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Teng Z, Xu X, Chen X, Qiu Y, Li S, Chen J, Tang H, Xiang H, Wang B, Tan Y, Wu H. Increased circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in plasma of first-diagnosed drug-naïve bipolar disorder patients: A case-control and 4-week follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:378-384. [PMID: 38537754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of clinical biological indicators in bipolar disorder (BD) is important. In recent years, basic experiments have associated the pathophysiological mechanism of BD is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, but few clinical studies have confirmed this finding. OBJECT The present study aimed to evaluate whether plasma circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) levels, which can represent the degree of mitochondrial damage in vivo, are altered in patients with BD in early onset and during treatment compared with controls. METHOD A total of 75 first-diagnosed drug-naive patients with BD and 60 HCs were recruited and followed up for 1 month. The clinical symptoms were assessed using HAMD, HAMA, and YMRS, and ccf-mtDNA levels were measured by qPCR before and after drug treatment in BD. RESULT (1) The plasma ccf-mtDNA levels in first-diagnosed drug-naive patients with BD increased compared with those in HCs (p = 0.001). (2) Drug treatment for 1 month can decrease the expression of ccf-mtDNA in BD (p < 0.001). (3) No significant correlation was observed between the changes in ccf-mtDNA levels and the improvement of clinical symptoms in BD after drug treatment. CONCLUSION The plasma ccf-mtDNA level was increased in BD, and decreased after pharmacological treatment. These outcomes suggested that plasma ccf-mtDNA level is likely to be sensitive to the drug response in BD, and mitochondrial pathway is a potential target for further therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Teng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuelei Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bolun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxi Tan
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Haishan Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Blalock ZN, Wu GWY, Lindqvist D, Trumpff C, Flory JD, Lin J, Reus VI, Rampersaud R, Hammamieh R, Gautam A, Doyle FJ, Marmar CR, Jett M, Yehuda R, Wolkowitz OM, Mellon SH. Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels and glucocorticoid sensitivity in a cohort of male veterans with and without combat-related PTSD. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:22. [PMID: 38200001 PMCID: PMC10781666 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is a biomarker of cellular injury or cellular stress and is a potential novel biomarker of psychological stress and of various brain, somatic, and psychiatric disorders. No studies have yet analyzed ccf-mtDNA levels in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), despite evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in this condition. In the current study, we compared plasma ccf-mtDNA levels in combat trauma-exposed male veterans with PTSD (n = 111) with those who did not develop PTSD (n = 121) and also investigated the relationship between ccf mt-DNA levels and glucocorticoid sensitivity. In unadjusted analyses, ccf-mtDNA levels did not differ significantly between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups (t = 1.312, p = 0.191, Cohen's d = 0.172). In a sensitivity analysis excluding participants with diabetes and those using antidepressant medication and controlling for age, the PTSD group had lower ccf-mtDNA levels than did the non-PTSD group (F(1, 179) = 5.971, p = 0.016, partial η2 = 0.033). Across the entire sample, ccf-mtDNA levels were negatively correlated with post-dexamethasone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) decline (r = -0.171, p = 0.020) and cortisol decline (r = -0.149, p = 0.034) (viz., greater ACTH and cortisol suppression was associated with lower ccf-mtDNA levels) both with and without controlling for age, antidepressant status and diabetes status. Ccf-mtDNA levels were also significantly positively associated with IC50-DEX (the concentration of dexamethasone at which 50% of lysozyme activity is inhibited), a measure of lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity, after controlling for age, antidepressant status, and diabetes status (β = 0.142, p = 0.038), suggesting that increased lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity is associated with lower ccf-mtDNA levels. Although no overall group differences were found in unadjusted analyses, excluding subjects with diabetes and those taking antidepressants, which may affect ccf-mtDNA levels, as well as controlling for age, revealed decreased ccf-mtDNA levels in PTSD. In both adjusted and unadjusted analyses, low ccf-mtDNA levels were associated with relatively increased glucocorticoid sensitivity, often reported in PTSD, suggesting a link between mitochondrial and glucocorticoid-related abnormalities in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary N Blalock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gwyneth W Y Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Janine D Flory
