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Jarman AF, Mumma BE, White R, Dooley E, Yang NT, Taylor SL, Newgard C, Morris C, Cloutier J, Maughan BC. Sex differences in guideline-consistent diagnostic testing for acute pulmonary embolism among adult emergency department patients aged 18-49. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30:896-905. [PMID: 36911917 PMCID: PMC10497718 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a frequent diagnostic consideration in emergency department (ED) patients, yet diagnosis is challenging because symptoms of PE are nonspecific. Guidelines recommend the use of clinical decision tools to increase efficiency and avoid harms from overtesting, including D-dimer screening in patients not at high risk for PE. Women undergo testing for PE more often than men yet have a lower yield from testing. Our study objective was to determine whether patient sex influenced the odds of received guideline-consistent care. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study at two large U.S. academic EDs from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018. Nonpregnant patients aged 18-49 years were included if they presented with chest pain, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, or syncope and underwent testing for PE with D-dimer or imaging. Demographic and clinical data were exported from the electronic medical record (EMR). Pretest risk scores were calculated using manually abstracted EMR data. Diagnostic testing was then compared with recommended testing based on pretest risk. The primary outcome was receipt of guideline-consistent care, which required an elevated screening D-dimer prior to imaging in all non-high-risk patients. RESULTS We studied 1991 discrete patient encounters; 37% (735) of patients were male and 63% (1256) were female. Baseline characteristics, including revised Geneva scores, were similar between sexes. Female patients were more likely to receive guideline-consistent care (70% [874/1256] female vs. 63% [463/735] male, p < 0.01) and less likely to be diagnosed with PE (3.1% [39/1256] female vs. 5.3% [39/735] male, p < 0.05). The most common guideline deviation in both sexes was obtaining imaging without a screening D-dimer in a non-high-risk patient (75% [287/382] female vs. 75% [205/272] male). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, females were more likely than males to receive care consistent with current guidelines and less likely to be diagnosed with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F Jarman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bryn E Mumma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Richard White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Emily Dooley
- University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nuen Tsang Yang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Craig Newgard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cynthia Morris
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jared Cloutier
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brandon C Maughan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Abell B, Naicker S, Rodwell D, Donovan T, Tariq A, Baysari M, Blythe R, Parsons R, McPhail SM. Identifying barriers and facilitators to successful implementation of computerized clinical decision support systems in hospitals: a NASSS framework-informed scoping review. Implement Sci 2023; 18:32. [PMID: 37495997 PMCID: PMC10373265 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-023-01287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful implementation and utilization of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) in hospitals is complex and challenging. Implementation science, and in particular the Nonadoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread and Sustainability (NASSS) framework, may offer a systematic approach for identifying and addressing these challenges. This review aimed to identify, categorize, and describe barriers and facilitators to CDSS implementation in hospital settings and map them to the NASSS framework. Exploring the applicability of the NASSS framework to CDSS implementation was a secondary aim. METHODS Electronic database searches were conducted (21 July 2020; updated 5 April 2022) in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PyscInfo, and CINAHL. Original research studies reporting on measured or perceived barriers and/or facilitators to implementation and adoption of CDSS in hospital settings, or attitudes of healthcare professionals towards CDSS were included. Articles with a primary focus on CDSS development were excluded. No language or date restrictions were applied. We used qualitative content analysis to identify determinants and organize them into higher-order themes, which were then reflexively mapped to the NASSS framework. RESULTS Forty-four publications were included. These comprised a range of study designs, geographic locations, participants, technology types, CDSS functions, and clinical contexts of implementation. A total of 227 individual barriers and 130 individual facilitators were identified across the included studies. The most commonly reported influences on implementation were fit of CDSS with workflows (19 studies), the usefulness of the CDSS output in practice (17 studies), CDSS technical dependencies and design (16 studies), trust of users in the CDSS input data and evidence base (15 studies), and the contextual fit of the CDSS with the user's role or clinical setting (14 studies). Most determinants could be appropriately categorized into domains of the NASSS framework with barriers and facilitators in the "Technology," "Organization," and "Adopters" domains most frequently reported. No determinants were assigned to the "Embedding and Adaptation Over Time" domain. CONCLUSIONS This review identified the most common determinants which could be targeted for modification to either remove barriers or facilitate the adoption and use of CDSS within hospitals. Greater adoption of implementation theory should be encouraged to support CDSS implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Abell
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sundresan Naicker
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - David Rodwell
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomasina Donovan
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amina Tariq
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa Baysari
- Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Robin Blythe
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rex Parsons
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven M McPhail
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Rouleau G, Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Wu K, Ghaedi B, Nguyen PA, Desveaux L. Developing Implementation Strategies to Support the Uptake of a Risk Tool to Aid Physicians in the Clinical Management of Patients With Syncope: Systematic Theoretical and User-Centered Design Approach. JMIR Hum Factors 2023; 10:e44089. [PMID: 37310783 DOI: 10.2196/44089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS) was developed to improve syncope management in emergency department settings. Evidence-based tools often fail to have the intended impact because of suboptimal uptake or poor implementation. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we aimed to describe the process of developing evidence-based implementation strategies to support the deployment and use of the CSRS in real-world emergency department settings to improve syncope management among physicians. METHODS We followed a systematic approach for intervention development, including identifying who needs to do what differently, identifying the barriers and enablers to be addressed, and identifying the intervention components and modes of delivery to overcome the identified barriers. We used the Behaviour Change Wheel to guide the selection of implementation strategies. We engaged CSRS end users (ie, emergency medicine physicians) in a user-centered design approach to generate and refine strategies. This was achieved over a series of 3 qualitative user-centered design workshops lasting 90 minutes each with 3 groups of emergency medicine physicians. RESULTS A total of 14 physicians participated in the workshops. The themes were organized according to the following intervention development steps: theme 1-identifying and refining barriers and theme 2-identifying the intervention components and modes of delivery. Theme 2 was subdivided into two subthemes: (1) generating high-level strategies and developing strategies prototypes and (2) refining and testing strategies. The main strategies identified to overcome barriers included education in the format of meetings, videos, journal clubs, and posters (to address uncertainty around when and how to apply the CSRS); the development of a web-based calculator and integration into the electronic medical record (to address uncertainty in how to apply the CSRS); a local champion (to address the lack of team buy-in); and the dissemination of evidence summaries and feedback through email communications (to address a lack of evidence about impact). CONCLUSIONS The ability of the CSRS to effectively improve patient safety and syncope management relies on broad buy-in and uptake across physicians. To ensure that the CSRS is well positioned for impact, a comprehensive suite of strategies was identified to address known barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Rouleau
- Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Nursing Department, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, QC, Canada
| | - Venkatesh Thiruganasambandamoorthy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Wu
- Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bahareh Ghaedi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Phuong Anh Nguyen
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Desveaux
- Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Soares WE, Knee A, Gemme SR, Hambrecht R, Dybas S, Poronsky KE, Mader SC, Mader TJ. A Prospective Evaluation of Clinical HEART Score Agreement, Accuracy, and Adherence in Emergency Department Chest Pain Patients. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 78:231-241. [PMID: 34148661 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The HEART score is a risk stratification aid that may safely reduce chest pain admissions for emergency department patients. However, differences in interpretation of subjective components potentially alters the performance of the score. We compared agreement between HEART scores determined during clinical practice with research-generated scores and estimated their accuracy in predicting 30-day major adverse cardiac events. METHODS We prospectively enrolled adult ED patients with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome at a single tertiary center. ED clinicians submitted their clinical HEART scores during the patient encounter. Researchers then independently interviewed patients to generate a research HEART score. Patients were followed by phone and chart review for major adverse cardiac events. Weighted kappa; unweighted Cohen's kappa; prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK); and test probabilities were calculated. RESULTS From November 2016 to June 2019, 336 patients were enrolled, 261 (77.7%) were admitted, and 30 (8.9%) had major adverse cardiac events. Dichotomized HEART score agreement was 78% (kappa 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37 to 0.58; PABAK 0.57, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.65) with the lowest agreement in the history (72%; WK 0.14, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.22) and electrocardiogram (85%; WK 0.4, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.49) components. Compared with researchers, clinicians had 100% sensitivity (95% CI 88.4% to 100%) (versus 86.7%, 95% CI 69.3% to 96.2%) and 27.8% specificity (95% CI 22.8% to 33.2%) (versus 34.6%, 95% CI 29.3% to 40.3%) for major adverse cardiac events. Four participants with low research HEART scores had major adverse cardiac events. CONCLUSION ED clinicians had only moderate agreement with research HEART scores. Combined with uncertainties regarding accuracy in predicting major adverse cardiac events, we urge caution in the widespread use of the HEART score as the sole determinant of ED disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Soares
- Institute of Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA.
| | - Alex Knee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA; Epidemiology/Biostatistics Research Core, Office of Research, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA
| | - Seth R Gemme
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA
| | - Ruth Hambrecht
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Advent Health, Tampa, FL
| | - Stacy Dybas
- Institute of Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA
| | - Kye E Poronsky
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA
| | - Shelby C Mader
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA
| | - Timothy J Mader
- Institute of Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School‒Baystate, Springfield, MA
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13
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Zarabi S, Chan TM, Mercuri M, Kearon C, Turcotte M, Grusko E, Barbic D, Varner C, Bridges E, Houston R, Eagles D, de Wit K. Physician choices in pulmonary embolism testing. CMAJ 2021; 193:E38-E46. [PMID: 33431544 PMCID: PMC7773048 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based guidelines advise excluding pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis using d-dimer in patients with a lower probability of PE. Emergency physicians frequently order computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography without d-dimer testing or when d-dimer is negative, which exposes patients to more risk than benefit. Our objective was to develop a conceptual framework explaining emergency physicians' test choices for PE. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews of emergency physicians in Canada. A nonmedical researcher conducted in-person interviews. Participants described how they would test simulated patients with symptoms of possible PE, answered a knowledge test and were interviewed on barriers to using evidence-based PE tests. RESULTS We interviewed 63 emergency physicians from 9 hospitals in 5 cities, across 3 provinces. We identified 8 domains: anxiety with PE, barriers to using the evidence (time, knowledge and patient), divergent views on evidence-based PE testing, inherent Wells score problems, the drive to obtain CT rather than to diagnose PE, gestalt estimation artificially inflating PE probability, subjective reasoning and cognitive biases supporting deviation from evidence-based tests and use of evidence-based testing to rule out PE in patients who are very unlikely to have PE. Choices for PE testing were influenced by the disease, environment, test qualities, physician and probability of PE. INTERPRETATION Analysis of structured interviews with emergency physicians provided a conceptual framework to explain how these physicians use tests for suspected PE. The data suggest 8 domains to address when implementing an evidence-based protocol to investigate PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Zarabi
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Teresa M Chan
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mathew Mercuri
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Clive Kearon
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michelle Turcotte
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Grusko
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David Barbic
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Catherine Varner
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eileen Bridges
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Reaves Houston
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Debra Eagles
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kerstin de Wit
- Faculty of Medicine (Zarabi, Varner) and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mercuri), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Chan, Mercuri, Kearon, de Wit), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Turcotte, Eagles), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Grusko), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Faculty of Medicine (Barbic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Medicine (Bridges), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Chapel Hill School of Medicine (Houston), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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