein-conjugated proteins. Our results show that NRF1 typically suppresses Smox expression when NRF1 is downregulated, SMOX is upregulated, and polyamine metabolic pathways are altered, producing low molecular weight polyamines and acrolein.

miR-23a-mediated TRF2 repression in CD4 T cells from PLWH

CD4 T cells in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) often exhibit an inflammaging phenotype, characterized by persistent inflammation, immune activation, exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of telomeric repeat factor 2 (TRF2) protein causes accelerated telomere erosion and premature CD4 T cell aging in PLWH. In this study, we further investigated how TRF2 protein is inhibited in CD4 T cells from PLWH, focusing on the miRNA-mediated mechanism. We found that miR-23a is significantly increased, whereas TRF2 protein is repressed, in CD4 T cells from PLWH compared to healthy subjects (HS). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the TRF2 3'UTR is a potential target of miR-23a. Co-transfection of miR-23a with a luciferase construct containing TRF2 3'UTR into HEK293T cells revealed that miR-23a suppresses TRF2 protein translation. Notably, T cell receptor (TCR) activation in CD4 T cells from both PLWH and HS increased miR-23a and decreased TRF2 protein expression. Furthermore, increasing miR-23a in CD4 T cells from HS led to a decrease in TRF2 protein level and an increase in cellular apoptosis - a phenotype similar to what we observed in PLWH. Moreover, the knockdown of miR-23a in CD4 T cells from PLWH increased TRF2, but not TRF1, protein levels. These results suggest that miR-23a negatively regulates TRF2 protein expression in CD4 T cells; thus, targeting miR-23a may increase TRF2 protein level, and thereby protect telomere integrity and restore CD4 T cell functions in PLWH.

O-GlcNAcylation of hexokinase 2 modulates mitochondrial dynamics and enhances the progression of lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stands as the prevailing manifestation of lung cancer, with current therapeutic modalities linked to a dismal prognosis, necessitating further advancements. Hexokinase 2 (HK2), a critical enzyme positioned on the mitochondrial membrane, exerts control over diverse biological pathways, thereby regulating cancer. Nevertheless, the precise role and mechanism of HK2 in NSCLC remain inadequately elucidated, warranting comprehensive investigation. HK2 expression in NSCLC tissues and cell lines was detected through immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Concurrently, shRNA assays were applied to scrutinize the impact of HK2 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion processes in NSCLC cell lines, utilizing CCK8, flow cytometry, wound-healing assay, and transwell techniques. The involvement of HK2 in mitochondrial dynamics was probed through western blot analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, and assessment of ROS generation. Next, the functional role of HK2 was assessed by examining its influence on xenograft tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. Further research has demonstrated that HK2 played a role in NSCLC through its O-GlcNAcylation process. The results of the study revealed that HK2 O-GlcNAcylation promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasive characteristics of NSCLC cells, while alleviating mitochondrial damage, whereas O-GlcNAcylation inactivation yielded the opposite effect. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in nude mice illustrated that HK2 O-GlcNAcylation could stimulate tumor growth in NSCLC. These results suggested that HK2 may impact mitochondrial dynamics in NSCLC through its O-GlcNAcylation, thereby contributing to the progression of NSCLC.

Transcriptional memories mediate the plasticity of sulfide stress responses to enable acclimation in Urechis unicinctus

To cope with environmental stresses, organisms often adopt a memory response upon primary stress exposure to facilitate a quicker and/or stronger reaction to recurring stresses. Somatic stress memory is essential in dealing with contemporary stress. The earliest sign of somatic stress memory is a change in gene transcription levels, which alters physiology and phenotype to better cope with stress. Sulfide is a common environmental pollutant; however, some organisms have successfully colonized sulfur-rich environments. Whether stress memory plays important role in sulfide stress adaptation remains unclear. In this study, to determine whether Urechis unicinctus, a sulfur-tolerant organism, retains the memory of previous sulfide stress, we simulated a repetitive sulfide stress/recovery system. The results showed that the tolerance of U. unicinctus to sulfide stress was significantly increased after priming with 50 µM sulfide. Further, transcriptional memory genes (TMGs) involved in regulating sulfide stress memory were identified, classified according to their expression patterns, and functionally analyzed. TMGs involved in sulfide metabolism, sugar metabolism, and protein homeostasis pathway showed an enhanced response, whereas those related to DNA repair pathway demonstrated a modified response pattern. Our study indicated that U. unicinctus retains memory of sulfide stress priming, which mediates plasticity to accelerate sulfide stress adaptation.

SIRT3 alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence in diabetes-associated periodontitis by deacetylating LRPPRC

Diabetes-associated periodontitis (DP) is recognized as an inflammatory disease that can lead to teeth loss. Uncontrolled chronic low-grade inflammation-induced senescence impairs the stemness of human periodontal stem cells (hPDLSCs). Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is pivotal in various biological processes and is closely linked to aging and aging-related diseases. This study aims to explore the mechanism of SIRT3-related senescence and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs under DP and explored the novelty therapeutic targets. Our study revealed that SIRT3 expression was markedly inhibited in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) stimulated by high glucose and lipopolysaccharide. Both in vitro and in vivo, reduced SIRT3 expression accelerated cell senescence and impaired osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. We demonstrated that SIRT3 binds to and deacetylates leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRPPRC), thereby modulating senescence. Additionally, we found that LRPPRC regulates senescence by modulating oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. The activation of SIRT3 by honokiol significantly delayed senescence and promoted alveolar bone regeneration in mice after DP. Our findings indicate that the activation of SIRT3 negatively regulates hPDLSCs senescence by deacetylating LRPPRC, suggesting SIRT3 as a promising therapeutic target for DP.

Exploring the Link Between Telomeres and Mitochondria: Mechanisms and Implications in Different Cell Types

Telomeres protect chromosome ends from damage, but they shorten with each cell division due to the limitations of DNA replication and are further affected by oxidative stress. This shortening is a key feature of aging, and telomerase, an enzyme that extends telomeres, helps mitigate this process. Aging is also associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exacerbate cellular damage and promote apoptosis. Elevated ROS levels can damage telomeres by oxidizing guanine and disrupting their regulation. Conversely, telomere damage impacts mitochondrial function, and activation of telomerase has been shown to reverse this decline. A critical link between telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction is the DNA damage response, which activates the tumor suppressor protein p53, resulting in reduced mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic disruptions. This highlights the bidirectional relationship between telomere maintenance and mitochondrial function. This review explores the complex interactions between telomeres and mitochondria across various cell types, from fibroblasts to sperm cells, shedding light on the interconnected mechanisms underlying aging and cellular function.

Enhancing the effects of curcumin on oxidative stress injury in brain vascular endothelial cells using lactoferrin peptide nano-micelles: antioxidant activity and mechanism

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is widely known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism of action in mitigating oxidative stress injury in brain vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. Due to the poor bioavailability of curcumin, it is challenging to achieve effective concentrations at the target sites. Nano-micelles are known for their ability to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds like curcumin. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of free curcumin and curcumin embedded in nano-micelles (M(Cur)) on oxidative stress-induced injury in bEnd.3 cells.

RESULTS

At a protective concentration of 10 μg mL-1, micellar curcumin was better able to recover the morphology of bEnd.3 cells under oxidative stress while increasing cell viability, restoring mitochondrial membrane electrical potential, and effectively inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation with a positive cell rate of 2.21%. These results indicate that curcumin significantly improves H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in endothelial cells by maintaining the cellular antioxidant balance.