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor I Reus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Rampersaud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Calarco CA, Keppetipola SM, Kumar G, Shipper AG, Lobo MK. Whole blood mitochondrial copy number in clinical populations with mood disorders: A meta-analysis: Blood mitochondrial copy number and mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115662. [PMID: 38118327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), are globally prevalent, contributing to significant disease burden and adverse health outcomes. These mood disorders are associated with changes in many aspects of brain reward pathways, yet cellular and molecular changes in the brain are not readily available in clinical populations. Therefore, the use of biomarkers as proxies for changes in the brain are necessary. The proliferation of mitochondria in blood has emerged as a potentially useful biomarker, yet a clear consensus on how these mood disorders impact mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has not been reached. To determine the current available consensus on the relationship of mood disorder diagnosis and blood mtDNcn, we performed a meta-analysis of available literature measuring this biomarker. Following PRISMA guidelines for a systematic search, 22 papers met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis (10 MDD, 10 BD, 2 both MDD and BD). We extracted demographic, disorder, and methodological information with mtDNAcn. Using the metafor package for R, calculated effect sizes were used in random effects or meta regression models for MDD and BD. Overall, our data suggest blood mtDNAcn may be a useful biomarker for mood disorders, with MDD and BD Type II associated with higher mtDNAcn, and BD Type I associated with lower mtDNAcn. Initially, we observed a trending increase in mtDNAcn in patients with MDD, which reached significance when one study with outlying demographic characteristics was excluded. Subgroup and meta-regression analysis indicated the relationship between mtDNAcn and diagnosis in patients with BD is dependent on BD type, while no relationship is detectable when BD types are mixed. Further study of blood mtDNAcn could predict downstream health outcomes or treatment responsivity in individuals with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cali A Calarco
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | | | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Andrea G Shipper
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, 601W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
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Calarco CA, Keppetipola SM, Kumar G, Shipper AG, Lobo MK. Whole blood mitochondrial copy number in clinical populations with mood disorders: a meta-analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.13.557572. [PMID: 37745411 PMCID: PMC10515896 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.557572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), are globally prevalent, contributing to significant disease burden and adverse health outcomes. These mood disorders are associated with changes in many aspects of brain reward pathways, yet cellular and molecular changes in the brain are not readily available in clinical populations. Therefore, the use of biomarkers as proxies for changes in the brain are necessary. The proliferation of mitochondria in blood has emerged as a potentially useful biomarker, yet a clear consensus on how these mood disorders impact mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has not been reached. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines for a systematic search, 22 papers met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis (10 MDD, 10 BD, 2 both MDD and BD). We extracted demographic, disorder, and methodological information with mtDNAcn. Using the metafor package for R, calculated effect sizes were used in random effects or meta regression models for MDD and BD. Results Our results show a trending increase in mtDNAcn in patients with MDD, which reaches significance when one study with outlying demographic characteristics is excluded. Overall, there was no effect of BD on mtDNAcn, however, further subgroup and meta-regression analysis indicated the effects on mtDNAcn are dependent on BD type. Conclusions Together our data suggest whole blood/leukocyte mtDNAcn may be a useful biomarker for mood disorders, with MDD and BD Type II associated with higher mtDNAcn, and BD Type I associated with lower mtDNAcn. Further study of blood mtDNAcn could predict downstream health outcomes or treatment responsivity in individuals with mood disorders.
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5
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Kurtulmuş A, Koçana CÇ, Toprak SF, Sözer S. The role of Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) in psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:262. [PMID: 37464177 PMCID: PMC10354097 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) are the nucleic acids secreted or released from all types of cells by endogenous or exogenous stimuli through varying mechanisms into the extracellular region and inevitably to all biological fluids. EGMs could be found as free, protein-bound, and/ or with vesicles. EGMs can potentially have immunophenotypic and/or genotypic characteristics of a cell of origin, travel to distant organs, and interact with the new microenvironment. To achieve all, EGMs might bi-directionally transit through varying membranes, including the blood-brain barrier. Such ability provides the transfer of any information related to the pathophysiological changes in psychiatric disorders in the brain to the other distant organ systems or vice versa. In this article, many aspects of EGMs have been elegantly reviewed, including their potential in diagnosis as biomarkers, application in treatment modalities, and functional effects in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The psychiatric disorders were studied under subgroups of Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and an autism spectrum disorders. EGMs provide a robust and promising tool in clinics for prognosis and diagnosis. The successful application of EGMs into treatment modalities might further provide encouraging outcomes for researchers and clinicians in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Kurtulmuş
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Göztepe Prof.Dr.Süleyman Yalçın City Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemal Çağıl Koçana
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Fulya Toprak
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Sözer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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6
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Verebi C, Nectoux J, Gorwood P, Le Strat Y, Duriez P, Ramoz N, Bienvenu T. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of circulating nucleic acids as biomarkers in psychiatry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110770. [PMID: 37068545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Common mental disorders (CMDs) such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders account for 40% of the global burden of disease. In most psychiatric disorders, both diagnosis and monitoring can be challenging, frequently requiring long-term investigation and follow-up. The discovery of better methods to facilitate accurate and fast diagnosis and monitoring of psychiatric disorders is therefore crucial. Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) are among these new tools. CNAs (DNA or RNA) can be found circulating in body biofluids, and can be isolated from biological samples such as plasma. They can serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognoses. They appear to be promising for disorders (such as psychiatric disorders) that involve organs or structures that are difficult to assess. This review presents an accurate assessment of the current literature about the use of plasma and serum cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as biomarkers for several aspects of psychiatric disorders: diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and monitor disease progression. For each psychiatric disorder, we examine the effect sizes to give insights on the efficacy of CNAs as biomarkers. The global effect size for plasma nuclear and mitochondrial cfDNA studies was generally moderate for psychiatric disorders. In addition, we discuss future applications of CNAs and particularly cfDNA as non-invasive biomarkers for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Verebi
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, Hôpital Cochin, AP.HP.CUP, Paris, France; INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Nectoux
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, Hôpital Cochin, AP.HP.CUP, Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CMME), Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Colombes, France
| | - Philibert Duriez
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CMME), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, Hôpital Cochin, AP.HP.CUP, Paris, France; INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France.
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7
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Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043402. [PMID: 36834811 PMCID: PMC9963116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the concentrations of different cfDNA types in schizophrenia, BD, and DDs compared with healthy donors. The mitochondrial (cf-mtDNA), genomic (cf-gDNA), and total cfDNA concentrations were analyzed separately. The effect size was estimated using the standardized mean difference (SMD). Eight reports for schizophrenia, four for BD, and five for DDs were included in the meta-analysis. However, there were only enough data to analyze the total cfDNA and cf-gDNA in schizophrenia and cf-mtDNA in BD and DDs. It has been shown that the levels of total cfDNA and cf-gDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Conversely, the levels of cf-mtDNA in BD and DDs do not differ compared with healthy individuals. Nevertheless, further research is needed in the case of BD and DDs due to the small sample sizes in the BD studies and the significant data heterogeneity in the DD studies. Additionally, further studies are needed on cf-mtDNA in schizophrenia or cf-gDNA and total cfDNA in BD and DDs due to insufficient data. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides the first evidence of increases in total cfDNA and cf-gDNA in schizophrenia but shows no changes in cf-mtDNA in BD and DDs. Increased circulating cfDNA in schizophrenia may be associated with chronic systemic inflammation, as cfDNA has been found to trigger inflammatory responses.
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Lindqvist D, Furmark T, Lavebratt C, Ohlsson L, Månsson KNT. Plasma circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in social anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 148:106001. [PMID: 36508952 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma levels of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS In this study, 88 participants (46 patients with SAD and 42 HCs) were enrolled and both ccf-mtDNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-cn) were measured at up to three times per individual (9-11 weeks apart). SAD patients also received cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) between the second and third time-point. RESULTS SAD patients had significantly lower ccf-mtDNA compared to HCs at all time points, but ccf-mtDNA did not change significantly after CBT, and was not associated with severity of anxiety symptoms. Plasma ccf-mtDNA did not significantly correlate with PBMC mtDNA-cn in patients. CONCLUSION This is the first report of lower ccf-mtDNA in patients with an anxiety disorder. Our findings could reflect a more chronic illness course in SAD patients with prolonged periods of psychological stress leading to decreased levels of ccf-mtDNA, but future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatry Research Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Furmark