CONCLUSION

This study adds to knowledge regarding the role of nano-micelles in curcumin intervention for endothelial cell oxidative damage and provides insights for the development of curcumin-based dietary supplements. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Precise Carrier-Free Pt(IV)-Nanobombs for Apoptosis/Ferroptosis Synergistic Tumor Therapy: A New Effective Method to Obtain Good Chemotherapy and Low Toxicity

The emerged apoptosis/ferroptosis synergistic platinum-based therapy has attracted a lot of attention but is far from clinic use due to high systemic toxicity. Herein, a series of novel precise carrier-free self-assembled platinum(IV) nanoparticles with lipid regulation effect named FSPNPs (5NPs-8NPs) were constructed via connecting fenofibrate acid (FA) to cisplatin or oxaliplatin-derived platinum(IV)-intermediates with disulfide bonds. FSPNPs can be stimulated by high-glutathione/ascorbic acid and acidity environment to produce an "explosion-like" cascade release process. Cell-activity showed precision of FSPNPs, which accumulated more in tumor cells and inhibited cell proliferation. Especially, 5NPs have higher cell selectivity than cisplatin. FSPNPs downregulated glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4, increased reactive oxygen species/lipid peroxidation/malondialdehyde, induced DNA damage/S-phase arrest, and regulated p53/Bcl-2/Bax to trigger the apoptosis/ferroptosis hybrid pathway. The released FA and derivates were docked into the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α with activating cholesterol metabolism to destroy membrane integrity. FSPNPs also showed good biocompatibility and superior antitumor activity with no observable tissue damage.

Overexpression of Parkin promotes the protective effect of mitochondrial autophagy on the lung of rats with exertional heatstroke

Background

The roles of the Pink1/Parkin pathway and mitophagy in lung injury during heat stroke remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in acute lung injury (ALI) in rats with exertional heat stroke (EHS).

Methods

Sixty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control (CON), control + Parkin overexpression (CON + Parkin), EHS, and EHS + Parkin overexpression (EHS + Parkin) groups. Parkin was overexpressed by injecting an adeno-associated virus carrying the Parkin gene into the tail vein, and a rat model of EHS was established. Pathological changes in the lung tissue were analyzed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), and the lung coefficient and pulmonary capillary permeability were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and reactive oxygen species. The morphology of mitochondria in type Ⅱ epithelial cells of lung tissue was observed using transmission electron microscopy; and the apoptosis of lung tissue, the level of mitophagy, and the co-localization of Pink1 and Parkin were determined using immunofluorescence. The expression of Pink1, Parkin, mitofusin-2 (MFN2), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), PTEN-L, p62, and the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in rat lung tissue was measured by Western blotting, and the ratio of LC3II/LC3I was calculated.

Results

Compared with the EHS group, the survival rate of rats in the EHS + Parkin group was significantly higher. Their lung coefficient and pulmonary vascular permeability decreased and the pathological changes were significantly alleviated (P <0.05). Their levels of inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species were significantly decreased (P <0.05), and the degree of mitochondrial swelling in pulmonary type II epithelial cells was alleviated. The apoptosis of lung tissue was alleviated, the colocalization of Pink1 and Parkin, LC3 and Tom20 was enhanced, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I increased. The expression of Pink1, MFN2, PTEN-L, and p62 decreased, whereas the expression of PTEN was not significantly different from that in the EHS group (P >0.05).

Conclusion

Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy dysfunction is one of the mechanisms underlying ALI in rats with EHS, and activation of Parkin overexpression-mediated mitophagy can alleviate ALI caused by EHS.

Effects of particulate air pollution on BPDE-DNA adducts, telomere length, and mitochondrial DNA copy number in human exhaled breath condensate and BEAS-2B cells

Traffic-related particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to respiratory diseases and cancer risk in humans. Genomic damage, including benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts as well as alterations in telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) are associated with respiratory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to traffic-related particulate pollutants and genomic damage in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in human subjects and a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Among the 60 healthy recruited subjects, residents living in high-traffic-congested areas were exposed to higher concentrations of PM2.5 (1.66-fold, p < 0.01), UFPs (1.79-fold, p < 0.01), PM2.5-PAHs (1.50-fold, p < 0.01), and UFPs-PAHs (1.35-fold, p < 0.05), than those in low-traffic-congested areas. In line with increased exposure to particulate air pollution, the high-traffic-exposed group had significantly increased BPDE-DNA adducts (1.40-fold, p < 0.05), TL shortening (1.24-fold, p < 0.05), and lower mtDNA-CN (1.38-fold, p < 0.05) in EBC. The observations in the human study linking exposure to PM2.5, UFPs, PM2.5-PAHs, and UFPs-PAHs with the aforementioned biological effects were confirmed by an in vitro cell-based study, in which BEAS-2B cells were treated with diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEP) containing fine and ultrafine PM and PAHs. Increased BPDE-DNA adducts levels, shortened TL, and decreased mtDNA-CN were also found in treated BEAS-2B cells. The shortened TL and decreased mtDNA-CN were in part mediated by decreased transcript levels of hTERT, and SIRT1, which are involved in telomerase activity and mitochondrial biogenesis, respectively. These results suggest that exposure to traffic-related particulate pollutants can cause genomic instability in respiratory cells, which may increase the health risk of respiratory diseases and the development of cancer.

Metabolism and immune responses of striped hamsters to ectoparasite challenges: insights from transcriptomic analysis

Introduction

The striped hamster, often parasitized by ectoparasites in nature, is an ideal model for studying host-ectoparasite molecular interactions. Investigating the response to ectoparasites under laboratory conditions helps elucidate the mechanism of host adaptations to ectoparasite pressure.

Methods

Using transcriptome sequencing, we analyzed gene expression in striped hamsters after short-term (3 days) and long-term (28 days) flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) parasitism. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Hub genes were pinpointed using protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and the MCODE in Cytoscape. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to further clarify the functional pathways of these hub genes. Validation of DEGs was performed via RT-qPCR. Additionally, the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) were determined using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kits for hamsters.

Results

GO analysis revealed that during early parasitism, hosts primarily responded to the ectoparasites by adjusting the expression of genes related to metabolic functions. As parasitism persisted, the immune response became prominent, activating various immune pathways against ectoparasites. KEGG analysis confirmed the ongoing roles of metabolism and immunity. Notably, the chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species pathway was upregulated during flea parasitism, with downregulation of hub genes ATP5MC1 and ATP5MC2, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial function in oxidative stress. ELISA findings revealed that on day 3, flea parasitism groups showed elevated ROS expression and reduced SOD and CAT levels compared to the control group. By day 28, only SOD expression showed a significant decrease in both parasitism groups.

Conclusion

This study uncovered the dynamic changes in metabolism and immune responses of striped hamsters parasitized by Xenopsylla cheopis. Hosts adjust their physiological and immune states to optimize survival strategies during different ectoparasite stages, enhancing our understanding of host-ectoparasite interactions. This also paves the way for further research into how hosts regulate complex biological processes in response to ectoparasite challenges.

Mitochondrial genome-derived circRNAs: Orphan epigenetic regulators in molecular biology

Mitochondria are vital for cellular activities, influencing ATP production, Ca2+ signaling, and reactive oxygen species generation. It has been proposed that nuclear genome-derived circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a role in biological processes. For the first time, this study aims to comprehensively explore experimentally confirmed human mitochondrial genome-derived circRNAs (mt-circRNAs) via in-silico analysis. We utilized wide-ranging bioinformatics tools to anticipate their roles in molecular biology, involving miRNA sponging, protein antagonism, and peptide translation. Among five well-characterized mt-circRNAs, SCAR/mc-COX2 stands out as particularly significant with the potential to sponge around 41 different miRNAs, which target several genes mostly involved in endocytosis, MAP kinase, and PI3K-Akt pathways. Interestingly, circMNTND5 and mecciND1 specifically interact with miRNAs through their unique back-splice junction sequence. These exclusively targeted miRNAs (has-miR-5186, 6888-5p, 8081, 924, 672-5p) are predominantly associated with insulin secretion, proteoglycans in cancer, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, all mt-circRNAs intricately affect the P53 pathway through miRNA sequestration. Remarkably, mc-COX2 and circMNTND5 appear to be involved in the RNA's biogenesis by antagonizing AGO1/2, EIF4A3, and DGCR8. All mt-circRNAs engaged with IGF2BP proteins crucial in redox signaling, and except mecciND1, they all potentially generate at least one protein resembling the immunoglobulin heavy chain protein. Given P53's function as a redox-sensitive transcription factor, and insulin's role as a crucial regulator of energy metabolism, their indirect interplay with mt-circRNAs could influence cellular outcomes. However, due to limited attention and infrequent data availability, it is advisable to conduct more thorough investigations to gain a deeper understanding of the functions of mt-circRNA.