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer N T Månsson
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Trumpff C, Rausser S, Haahr R, Karan KR, Gouspillou G, Puterman E, Kirschbaum C, Picard M. Dynamic behavior of cell-free mitochondrial DNA in human saliva. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 143:105852. [PMID: 35834882 PMCID: PMC9880596 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain their own genome that can be released in multiple biofluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, as cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA). In clinical studies, blood cf-mtDNA predicts mortality and higher cf-mtDNA levels are associated with mental and physical stress. However, the dynamics of cf-mtDNA has not been defined, and whether it can be measured non-invasively like other neuroendocrine markers in saliva has not been examined. Here we report cf-mtDNA in human saliva and establish its natural within-person dynamic behavior across multiple weeks. In a small proof-of-principle cohort of healthy adults, we first develop an approach to rapidly quantify salivary cf-mtDNA without DNA isolation, and demonstrate the existence of salivary cf-mtDNA. We then deploy this approach to perform an intensive repeated-measures analysis of two healthy men studied at 4 daily timepoints over 53-60 consecutive days (n = 212-220 observations each) with parallel measures of steroid hormones, self-reported daily mood, and health-related behaviors. Salivary cf-mtDNA exhibited a robust awakening response reaching up to two orders of magnitude 30-45 min after awakening, varied from day-to-day, and moderately correlated with the cortisol awakening response. In exploratory analyses, no consistent association with self-reported daily mood/health-related behaviors were found, although this requires further examination in future studies. Dynamic variation in cf-mtDNA was inversely related with salivary interleukin 6 (IL-6), inconsistent with a pro-inflammatory effect of salivary cf-mtDNA. The highly dynamic behavior of salivary cf-mtDNA opens the door to non-invasive studies examining the relevance of mtDNA signaling in relation to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Shannon Rausser
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Haahr
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kalpita R. Karan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Département des Sciences de l’Activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eli Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia University Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
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10
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Serna-Rodríguez MF, Bernal-Vega S, de la Barquera JAOS, Camacho-Morales A, Pérez-Maya AA. The role of damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) and permeability of the blood-brain barrier in depression and neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 371:577951. [PMID: 35994946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogeneous mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and loss of interest that render the subject unable to handle basic daily activities such as sleeping, eating, or working. Neurobiological traits leading to depression include genetic background, early life abuse, life stressors, and systemic and central inflammatory profiles. Several clinical and preclinical reports documented that depression shows an increase in pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL-)1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon (IFN)-γ; and a decrease in anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β species. Inflammatory activation may trigger and maintain depression. Dynamic crosstalk between the peripheral immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) such as activated endothelial cells, monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells, and microglia has been proposed as a leading cause of neuroinflammation. Notably, pro-inflammatory cytokines disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. While still under investigation, peripheral cytokines can engage brain pathways and affect the central synthesis of HPA hormones and neurotransmitters through several mechanisms such as activation of the vagus nerve, increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), altered cytokines transport systems, and engaging toll-like receptors (TLRs) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, physiological mechanisms that favor time-dependent central inflammation before or during illness are not totally understood. This review will provide preclinical and clinical evidence of DAMPs and the BBB permeability as contributors to depression and neuroinflammation. We will also discuss pharmacologic approaches that could potentially modulate DAMPs and BBB permeability for future interventions against major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Serna-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Monterrey CP. 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Sofía Bernal-Vega
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Monterrey CP. 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Monterrey CP. 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Alí Pérez-Maya
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Monterrey CP. 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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11
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Park SS, Jeong H, Andreazza AC. Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in brain health and disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:87-102. [PMID: 34096821 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1938214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) are detectable fragments of mtDNA released from the cell as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction or apoptosis. The brain is one of the most energy demanding organs in the human body, and many neuropsychiatric and non-psychiatric neurological diseases have mitochondrial dysfunction associated with disease pathophysiology. Thus, we aimed to assess ccf-mtDNA as a potential biomarker for brain diseases. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies that examined peripheral and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ccf-mtDNA relevant to neuropsychiatric conditions, which we define as disorders of affect, behaviour and mood, and non-psychiatric neurological diseases, which consist of neurological diseases not related to psychiatry including neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS The results of the sensitivity analysis investigating the levels of peripheral ccf-mtDNA in neuropsychiatric studies showed no significant difference between cases and controls (Z = 1.57; p = 0.12), whereas the results of the sensitivity analysis investigating the levels of CSF ccf-mtDNA in non-psychiatric neurological diseases showed a decreasing trend in cases compared with controls (Z = 2.32; p = 0.02). Interestingly, the results indicate an overall mitochondrial stress associated mainly with non-psychiatric neurological diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the involvement of mitochondrial stress, here defined as ccf-mtDNA, in brain diseases and encourage further investigation of ccf-mtDNA among patients with brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sohyun Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hyunjin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Dong X, Lu K, Lin P, Che H, Li H, Song L, Yang X, Xie W. Saccharina japonica Ethanol Extract Ameliorates Depression/Anxiety-Like Behavior by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Ulcerative Colitis Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:784532. [PMID: 34977127 PMCID: PMC8716690 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.784532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharina japonica is a common marine vegetable in East Asian markets and has a variety of health benefits. This study was focused on the anti-depressant/anxiety effects of Saccharina japonica ethanol extract (SJE) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice and its potential mechanism in their brain. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with mesalazine and various doses of SJE (1, 2, and 4 g/kg body weight) for 2 weeks, followed by DSS treatment at the second week. The DSS-induced mice showed depression/anxiety-like behavior, which included shorter path length in the open field test and longer immobility time in the tail suspension test. L-SJE alleviated the depression-like behaviors. In the DSS-induced mice, reduced synaptic plasticity activated microglia, increased proinflammatory cytokines, decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine, and increased expression levels of Toll-like receptors-4, nuclear factor kappa-B, NOD-like receptors 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and Caspase-1 were observed, most of which were alleviated by SJE treatment. Furthermore, all the SJE groups could significantly enhance superoxide dismutase activity, while the L-SJE treatment decreased the contents of malondialdehyde, and the H-SJE treatment inhibited apoptosis. All these results showed that the SJE might serve as a nutritional agent for protecting the brain in ulcerative colitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wancui Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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13
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Fernström J, Ohlsson L, Asp M, Lavant E, Holck A, Grudet C, Westrin Å, Lindqvist D. Plasma circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in depressive disorders. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259591. [PMID: 34735532 PMCID: PMC8568274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is an immunogenic molecule and a novel biomarker of psychiatric disorders. Some previous studies reported increased levels of ccf-mtDNA in unmedicated depression and recent suicide attempters, while other studies found unchanged or decreased ccf-mtDNA levels in depression. Inconsistent findings across studies may be explained by small sample sizes and between-study variations in somatic and psychiatric co-morbidity or medication status. Methods We measured plasma ccf-mtDNA in a cohort of 281 patients with depressive disorders and 49 healthy controls. Ninety-three percent of all patients were treated with one or several psychotropic medications. Thirty-six percent had a personality disorder, 13% bipolar disorder. All analyses involving ccf-mtDNA were a priori adjusted for age and sex. Results Mean levels in ccf-mtDNA were significantly different between patients with a current depressive episode (n = 236), remitted depressive episode (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 49) (f = 8.3, p<0.001). Post-hoc tests revealed that both patients with current (p<0.001) and remitted (p = 0.002) depression had lower ccf-mtDNA compared to controls. Within the depressed group there was a positive correlation between ccf-mtDNA and “inflammatory depression symptoms” (r = 0.15, p = 0.02). We also found that treatment with mood stabilizers lamotrigine, valproic acid or lithium was associated with lower ccf-mtDNA (f = 8.1, p = 0.005). Discussion Decreased plasma ccf-mtDNA in difficult-to-treat depression may be partly explained by concurrent psychotropic medications and co-morbidity. Our findings suggest that ccf-mtDNA may be differentially regulated in different subtypes of depression, and this hypothesis should be pursued in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fernström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatric Clinic Lund, Region Skåne, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Health and Society, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie Asp
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatric Clinic Lund, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Eva Lavant
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Health and Society, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Amanda Holck
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatric Clinic Lund, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Cécile Grudet
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Westrin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatry Research Skåne, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatry Research Skåne, Region Skåne, Sweden
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14
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Trumpff C, Michelson J, Lagranha CJ, Taleon V, Karan KR, Sturm G, Lindqvist D, Fernström J, Moser D, Kaufman BA, Picard M. Stress and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA: A systematic review of human studies, physiological considerations, and technical recommendations. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:225-245. [PMID: 33839318 PMCID: PMC8418815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is a marker of inflammatory disease and a predictor of mortality, but little is known about cf-mtDNA in relation to psychobiology. A systematic review of the literature reveals that blood cf-mtDNA varies in response to common real-world stressors including psychopathology, acute psychological stress, and exercise. Moreover, cf-mtDNA is inducible within minutes and exhibits high intra-individual day-to-day variation, highlighting the dynamic regulation of cf-mtDNA levels. We discuss current knowledge on the mechanisms of cf-mtDNA release, its forms of transport ("cell-free" does not mean "membrane-free"), potential physiological functions, putative cellular and neuroendocrine triggers, and factors that may contribute to cf-mtDNA removal from the circulation. A review of in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies shows conflicting results around the dogma that physiological forms of cf-mtDNA are pro-inflammatory, opening the possibility of other physiological functions, including the cell-to-cell transfer of whole mitochondria. Finally, to enhance the reproducibility and biological interpretation of human cf-mtDNA research, we propose guidelines for blood collection, cf-mtDNA isolation, quantification, and reporting standards, which can promote concerted advances by the community. Defining the mechanistic basis for cf-mtDNA signaling is an opportunity to elucidate the role of mitochondria in brain-body interactions and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Veronica Taleon
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kalpita R Karan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Sturm
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Office of Psychiatry and Habilitation, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Johan Fernström
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk Moser
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA.