Enhanced ROS Production and Mitochondrial Metabolic Shifts in CD4+ T Cells of an Autoimmune Uveitis Model

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease and one of the leading causes of blindness in horses worldwide. Its similarities to autoimmune-mediated uveitis in humans make it a unique spontaneous animal model for this disease. Although many aspects of ERU pathogenesis have been elucidated, it remains not fully understood and requires further research. CD4+ T cells have been a particular focus of research. In a previous study, we showed metabolic alterations in CD4+ T cells from ERU cases, including an increased basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and elevated compensatory glycolysis. To further investigate the underlying reasons for and consequences of these metabolic changes, we quantified reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in CD4+ T cells from ERU cases and compared it to healthy controls, revealing significantly higher ROS production in ERU-affected horses. Additionally, we aimed to define mitochondrial fuel oxidation of glucose, glutamine, and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and identified significant differences between CD4+ T cells from ERU cases and controls. CD4+ T cells from ERU cases showed a lower dependency on mitochondrial glucose oxidation and greater metabolic flexibility for the mitochondrial oxidation of glucose and LCFAs, indicating an enhanced ability to switch to alternative fuels when necessary.

NRF2 signaling pathway and telomere length in aging and age-related diseases

The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is well recognized as a critical regulator of redox, metabolic, and protein homeostasis, as well as the regulation of inflammation. An age-associated decline in NRF2 activity may allow oxidative stress to remain unmitigated and affect key features associated with the aging phenotype, including telomere shortening. Telomeres, the protective caps of eukaryotic chromosomes, are highly susceptible to oxidative DNA damage, which can accelerate telomere shortening and, consequently, lead to premature senescence and genomic instability. In this review, we explore how the dysregulation of NRF2, coupled with an increase in oxidative stress, might be a major determinant of telomere shortening and age-related diseases. We discuss the relevance of the connection between NRF2 deficiency in aging and telomere attrition, emphasizing the importance of studying this functional link to enhance our understanding of aging pathologies. Finally, we present a number of compounds that possess the ability to restore NRF2 function, maintain a proper redox balance, and preserve telomere length during aging.

5(S)-5-Carboxystrictosidine from the Root of Mappianthus iodoides Ameliorates H2O2-induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes via PI3K/AKT and ERK Pathways

5(S)-5-carboxystrictosidine (5-CS) is a compound found in the root of Mappianthus iodoides, a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of 5-CS against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and the underlying mechanisms. 5-CS pretreatment significantly protected against H2O2-induced cell death, LDH leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, which are indicators for oxidative stress injury. 5-CS also enhanced the activity of SOD and CAT. In addition, 5-CS pretreatment significantly inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis, as determined by flow cytometer, suppressed the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and attenuated the activation of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9. 5-CS also increased Akt and ERK activation altered by H2O2 using Western blot analysis. The PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 abolished 5-CS-induced Akt activation. The ERK-specific inhibitor PD98059 abolished 5-CS-induced ERK activation. Both LY294002 and PD98059 attenuated the protective effect of 5-CS on H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H2O2-induced apoptosis and cell death. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 5-CS prevents H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in H9c2 cells by enhancing the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, inhibiting apoptosis, and modulating PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways.

Mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblast: Physiology, pathogenesis and targeting strategies

Caries and pulpitis remain a major global disease burden and affect the quality of life of patients. Odontoblasts are key players in the progression of caries and pulpitis, not only secreting and mineralizing to form dentin, but also acting as a wall of defense to initiate immune defenses. Mitochondrion is an information processor for numerous cellular activities, and dysregulation of mitochondrion homeostasis not only affects cellular metabolism but also triggers a wide range of diseases. Elucidating mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblasts can help deepen scholars' understanding of odontoblast-associated diseases. Articles on mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblasts were evaluated for information pertinent to include in this narrative review. This narrative review focused on understanding the complex interplay between mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblasts under physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, mitochondria-centered therapeutic strategies (including mitochondrial base editing, targeting platforms, and mitochondrial transplantation) were emphasized by resolving key genes that regulate mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are involved in odontoblast differentiation and function, and act as mitochondrial danger-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) to mediate odontoblast pathological progression. Novel mitochondria-centered therapeutic strategies are particularly attractive as emerging therapeutic approaches for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. It is expected to probe key events of odontoblast differentiation and advance the clinical resolution of dentin formation and mineralization disorders and odontoblast-related diseases.

Genetic variations associated with telomere length predict the risk of recurrence of non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Genetic factors underlying lymphocyte telomere length (LTL) may provide insights into genomic stability and integrity, with direct links to susceptibility to cancer recurrence. Polymorphisms in telomere-associated genes are strongly associated with LTL and cancer risk, while few large studies have explored the associations between LTL-related polymorphisms and recurrence risk of non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (non-OPHNSCC). Totally 1403 non-OPHNSCC patients were recruited and genotyped for 16 LTL-related polymorphisms identified by genome-wide association studies. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to evaluate associations between the polymorphisms and non-OPHNSCC recurrence risk. Patients carrying rs755017 GA/GG, rs2487999 TC/TT, rs2736108 TC/TT, or rs6772228 AT/AA genotypes exhibited shorter DFS than those with the rs755017 AA, rs2487999 CC, rs2736108 CC, or s6772228 TT genotypes, respectively (all log-rank p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis confirmed an increased risk of recurrence for patients carrying rs755017 GA/GG, rs2487999 TC/TT, rs2736108 TC/TT, or rs6772228 AT/AA genotypes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32-2.07; aHR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.41-2.23; aHR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.22-1.99; aHR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.20-1.93, respectively). Further stratified analysis revealed stronger associations between these genotypes and recurrence risk in ever-smokers and patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. The similar but particularly pronounced results were observed for the combined risk genotypes of the four significant polymorphisms. This is the first large study on non-OPHNSCC patients showing that LTL-related polymorphisms may modify risk of non-OPHNSCC recurrence individually and jointly, particularly when analyzed in the context of smoking status and personized treatment. Larger studies are needed to validate these results.

Protection of Parkin over-expression on lung in rats with exertional heat stroke by activating mitophagy

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of Parkin overexpression-induecd mitophagy in alleviating acute lung injury of exertional heat stroke(EHS) rats.

METHODS

Eighty SD rats were divided into four groups: Control group (CON group), Control Parkin overexpression group (CON + Parkin group), exertional heat stroke group (EHS group), and exertional heat stroke Parkin overexpression group (EHS + Parkin group). Adeno-associated virus carrying the Parkin gene was intravenously injected into the rats to overexpress Parkin in the lung tissue. An exertional heat stroke rat model was established, and survival curves were plotted. Lung Micro-CT was performed, and lung coefficient and pulmonary microvascular permeability were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA) were used to determine the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species(ROS). The morphology of mitochondria in type II epithelial cells of lung tissue was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The apoptosis of lung tissue, the level of mitophagy, and the co-localization of Pink1 and Parkin were determined using immunofluorescence. The expression of Pink1, Parkin, MFN2, PTEN-L, PTEN, p62, and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in rat lung tissue was measured by western blot.

RESULTS

Compared with the CON group, there were more severe lung injury and more higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α in EHS rats. Both of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and the co-localization of LC3 and Tom20 in the lung tissue of EHS rats decreased. Compared with the EHS group, the survival rate of rats in the EHS + Parkin overexpression group was significantly increased, lung coefficient and pulmonary microvascular permeability were reduced, and pathological changes such as exudation and consolidation were significantly alleviated. The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and ROS were significantly decreased; the degree of mitochondrial swelling in type II alveolar epithelial cells was reduced, and no vacuolization was observed. Lung tissue apoptosis was reduced, and the colocalization fluorescence of Pink1 and Parkin, as well as LC3 and Tom20, were increased. The expression of Parkin and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in lung tissue were both increased, while the expression of P62, Pink1, MFN2, and PTEN-L was decreased.

CONCLUSION

Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy dysfunction is one of the mechanisms underlying acute lung injury in rats with EHS, and activation of Parkin overexpression induced-mitophagy can alleviate acute lung injury caused by EHS.

Gut microbiota-brain bile acid axis orchestrates aging-related neuroinflammation and behavior impairment in mice

Emerging evidence shows that disrupted gut microbiota-bile acid (BA) axis is critically involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the alterations in spatial distribution of BAs among different brain regions that command important functions during aging and their exact roles in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the BA profiles in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of young and natural aging mice of both sexes. The results showed that aging altered brain BA profiles sex- and region- dependently, in which TβMCA was consistently elevated in aging mice of both sexes, particularly in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Furthermore, we found that aging accumulated-TβMCA stimulated microglia inflammation in vitro and shortened the lifespan of C. elegans, as well as behavioral impairment and neuroinflammation in mice. In addition, metagenomic analysis suggested that the accumulation of brain TβMCA during aging was partially attributed to reduction in BSH-carrying bacteria. Finally, rejuvenation of gut microbiota by co-housing aged mice with young mice restored brain BA homeostasis and improved neurological dysfunctions in natural aging mice. In conclusion, our current study highlighted the potential of improving aging-related neuro-impairment by targeting gut microbiota-brain BA axis.

Robust evidence supports a causal link between higher birthweight and longer telomere length: a mendelian randomization study

Background

Observational studies have suggested a potential relationship between birthweight and telomere length. However, the causal link between these two parameters remains undefined. In this study, we use Mendelian Randomization (MR). This method employs genetic variants as instrumental variables, to explore the existence of causal associations and elucidate the causal relationship between birth weight and telomere length.

Methods

We used 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables for birth weight. These SNPs were identified from a meta-analysis involving 153,781 individuals. Furthermore, we obtained summary statistics for telomere length from a study conducted on 472,174 United Kingdom Biobank participants. To evaluate the causal estimates, we applied the random effect inverse variance weighted method (IVW) and several other MR methods, such as MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO, to verify the reliability of our findings.

Results

Our analysis supports a significant causal relationship between genetically predicted birth weight and telomer3e length. The inverse variance weighted analysis results for birth weight (Beta = 0.048; 95%CI = 0.023 to 0.073; p < 0.001) corroborate this association.

Conclusion

Our study provides robust evidence supporting a causal link between higher birth weight and longer telomere length.

Mitochondria and telomeres: hand in glove

Born as an endosymbiont, the bacteria engulfed by the proto-eukaryotic cell more than 1.45 billion years ago progressively evolved as an important organelle with multiple interactions with the host cell. In particular, strong connections between mitochondria and the chromosome ends, the telomeres, led to propose a new theory of ageing in which dysfunctional telomeres and mitochondria are the main actors of a vicious circle reducing cell fitness and promoting cellular ageing. We review the evidences that oxidative stress and dysfunctional mitochondria damage telomeres and further discuss the interrelationship between telomere biology and mitochondria through the lens of telomerase which shuttles between the nucleus and mitochondria. Finally, we elaborate on the possible role of the mitochondrial genome on the inheritance of human telomere length through the expression of mitochondrial gene variants.

Oxidative stress, microparticles, and E-selectin do not depend on HIV suppression

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered predictors of diseases associated with aging. Markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial activation were investigated in people with HIV on antiretroviral treatment to determine whether they had an immunosenescent phenotype that might predispose to the development of premature age-related diseases.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study was conducted on 213 subjects with HIV. The control groups consisted of healthy HIV-negative adults. The level of oxidative stress was measured by assessing the production of malondialdehyde levels, which were detected by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay. The level of microparticles indicated the presence of inflammation and endothelial activation was measured by E-selectin levels. Significant differences were determined by appropriate statistical tests, depending on the distribution of variables. Relationships between continuous variables were quantified using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

TBARS, and microparticle and E-selectin levels were significantly higher in untreated and treated subjects with HIV compared with HIV-negative controls (P<0.001). The levels of the investigated markers were not significantly different between untreated and treated patients and no significant correlation of these markers was found with CD4+ count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the number of HIV-1 RNA copies.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory and endothelial activation were independent of the virologic and immunologic status of people with HIV. These results support the hypothesis that residual viremia in cellular reservoirs of various tissues is a key factor related to the premature aging of the immune system and predisposition to the premature development of diseases associated with aging.

Activation of Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy alleviates exertional heat stroke-induced acute lung injury in rats

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy in exertional heat stroke-induced acute lung injury in rats.

METHODS

Sixty SD rats were divided into four groups: normal group (CON group), normal Parkin overexpression group (CON + Parkin group), exertional heat stroke group (EHS group), and exertional heat stroke Parkin overexpression group (EHS + Parkin group). Adeno-associated virus carrying the Parkin gene was intravenously injected into the rats to overexpress Parkin in the lung tissue. An exertional heat stroke rat model was established, and survival curves were plotted. Lung micro-CT was performed, and lung coefficient and pulmonary microvascular permeability were measured.

RESULTS

Compared with the EHS group, the survival rate of rats in the EHS + Parkin overexpression group was significantly increased, lung coefficient and pulmonary microvascular permeability were reduced, and pathological changes such as exudation and consolidation were significantly reduced. The levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, TNF- α, and ROS were significantly decreased; the degree of mitochondrial swelling in type II alveolar epithelial cells was reduced, and no vacuolization was observed. Lung tissue apoptosis was reduced, and the colocalization fluorescence of Pink1 and Parkin, as well as LC3 and Tom20, were increased. The expression of Parkin and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in lung tissue were both increased, while the expression of P62, Pink1, MFN2, and PTEN-L was decreased.

CONCLUSION

Impairment of Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy function is one of the mechanisms of exertional heat stroke-induced acute lung injury in rats. Activation of the Pink1/Parkin pathway can alleviate acute lung injury caused by exertional heat stroke.

Does each Component of Reactive Oxygen Species have a Dual Role in the Tumor Microenvironment?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of highly reactive oxidizing molecules, including superoxide anion (O2 •-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), among others. Moderate levels of ROS play a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling and maintaining cellular functions. However, abnormal ROS levels or persistent oxidative stress can lead to changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that favor cancer development. This review provides an overview of ROS generation, structure, and properties, as well as their effects on various components of the TME. Contrary to previous studies, our findings reveal a dual effect of ROS on different components of the TME, whereby ROS can either enhance or inhibit certain factors, ultimately leading to the promotion or suppression of the TME. For example, H2O2 has dual effects on immune cells and non-- cellular components within the TME, while O2 •- has dual effects on T cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, each component demonstrates distinct mechanisms of action and ranges of influence. In the final section of the article, we summarize the current clinical applications of ROS in cancer treatment and identify certain limitations associated with existing therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of ROS, highlighting their dual effects on different components of the TME, and exploring the potential clinical applications that may pave the way for future treatment and prevention strategies.

Small Mitochondria-Targeting Fluorophore with Multifunctional Therapeutic Activities against Prostate Cancer via the HIF1α/OATPs Pathway

Prostate cancer (PCa) is considered to be the most prevalent malignancy in males worldwide. Abiraterone is a 17α-hydroxylase/C17, 20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitor that has been approved for use in patients with prostate cancer. However, several negative aspects, such as drug resistance, toxicity, and lack of real-time monitoring of treatment responses, could appear with long-term use. Therefore, the development of anticancer agents with specific targeting to avoid side effects is imperative. Here, we used MHI-148, a type of heptamethine cyanine (HC) near-infrared fluorescence dye (NIRF), as a prototype structure to synthesize two theranostic agents, Abi-DZ-1 and Abi-783. The new compound Abi-DZ-1 retained the excellent photophysical characteristics and NIRF imaging property of MHI-148, and it could preferentially accumulate in prostate cancer cells but not in normal prostate epithelial cells via the HIF1α/organic anion-transporting polypeptides axis. NIRF imaging using Abi-DZ-1 selectively identified tumors in mice bearing PCa xenografts. Moreover, Abi-DZ-1 treatment significantly retarded the tumor growth in both a cell-derived xenograft model and a patient-derived tumor xenograft model. This finding demonstrated that Abi-DZ-1 may hold promise as a potential multifunctional theranostic agent for future tumor-targeted imaging and precision therapy. Constructing theranostic agents using the NIRF dye platform holds great promise in accurate therapy and intraoperative navigation.