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15
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Moya GE, Rivera PD, Dittenhafer-Reed KE. Evidence for the Role of Mitochondrial DNA Release in the Inflammatory Response in Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7030. [PMID: 34209978 PMCID: PMC8268735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are regarded as the metabolic centers of cells and are integral in many other cell processes, including the immune response. Each mitochondrion contains numerous copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a small, circular, and bacterial-like DNA. In response to cellular damage or stress, mtDNA can be released from the mitochondrion and trigger immune and inflammatory responses. mtDNA release into the cytosol or bloodstream can occur as a response to hypoxia, sepsis, traumatic injury, excitatory cytotoxicity, or drastic mitochondrial membrane potential changes, some of which are hallmarks of neurodegenerative and mood disorders. Released mtDNA can mediate inflammatory responses observed in many neurological and mood disorders by driving the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the interferon response system. The current understanding of the role of mtDNA release in affective mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip D. Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA;
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16
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Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B, Kapczinski F, Pfaffenseller B. Biological Pathways Associated with Neuroprogression in Bipolar Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020228. [PMID: 33673277 PMCID: PMC7918818 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting clinical progression in a subset of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This progression is associated with worse clinical outcomes and biological changes. Molecular pathways and biological markers of clinical progression have been identified and may explain the progressive changes associated with this disorder. The biological basis for clinical progression in BD is called neuroprogression. We propose that the following intertwined pathways provide the biological basis of neuroprogression: inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuroplasticity and cellular resilience. The nonlinear interaction of these pathways may worsen clinical outcomes, cognition, and functioning. Understanding neuroprogression in BD is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets, preventing illness progression, and ultimately promoting better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Wollenhaupt-Aguiar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; (B.W.-A.); (F.K.)
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; (B.W.-A.); (F.K.)
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pfaffenseller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; (B.W.-A.); (F.K.)
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence:
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17
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Bauer ME, Teixeira AL. Neuroinflammation in Mood Disorders: Role of Regulatory Immune Cells. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:99-107. [PMID: 33951643 DOI: 10.1159/000515594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are associated with chronic low-grade systemic (sterile) inflammation, with increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators targeting all tissues including the brain. Importantly, pro-inflammatory cytokines (ex., tumor-necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-6) regulate mood behavior and cognition by influencing neurotransmitter levels, activating stress-responsive endocrine axes, among other effects. However, the mechanisms underlying this enhanced inflammation are not well understood. There is increasing evidence indicating that impaired immunoregulatory mechanisms may play a role in this context. Patients with mood disorders (major depression [MDD] and bipolar disorder [BD]) have reduced numbers of major regulatory cells of both innate (natural killer regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs]) and adaptive immune responses (CD4+CD25+FoxP3+, B regulatory cells). Dysfunctional regulatory immune cells might contribute to systemic and neuroinflammation observed in mood disorders via different mechanisms, such as: (i) failure to develop adequate stress-related responses, (ii) indirectly through microglial activation, (iii) lack of trophic support and pro-cognitive functions of T cells in the brain, and (iv) dysbiosis. In conclusion, maladaptive immunoregulatory mechanisms seem to be involved with both onset and progression of mood disorders. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés E Bauer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology - Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Rosa HS, Ajaz S, Gnudi L, Malik AN. A case for measuring both cellular and cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a disease biomarker in human blood. FASEB J 2020; 34:12278-12288. [PMID: 32729179 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000959rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), widely studied as a disease biomarker, comprises of mtDNA located within mitochondria, indicative of mitochondrial function, and cell-free (cf) mtDNA linked to inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the ranges of, and relationship between, cellular and cf mtDNA in human blood. Whole blood from 23 controls (HC) and 20 patients with diabetes was separated into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, and serum. Total DNA was isolated and mtDNA copy numbers were determined using absolute quantification. Cellular mtDNA content in PBMCs was higher than in peripheral blood and a surprisingly high level of cf mtDNA was present in serum and plasma of HC, with no direct relationship between cellular and cf mtDNA content within individuals. Diabetes patients had similar levels of cellular mtDNA compared to healthy participants but a significantly higher cf mtDNA content. Furthermore, only in patients with diabetes, we observed a correlation between whole blood and plasma mtDNA levels, indicating that the relationship between cellular and cf mtDNA content is affected by disease status. In conclusion, when evaluating mtDNA in human blood as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction, it is important to measure both cellular and cf mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Rosa