The State of the LPO-AOD System and the Relative Length of Telomeric Repeats in the Chromosomes of Blood Leukocytes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

We analyzed the relative length of telomeric repeats in peripheral blood leukocytes and indicators of oxidative stress in 32 men (mean age 51.2±3.1 years) with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The control group consisted of volunteers without OSAS. The relative length of telomeres was determined in a DNA sample isolated from venous whole blood samples. The length of telomeric repeats of chromosomes was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (3 times for each DNA sample); albumin served as an internal control. The intensity of LPO processes and antioxidant protection was assessed by conventional spectrophotometric methods. It was found that in patients with OSAS, the relative length of telomeric repeats was lower by 48%, the levels of substrates and products of LPO were higher (double bonds and diene conjugates by 34 and 19%, respectively), and antioxidant protection indicators were lower (concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins α-tocopherol and retinol by 18 and 19.3%, respectively, total antioxidant activity by 32.9%) than in volunteers of the control group. Thus, we can conclude that the nucleotide sequences are reduced in patients with OSAS under conditions of intensified free radical oxidation.

Advance in the pharmacological effects of quercetin in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders

Numerous pharmacological effects of quercetin have been illustrated, including antiinflammation, antioxidation, and anticancer properties. In recent years, the antioxidant activity of quercetin has been extensively reported, in particular, its impacts on glutathione, enzyme activity, signaling transduction pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Quercetin has also been demonstrated to exert a striking antiinflammatory effect mainly by inhibiting the production of cytokines, reducing the expression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, and preserving the integrity of mast cells. By regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, which are regarded as two critical processes involved in the defense and regular physiological operation of biological systems, quercetin has been validated to be effective in treating a variety of disorders. Symptoms of these reactions have been linked to degenerative processes and metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, neurodegeneration, cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite that evidence demonstrates that antioxidants are employed to prevent excessive oxidative and inflammatory processes, there are still concerns regarding the expense, accessibility, and side effects of agents. Notably, natural products, especially those derived from plants, are widely accessible, affordable, and generally safe. In this review, the antioxidant and antiinflammatory abilities of the active ingredient quercetin and its application in oxidative stress-related disorders have been outlined in detail.

Astilbin targeted Sirt1 to inhibit acetylation of Nrf2 to alleviate grass carp hepatocyte apoptosis caused by PCB126-induced mitochondrial kinetic and metabolism dysfunctions

3, 3', 4, 4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) is extensively utilized in electronic products, lubricant, and insecticide due to its excellent chemical stability and insulation prosperity, resulting in its frequent detection in environment. In addition, atmospheric deposition, as well as industrial and urban wastewater discharge can also lead to PCB126 contamination in marine environment, triggering damages to the tissues of aquatic organisms through oxidative stress. Astilbin is a type of flavonoid compound found in plants that plays a crucial role in providing powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the specific mechanism of PCB126-induced damage and the potential protective effect of Astilbin. To achieve this, we treated grass carp hepatocytes (L8824) with 75 μM PCB126 and/or 0.5 mM Astilbin for 24 h and used experimental methods such as Flow cytometry, molecular docking, PPI analysis, detection of commercial kits (ATP concentration and ATPnase activity) and measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Our findings revealed that PCB126 exposure resulted in a decrease in expression levels of Sirt1, factors related to mitochondrial fusion (Opa1, Mfn1, and Mfn2), antioxidant (CAT, SOD1, and SOD2), energy metabolism (PKM2, IDH, and SDH) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2), and an increase in expression levels of Nrf2 acetylation, mitochondrial fission (Drp1), factors that promote apoptosis (Cytc, Bax, Cas9, and Cas3) in L8824 cells. Furthermore, our findings revealed a decrease in ΔΨm, ATP concentration and ATPnase activity and apoptosis levels in L8824 cells. Noteworthy, treatment with Astilbin reversed these results. Molecular docking provides solid evidence for the interaction between Astilbin and Sirt1. In summary, our findings suggested that Astilbin promoted the deacetylation of Nrf2 by interacting with Sirt1, thereby alleviating PCB126-induced mitochondrial apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and energy metabolism disorder through the inhibition of oxidative stress in L8824 cells. Our research has initially revealed the correlation between acetylation and apoptosis induced by PCB126, which provided a foundation for a better comprehension of PCB126 toxicity. Additionally, it expanded the potential application value of Astilbin.

Graphene oxide had adverse effects on sperm motility and morphology through oxidative stress

Graphene oxide (GO) is a new type of graphene material, but its effects on the male reproductive system are unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of GO on human sperm in vitro. Sperms were incubated with various doses of GO (0, 10, 20, or 40 μg/mL) for different times (1, 3, or 6 h) at 37 °C, followed by analyses of the sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, and DNA fragmentations. GO exposure significantly decreased sperm motility and viability, increased sperm abnormalities, and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, GO exposure resulted in a significant reduction of sperm mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which was confirmed by the ultrastructural changes of chromatin and mitochondria caused by GO. These data revealed the adverse effects of GO on sperm. Further research showed that GO exposure led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperm cells and a significant decrease in total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). In addition, western blot analysis showed that the levels of Nrf-2 and HO-1 protein expression in GO-treated sperm cells were significantly increased compared to the control. These results indicated that GO had adverse effects on human sperm through oxidative stress, which was associated with Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Bloodletting Acupuncture at Jing-Well Points on Hand Induced Autophagy to Alleviate Brain Injury in Acute Altitude Hypoxic Rats by Activating PINK1/Parkin Pathway

OBJECTIVE

To explore the protective effect of bloodletting acupuncture at twelve Jing-well points on hand (BAJP) on acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH)-induced brain injury in rats and its possible mechanisms.

METHODS

Seventy-five Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups by a random number table (n=15), including control, model, BAJP, BAJP+3-methyladenine (3-MA), and bloodletting acupuncture at non-acupoint (BANA, tail tip blooding) groups. After 7-day pre-treatment, AHH models were established using hypobaric oxygen chambers. The levels of S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method were used to assess hippocampal histopathology and apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy assay was used to observe mitochondrial damage and autophagosomes in hippocampal tissues. Flow cytometry was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV activities and ATPase in hippocampal tissue were evaluated, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expressions of Beclin1, autophagy protein 5 (ATG5), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B), phosphatase and tensin homolog induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and Parkin in hippocampal tissues. The mRNA expressions of Beclin1, ATG5 and LC3-II were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

BAJP treatment reduced hippocampal tissue injury and inhibited hippocampal cell apoptosis in AHH rats. BAJP reduced oxidative stress by decreasing S100B, GFAP and MDA levels and increasing SOD level in the serum of AHH rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Then, BAJP increased MMP, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV activities, and the mitochondrial ATPase activity in AHH rats (all P<0.01). BAJP improved mitochondrial swelling and increased the autophagosome number in hippocampal tissue of AHH rats. Moreover, BAJP treatment increased the protein and mRNA expressions of Beclin1 and ATG5 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in AHH rats (all P<0.01) and activated the PINK1/Parkin pathway (P<0.01). Finally, 3-MA attenuated the therapeutic effect of BAJP on AHH rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

BAJP was an effective treatment for AHH-induced brain injury, and the mechanism might be through reducing hippocampal tissue injury via increasing the PINK1/Parkin pathway and enhancement of mitochondrial autophagy.

Combining old and new concepts in targeting telomerase for cancer therapy: transient, immediate, complete and combinatory attack (TICCA)

Telomerase can overcome replicative senescence by elongation of telomeres but is also a specific element in most cancer cells. It is expressed more vastly than any other tumor marker. Telomerase as a tumor target inducing replicative immortality can be overcome by only one other mechanism: alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). This limits the probability to develop resistance to treatments. Moreover, telomerase inhibition offers some degree of specificity with a low risk of toxicity in normal cells. Nevertheless, only one telomerase antagonist reached late preclinical studies. The underlying causes, the pitfalls of telomerase-based therapies, and future chances based on recent technical advancements are summarized in this review. Based on new findings and approaches, we propose a concept how long-term survival in telomerase-based cancer therapies can be significantly improved: the TICCA (Transient Immediate Complete and Combinatory Attack) strategy.

Autophagy in sarcopenia: Possible mechanisms and novel therapies

With global population aging, age-related diseases, especially sarcopenia, have attracted much attention in recent years. Characterized by low muscle strength, low muscle quantity or quality and low physical performance, sarcopenia is one of the major factors associated with an increased risk of falls and disability. Much effort has been made to understand the cellular biological and physiological mechanisms underlying sarcopenia. Autophagy is an important cellular self-protection mechanism that relies on lysosomes to degrade misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Research designed to obtain new insight into human diseases from the autophagic aspect has been carried out and has made new progress, which encourages relevant studies on the relationship between autophagy and sarcopenia. Autophagy plays a protective role in sarcopenia by modulating the regenerative capability of satellite cells, relieving oxidative stress and suppressing the inflammatory response. This review aims to reveal the specific interaction between sarcopenia and autophagy and explore possible therapies in hopes of encouraging more specific research in need and unlocking novel promising therapies to ameliorate sarcopenia.

Coenzyme Q10 Stimulate Reproductive Vatality

Female infertility and pregnancy maintenance are associate with various factors, including quantity and quality of oocytes, genital inflammation, endometriosis, and other diseases. Women are even diagnosed as unexplained infertility or unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion when failed to achieve pregnancy with current treatment, which are urgent clinical issues need to be addressed. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It is not only essential for the mitochondria to produce energy, but also function as an antioxidant to maintain redox homeostasis in the body. Recently, the capacity of CoQ10 to reduce oxidative stress (OS), enhance mitochondrial activity, regulate gene expression and inhibit inflammatory responses, has been discovered as a novel adjuvant in male reproductive performance enhancing in both animal and human studies. Furthermore, CoQ10 is also proved to regulate immune balance, antioxidant, promote glucose and lipid metabolism. These properties will bring highlight for ovarian dysfunction reversing, ovulation ameliorating, oocyte maturation/fertilization promoting, and embryonic development optimizing. In this review, we systematically discuss the pleiotropic effects of CoQ10 in female reproductive disorders to investigate the mechanism and therapeutic potential to provide a reference in subsequent studies.

Transcriptome-based measurement of CD8+ T cell age and its applications

The ability of T cells to undergo robust cell division in response to antigenic stimulation is essential for competent T cell function. However, this ability is reduced with aging and contributes to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, cancers, and other diseases among older adults. To better understand T cell aging, improved measurements of age-related cellular changes in T cells are necessary. The recent development of machine learning (ML)-assisted transcriptome-based quantification of individual CD8+ T cell age represents a significant step forward in this regard. It reveals both prominent and subtle changes in gene expression and points to potential functional alterations of CD8+ T cells with aging. I argue that single-cell transcriptome-based age prediction in the immune system may have promising future applications.

Cellular senescence in liver diseases: From mechanisms to therapies

Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest, characterized by a gradual decline in cell proliferation, differentiation, and biological functions. Cellular senescence is double-edged for that it can provoke organ repair and regeneration in physiological conditions but contribute to organ and tissue dysfunction and prime multiple chronic diseases in pathological conditions. The liver has a strong regenerative capacity, where cellular senescence and regeneration are closely involved. Herein, this review firstly introduces the morphological manifestations of senescent cells, the major regulators (p53, p21, and p16), and the core pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying senescence process, and then specifically generalizes the role and interventions of cellular senescence in multiple liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, this review focuses on interpreting the importance of cellular senescence in liver diseases and summarizes potential senescence-related regulatory targets, aiming to provide new insights for further researches on cellular senescence regulation and therapeutic developments for liver diseases.

Importance of DJ-1 in autophagy regulation and disease

Autophagy is a highly conserved biological process that has evolved across evolution. It can be activated by various external stimuli including oxidative stress, amino acid starvation, infection, and hypoxia. Autophagy is the primary mechanism for preserving cellular homeostasis and is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, cell differentiation, tolerance to starvation conditions, and resistance to aging. As a multifunctional protein, DJ-1 is commonly expressed in vivo and is associated with a variety of biological processes. Its most widely studied role is its function as an oxidative stress sensor that inhibits the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria and subsequently the cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. In recent years, many studies have identified DJ-1 as another important factor regulating autophagy; it regulates autophagy in various ways, most commonly by regulating the oxidative stress response. In particular, DJ-1-regulated autophagy is involved in cancer progression and plays a key role in alleviating neurodegenerative diseases(NDS) and defective reperfusion diseases. It could serve as a potential target for the regulation of autophagy and participate in disease treatment as a meaningful modality. Therefore, exploring DJ-1-regulated autophagy could provide new avenues for future disease treatment.

Leukocyte telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number associate with endothelial function in aging-related cardiovascular disease

Background

We investigated the association between leukocyte telomere length, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and endothelial function in patients with aging-related cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

In total 430 patients with CVD and healthy persons were enrolled in the current study. Peripheral blood was drawn by routine venipuncture procedure. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected. Cell-free genomic DNA (cfDNA) and leukocytic genomic DNA (leuDNA) were extracted from plasma and PBMCs, respectively. Relative telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Endothelial function was evaluated by measuring flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The correlation between TL of cfDNA (cf-TL), mtDNA-CN of cfDNA (cf-mtDNA), TL of leuDNA (leu-TL), mtDNA-CN of leuDNA (leu-mtDNA), age, and FMD were analyzed based on Spearman's rank correlation. The association between cf-TL, cf-mtDNA, leu-TL, leu-mtDNA, age, gender, and FMD were explored using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

cf-TL positively correlated with cf-mtDNA (r = 0.1834, P = 0.0273), and leu-TL positively correlated with leu-mtDNA (r = 0.1244, P = 0.0109). In addition, both leu-TL (r = 0.1489, P = 0.0022) and leu-mtDNA (r = 0.1929, P < 0.0001) positively correlated with FMD. In a multiple linear regression analysis model, both leu-TL (β = 0.229, P = 0.002) and leu-mtDNA (β = 0.198, P = 0.008) were positively associated with FMD. In contrast, age was inversely associated with FMD (β = -0.426, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

TL positively correlates mtDNA-CN in both cfDNA and leuDNA. leu-TL and leu-mtDNA can be regarded as novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction.

The PRAK-NRF2 axis promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells by mediating the redox homeostasis and glycolysis

Oxidative stress is a key feature in both chronic inflammation and cancer. P38 regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) deficiency can cause functional disorders in neutrophils and macrophages under high oxidative stress, but the precise mechanisms by which PRAK regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination and its potential impact on CD4+ T helper subset function are unclear. The present study reveals that the PRAK-NF-E2-related factor 2(NRF2) axis is essential for maintaining the intracellular redox homeostasis of T helper 17(Th17) cells, thereby promoting Th17 cell differentiation and antitumor effects. Through mechanistic analysis, we identify NRF2 as a novel protein substrate of PRAK and find that PRAK enhances the stability of the NRF2 protein through phosphorylation NRF2 Serine(S) 558 independent of protein ubiquitination. High accumulation of cellular ROS caused by loss of PRAK disrupts both glycolysis and PKM2-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3, which subsequently impairs the differentiation of Th17 cells. As a result, Prak knockout (KO) mice display significant resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) but impaired antitumor immunity in a MC38 tumor model. This work reveals that the PRAK-NRF2-mediated antioxidant pathway is a metabolic checkpoint that controls Th17-cell glycolysis and differentiation. Targeting PRAK is a promising strategy for maintaining an active ROS scavenging system and may lead to potent Th17 cell antitumor immunity.

ROS-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in CD4 T Cells from ART-Controlled People Living with HIV

We have previously demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction in aging CD4 T cells from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-controlled people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the underlying mechanisms by which CD4 T cells develop mitochondrial dysfunction in PLWH remain unclear. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism(s) of CD4 T cell mitochondrial compromise in ART-controlled PLWH. We first assessed the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and we observed significantly increased cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels in CD4 T cells from PLWH compared to healthy subjects (HS). Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in the levels of proteins responsible for antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase 1, SOD1) and ROS-mediated DNA damage repair (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, APE1) in CD4 T cells from PLWH. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of SOD1 or APE1 in CD4 T cells from HS confirmed their roles in maintaining normal mitochondrial respiration via a p53-mediated pathway. Reconstitution of SOD1 or APE1 in CD4 T cells from PLWH successfully rescued mitochondrial function as evidenced by Seahorse analysis. These results indicate that ROS induces mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to premature T cell aging via dysregulation of SOD1 and APE1 during latent HIV infection.