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Saima Ajaz
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Gnudi
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Afshan N Malik
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Hughes H, Ashwood P. Overlapping evidence of innate immune dysfunction in psychotic and affective disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100038. [PMID: 34589829 PMCID: PMC8474635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of the immune system and immune responses after activation are a common finding in neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychotic and affective disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) also share high rates of comorbidity with inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Evidence of elevated circulating inflammatory cytokines, altered numbers and function of immune cells, and evidence of neuroinflammation including activation of microglia in the brain have been found in patients with SCZ, BD and MDD. Often these findings correlate to psychological state at the time of measurement. However, significant variation exists across these studies in many aspects, creating challenges in identifying a specific signature of immune dysfunction in these disorders. Innate immune dysfunction, and alterations in monocytes, the critical sentinel cells of the innate immune system, have been seen repeatedly in all three of these disorders, with frequent overlap in findings. In this review, dysfunction specific to the innate arm of the immune system is compared for overlapping evidence across three major psychotic and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.K. Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P. Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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20
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Ascoli BM, Parisi MM, Bristot G, Antqueviezc B, Géa LP, Colombo R, Kapczinski F, Guma FTCR, Brietzke E, Barbé-Tuana FM, Rosa AR. Attenuated inflammatory response of monocyte-derived macrophage from patients with BD: a preliminary report. Int J Bipolar Disord 2019; 7:13. [PMID: 31152269 PMCID: PMC6544740 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-019-0148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune system dysfunction has been recognized as an important element in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). We aimed to investigate whether there are differences in the response of macrophages derived from patients in the early stages and late stages of BD and healthy subjects. METHODS Human monocytes purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with BD type I (n = 18)-further classified into early- and late stage BD patients according to their functioning- and from healthy individuals (n = 10) were differentiated into macrophages in vitro. Monocyte-derived macrophages (M) were exposed to IFNγ plus LPS-M(IFNγ + LPS)- or IL-4-M(IL-4)-to induce their polarization into the classical (also called M1) or alternative (also called M2) activation phenotypes, respectively; or either Mψ were not exposed to any stimuli characterizing the resting state (denominated M0). In vitro secretion of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, was used as an index of macrophage activity. RESULTS M(IFNγ + LPS) from late-stage BD patients produced less amount of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 when compared to early-stage BD patients and healthy controls. Following alternative activation, M(IL-4) derived from late-stage patients secreted less IL-6 compared to the other groups. TNFα was less secreted by all macrophage phenotypes derived from late-stage patients when compared to healthy controls only (p < 0.005). Mψ from late-stage patients exhibited lower production of IL-1β and IL-10 compared to macrophages from healthy subjects and early-stage patients respectively. Interestingly, cytokines secretion from M(IFNγ + LPS), M(IL-4) and Mψ were similar between early-stage patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a progressive dysfunction in the response of peripheral innate immune cells of BD patients in the late stages of the illness. This failure in the regulation of the immune system function may be implicated in the multisystemic progression of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna M Ascoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Parisi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Bristot
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Antqueviezc
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza P Géa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, Caxias Do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fátima Theresinha Costa Rodrigues Guma