Cannabidiol Alleviates Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by Maintaining Mitochondrial Dynamic Balance and Energy Metabolic Homeostasis

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a fluorine-containing organic compound, can be widely detected in the environment and living organisms. Accumulating evidence has shown that PFOS breaks through different biological barriers resulting in cardiac toxicity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid without potential adverse cardiotoxicity and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that reduce multiorgan damage and dysfunction. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to research how PFOS caused heart injury and whether CBD could attenuate PFOS-induced heart injury. Mice were fed PFOS (5 mg/kg) and/or CBD (10 mg/kg) in vivo. In vitro, H9C2 cells were intervened with PFOS (200 μM) and/or CBD (10 μM). After PFOS exposure, oxidative stress levels and the mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis-related markers increased distinctly, accompanied by mitochondrial dynamic imbalance and energy metabolism disorders in mouse heart and H9C2 cells. Moreover, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and Hoechst 33258 staining signaled that the number of apoptotic cells increased after exposure to PFOS. Noteworthy, CBD simultaneous treatment alleviated a series of damages caused by PFOS-mediated oxidative stress. Our results demonstrated that CBD could alleviate PFOS-induced mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and energy metabolism disorder causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis by improving the antioxidant capacity, suggesting that CBD may represent a novel cardioprotective strategy against PFOS-induced cardiotoxicity. Our findings facilitate the understanding of the cardiotoxic effects of PFOS and the important role of CBD in protecting cardiac health.

Mitochondria-associated ER stress evokes immunogenic cell death through the ROS-PERK-eIF2α pathway under PTT/CDT combined therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumours and is thus a promising strategy for boosting the efficacy of immunotherapy. However, the mechanism by which CDT enhances ICD and lowers ICD efficiency is unknown and this restricts its clinical application. In this study, a second near-infrared (NIR-II) window irradiation-triggered hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) self-supplying nanocomposite ((Cu₂Se-CaO₂)@LA) was constructed. The modified lauric acid was melted by the heat energy of the NIR-II irradiation, to expose the CaO₂ nanoparticles, and they then reacted with water to produce H₂O₂ and Ca²⁺. H₂O₂ was then converted to hydroxyl radicals by the photothermal-enhanced CDT process of the Cu₂Se nanocubes. Notably, the CDT and Ca²⁺ overload was found to induce sequential damage to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which upregulated the PERK-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation pathway and caused subsequent ICD. NIR-II irradiation of the (Cu₂Se-CaO₂)@LA also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and this was sufficient to increase dendritic cell maturation, attracting cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and suppressing tumour growth in vivo. Overall, we demonstrated that an enhanced CDT strategy under NIR-II exposure and H₂O₂ self-supply can induce extensive ICD by inducing mitochondria-associated ER stress, which represents a highly effective and promising strategy for ICD amplification and tumour immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, a second near-infrared window (NIR-II) irradiation-triggered and H₂O₂ self-supplying nanocomposite (named (Cu₂Se-CaO₂)@LA) was constructed and tested both in vitro and in vivo. These nanoparticles demonstrated promising antitumor activity as designed. Mechanistically, the nanoparticles could damage mitochondria and upregulate the PERK-mediated eIF2αphosphorylation pathway, further causing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inducing immunogenic cell death through dendritic cell maturation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte recruitment augmented activity. This system represents a highly effective and promising strategy for enhancing tumor immunotherapy and provides new insights for future studies and design refinements.

Impaired response of memory Treg to high density lipoproteins is associated with intermediate/high cardiovascular disease risk in persons with HIV

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of enhanced morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV (PWH) in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (AART). However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Regulatory T cells (Treg), notably the highly suppressive memory subset, have been shown to limit CVD. Importantly, memory Treg cell numbers remain low in many treated PWH. High density lipoproteins (HDL) also protect from CVD, and we previously found that Treg-HDL interactions reduce oxidative stress in these cells. Here, we evaluated Treg-HDL interactions in PWH and whether they were operative in those higher CVD risk. To do that, we recruited a cohort of PWH with intermediate/high CVD risk (median ASCVD risk score of 13.2%, n=15) or low/borderline risk (median ASCVD risk score of 3.6%, n=14), as well as a group of statins treated PWH with intermediate/high CVD risk (median ASCVD risk score of 12.7%, n=14). We evaluated Treg frequency, phenotype and response to HDL. PWH with Int/High CVD risk had a significantly lower number of memory Treg, but memory Treg were more activated and displayed an inflammatory phenotype, versus those with Low/BL CVD risk. In untreated patients, Treg absolute numbers were negatively correlated with ASCVD score. Although HDL decreased oxidative stress in memory Treg in all subjects, memory Treg from PWH with Int/High CVD risk were significantly less responsive to HDL than those from PWH with Low/BL CVD risk. The level of oxidative stress in memory Treg positively correlated with ASCVD scores. In contrast, plasma HDL from PWH, regardless of CVD risk, retained their anti-oxidative properties, suggesting that the defect in memory Treg response to HDL is intrinsic. Statin treatment partially ameliorated the memory Treg defect. In conclusion, the defective HDL-Treg interactions may contribute to the inflammation-induced increased CVD risk observed in many AART-treated PWH.

Depleted uranium causes renal mitochondrial dysfunction through the ETHE1/Nrf2 pathway

The kidney is the main organ affected by acute depleted uranium (DU) toxicity. The mechanism of nephrotoxicity induced by DU is complex and needs to be further explored. This study aimed to elucidate the function of mitochondrial dysfunction in nephrotoxicity generated by DU and confirm the latent mechanism. We verified that DU (2.5-10 mg/kg) caused mitochondrial dysfunction in male rat kidneys and decreased ATP content and the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, melatonin (20 mg/kg), as an antioxidant, alleviated DU-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in male rats, further reducing kidney damage caused by DU. These results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in DU nephrotoxicity. When ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (ETHE1) was knocked down, DU-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were increased, and renal injury was aggravated. When exogenous ETHE1 protein was applied to renal cells, the opposite changes were observed. We also found that ETHE1 knockdown increased the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a vital oxidative stress regulator, and its downstream molecules heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Nrf2 knockout also aggravated DU-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and kidney damage. In conclusion, DU causes oxidative stress and antioxidant defense imbalance in renal cells through the ETHE1/Nrf2 pathway, further causing mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately leading to nephrotoxicity.

Telomere length dynamics measured by flow-FISH in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery

Obesity has negative effects on comorbidities, health-related quality of life and survival. Telomere length (TL) changes after bariatric surgery have been reported, but the studies are contradictory, and analyses using state-of-the art techniques for TL measurement, such as flow-FISH, are sparse. We measured TL dynamics via flow-FISH in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and compared their TL with 105 healthy individuals. Patients with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery were included. Lymphocyte and granulocyte absolute and age-adjusted (aa) TL were analyzed by flow-FISH before (preoperative cohort, n = 45) and after surgery (follow-up cohort, n = 35) at month 5.5 ± 3.9 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]). The initial lymphocyte aaTL was significantly shorter (-0.37 kb ± 0.18 kb, P = 0.045) in patients with obesity, while the granulocyte aaTL was not different from that in the healthy comparison population (0.28 kb ± 0.17 kb, P = 0.11). The telomere dynamics after surgery showed an increase in mean TL in both lymphocytes and granulocytes of patients with a pronounced BMI loss of ≥ 10 kg/m². We did not find any association between TL increase after surgery and age, sex or the type of procedure selected for bariatric surgery. We confirmed that patients suffering from obesity have significantly shorter lymphocyte TL using flow-FISH. Along with and dependent on the degree of weight reduction after bariatric surgery, TL significantly increased in both lymphocytes and granulocytes after a mean of 5.5 months. Our results show that bariatric surgery affects not only body weight but also biomarkers of aging, such as TL.

Nutrition Strategies Promoting Healthy Aging: From Improvement of Cardiovascular and Brain Health to Prevention of Age-Associated Diseases

BACKGROUND

An increasing number of studies suggest that diet plays an important role in regulating aging processes and modulates the development of the most important age-related diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the relationship between nutrition and critical age-associated diseases.

METHODS

A literature review was conducted to survey recent pre-clinical and clinical findings related to the role of nutritional factors in modulation of fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and their role in prevention of the genesis of the diseases of aging.

RESULTS

Studies show that the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairment and dementia can be slowed down or prevented by certain diets with anti-aging action. The protective effects of diets, at least in part, may be mediated by their beneficial macro- (protein, fat, carbohydrate) and micronutrient (vitamins, minerals) composition.

CONCLUSIONS

Certain diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, may play a significant role in healthy aging by preventing the onset of certain diseases and by improving the aging process itself. This latter can be strengthened by incorporating fasting elements into the diet. As dietary recommendations change with age, this should be taken into consideration as well, when developing a diet tailored to the needs of elderly individuals. Future and ongoing clinical studies on complex anti-aging dietary interventions translating the results of preclinical investigations are expected to lead to novel nutritional guidelines for older adults in the near future.

Prefrontally modulated vagal neuroimmunomodulation is associated with telomere length

Background

Accumulated senescent cells are proposed to be one of the main drivers of age-related pathology such as dementia and cancer through disruption of tissue structure and function. We recently proposed the Neuro-Immuno-Senescence Integrative Model (NISIM), which relates prefrontally modulated vagal tone and subsequent balance between vagal and sympathetic input to the spleen to inflammatory responses leading to generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative telomere damage.

Aim

In this study, we assess inflammation as a mediator in the relationship between prefrontally modulated vagal tone and leukocyte telomere length (LTL). We also assess the relationship between a recently proposed index of vagal neuroimmunomodulation (vagal tone/inflammation ratio; NIM index) and telomere length.

Methods

This study uses participant data from a large nationally representative longitudinal study since 1974 with a total of 45,000 Norwegian residents so far. A sub-sample of 131 participants from which ultrashort recordings (30 s) of vagal tone, c reactive protein, and LTL could be obtained were included in the study. Relationships were analyzed with Pearson's correlations and hierarchical multiple linear regression using either vagal tone and CRP or the NIM index to predict telomere length.

Results

Vagal tone was a significant positive predictor of telomere length but this was not mediated by c reactive protein, even after controlling for confounders. The NIM index was a significant positive predictor of telomere length, also when controlling for confounders. In a follow-up analysis simultaneously comparing telomere length between groups with high and low values of vagal tone, and between groups with high and low NIM index values, telomere length was only significantly different between NIM index groups.

Conclusion

This is the first study suggesting that prefrontally modulated vagal neuroimmunomodulation is associated with telomere length thus supporting the NISIM. Results indicate that the NIM index is a more sensitive indicator of vagal neuroimmunomodulation than vagal tone and CRP in isolation.

Mitochondrial topoisomerase 1 inhibition induces topological DNA damage and T cell dysfunction in patients with chronic viral infection

T cells are crucial for controlling viral infections; however, the mechanisms that dampen their responses during viral infections remain incompletely understood. Here, we studied the role and mechanisms of mitochondrial topoisomerase 1 (Top1mt) inhibition in mitochondrial dysfunction and T cell dysregulation using CD4 T cells from patients infected with HCV or HIV and compared it with CD4 T cells from healthy individuals following treatment with Top1 inhibitor - camptothecin (CPT). We found that Top1mt protein levels and enzymatic activity are significantly decreased, along with Top1 cleavage complex (Top1cc) formation, in mitochondria of CD4 T cells from HCV- and HIV-infected patients. Notably, treatment of healthy CD4 T cells with CPT caused similar changes, including inhibition of Top1mt, accumulation of Top1cc in mitochondria, increase in PARP1 cleavage, and decrease in mtDNA copy numbers. These molecular changes resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, T cell dysregulation, and programmed cell death through multiple signaling pathways, recapitulating the phenotype we detected in CD4 T cells from HCV- and HIV-infected patients. Moreover, treatment of CD4 T cells from HCV or HIV patients with CPT further increased cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis, demonstrating a critical role for Top1 in preventing mtDNA damage and cell death. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation during viral infection and indicate that Top1 inhibition during chronic HCV or HIV infection can induce mtDNA damage and T cell dysfunction. Thus, reconstituting Top1mt protein may restore the mtDNA topology and T cell functions in humans with chronic viral infection.

Vinpocetine and coenzyme Q10 combination alleviates cognitive impairment caused by ionizing radiation by improving mitophagy

OBJECTIVE

This research was designed to ascertain the effect and mechanism of vinpocetine (VIN) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) combination on cognitive impairment induced by ionizing radiation (IR).

METHODS

Cognitive impairment in mice was induced by 9-Gy IR, and they were intraperitoneally injected with VIN, CoQ10, or VIN + CoQ10. Then novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests were used to detect cognitive function. The number of hippocampal neurons and BrdU⁺Dcx⁺ cells was observed by Nissl and immunofluorescence staining. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated, as well as oxidative stress injury. Mitophagy in hippocampal neurons was evaluated by observing the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons and assessing the expression of mitophagy-related proteins.

RESULTS

IR reduced novel object discrimination index, the time for platform crossing, and the time spent in platform quadrant, in addition to neuron loss, downregulated levels of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, ATP, and MMP, aggravated oxidative stress injury, increased expression of LC3 II/I, Beclin1, PINK1, and parkin, and decreased P62 expression. VIN or CoQ10 treatment mitigated cognitive dysfunction, neurons loss, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress injury, and enhanced mitophagy in hippocampal neurons. VIN and CoQ10 combination further protected against IR-induced cognitive dysfunction than VIN or CoQ10 alone.

CONCLUSION

VIN combined with CoQ10 improved neuron damage, promoted mitophagy, and ameliorated cognitive impairment in IR mice.

Protective Effects of Liquiritigenin against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via NRF2/SIRT3-Mediated Improvement of Mitochondrial Function

Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by cisplatin (CP), a first-line anticancer drug for chemotherapy, is common. To date, there is an urgent need to find effective treatments to reduce the nephrotoxicity caused by CP. Meanwhile, the restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction shows potential to be used as an adjunct to conventional therapeutic strategies. This study found that liquiritigenin can ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and acute kidney injury induced by CP in mice. The intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg body weight liquiritigenin for 2 days markedly protected against CP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, restored renal tubule and mitochondrial morphology, decreased blood Scr and BUN levels, and decreased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the elevated expression of SIRT3 induced by liquiritigenin, which can be upregulated by NRF2, was confirmed in vivo and in vitro. The underlying protective mechanisms of liquiritigenin in CP-induced nephrotoxicity were then investigated. Molecular docking results showed that liquiritigenin has potent binding activities to KEAP1, GSK-3β and HRD1. Further results showed that liquiritigenin induced the nuclear translocation of NRF2 and increased the levels of mitochondrial bioenergetics-related protein such as PGC-1α, and TFAM, which are related to NRF2 activity and mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, liquiritigenin was found to possibly reverse the decrease in BCL2/BAX ratio induced by CP in live cultured renal tubule epithelial cells. Collectively, these results indicated that liquiritigenin could be used as a potential nephroprotective agent to protect against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in a NRF2-dependent manner by improving mitochondria function.

Using Microbiome-Based Approaches to Deprogram Chronic Disorders and Extend the Healthspan following Adverse Childhood Experiences

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which can include child trafficking, are known to program children for disrupted biological cycles, premature aging, microbiome dysbiosis, immune-inflammatory misregulation, and chronic disease multimorbidity. To date, the microbiome has not been a major focus of deprogramming efforts despite its emerging role in every aspect of ACE-related dysbiosis and dysfunction. This article examines: (1) the utility of incorporating microorganism-based, anti-aging approaches to combat ACE-programmed chronic diseases (also known as noncommunicable diseases and conditions, NCDs) and (2) microbiome regulation of core systems biology cycles that affect NCD comorbid risk. In this review, microbiota influence over three key cyclic rhythms (circadian cycles, the sleep cycle, and the lifespan/longevity cycle) as well as tissue inflammation and oxidative stress are discussed as an opportunity to deprogram ACE-driven chronic disorders. Microbiota, particularly those in the gut, have been shown to affect host–microbe interactions regulating the circadian clock, sleep quality, as well as immune function/senescence, and regulation of tissue inflammation. The microimmunosome is one of several systems biology targets of gut microbiota regulation. Furthermore, correcting misregulated inflammation and increased oxidative stress is key to protecting telomere length and lifespan/longevity and extending what has become known as the healthspan. This review article concludes that to reverse the tragedy of ACE-programmed NCDs and premature aging, managing the human holobiont microbiome should become a routine part of healthcare and preventative medicine across the life course.