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology of Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (USP), Rua Sena Madureira, 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Florencia M Barbé-Tuana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane R Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Elevated Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA in Filtered Plasma Is Associated With HIV Infection and Inflammation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 78:111-118. [PMID: 29630031 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased cell-free DNA levels are associated with poor health outcomes, and cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) has proinflammatory properties. Given that HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation, we investigated the relationship between cf-mtDNA and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the context of HIV infection. We also optimized separation of cell-free plasma from blood. SETTING In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we collected blood, demographic information, and clinical data from 99 HIV-infected and 103 HIV-uninfected adults and children enrolled in the Children and Women: AntiRetrovirals and Markers of Aging pan-Canadian (CARMA) cohort. METHODS Plasma was separated from blood by 14,000g centrifugation followed by 0.45-μm filtration to remove cells and platelets. Cf-mtDNA and cell-free nuclear DNA were quantified simultaneously via monochrome, multiplex, quantitative polymerase chain reaction. IL-6 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Higher speed centrifugation and filtration was necessary to isolate truly cell-free plasma. Higher cf-mtDNA levels were univariately associated with HIV infection, elevated IL-6 levels, younger age, higher white blood cell count, and higher cell-free nuclear DNA levels but not blood mtDNA content or HIV viral load. In a multivariable model, HIV infection (P < 0.001), elevated IL-6 (P = 0.021), younger age (P < 0.001), and higher blood nDNA levels (P = 0.007) were independently associated with higher cf-mtDNA. CONCLUSIONS People living with HIV have higher levels of circulating cf-mtDNA than their uninfected peers. Increased levels of inflammatory marker IL-6 are associated with elevated cf-mtDNA, independent of the effect of HIV infection. Higher cf-mtDNA levels and white blood cell count in younger people may reflect higher cell turnover in that population.
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Zhou YQ, Liu DQ, Chen SP, Sun J, Zhou XR, Xing C, Ye DW, Tian YK. The Role of CXCR3 in Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:142-150. [PMID: 29119926 PMCID: PMC6343204 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171109161140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological diseases have become an obvious challenge due to insufficient therapeutic intervention. Therefore, novel drugs for various neurological disorders are in desperate need. Recently, compelling evidence has demonstrated that chemokine receptor CXCR3, which is a G protein-coupled receptor in the CXC chemokine receptor family, may play a pivotal role in the development of neurological diseases. The aim of this review is to provide evidence for the potential of CXCR3 as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. METHODS English journal articles that focused on the invovlement of CXCR3 in neurological diseases were searched via PubMed up to May 2017. Moreover, reference lists from identified articles were included for overviews. RESULTS The expression level of CXCR3 in T cells was significantly elevated in several neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), glioma, Alzheimer's disease (AD), chronic pain, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and bipolar disorder. CXCR3 antagonists showed therapeutic effects in these neurological diseases. CONCLUSION These studies provided hard evidence that CXCR3 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of MS, glioma, AD, chronic pain, HAM/TSP and bipolar disorder. CXCR3 is a crucial molecule in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It regulates the activation of infiltrating cells and resident immune cells. However, the exact functions of CXCR3 in neurological diseases are inconclusive. Thus, it is important to understand the topic of chemokines and the scope of their activity in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Zhou
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Liu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ping Chen
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui Xing
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Fries GR, Walss-Bass C, Bauer ME, Teixeira AL. Revisiting inflammation in bipolar disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 177:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Morris G, Walker AJ, Berk M, Maes M, Puri BK. Cell Death Pathways: a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neuroscientists. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5767-5786. [PMID: 29052145 PMCID: PMC5994217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the first part, the following mechanisms involved in different forms of cell death are considered, with a view to identifying potential therapeutic targets: tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and their engagement by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP)-1 cleavage; the apoptosis signalling kinase (ASK)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) axis; lysosomal permeability; activation of programmed necrotic cell death; oxidative stress, caspase-3 inhibition and parthanatos; activation of inflammasomes by reactive oxygen species and the development of pyroptosis; oxidative stress, calcium dyshomeostasis and iron in the development of lysosomal-mediated necrosis and lysosomal membrane permeability; and oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis. In the second part, there is a consideration of the role of lethal and sub-lethal activation of these pathways in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders, with particular reference to the TNF-α-TNFR signalling axis; dysregulation of ASK-1-JNK signalling; prolonged or chronic PARP-1 activation; the role of pyroptosis and chronic inflammasome activation; and the roles of lysosomal permeabilisation, necroptosis and ferroptosis. Finally, it is suggested that, in addition to targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory processes generally, neuropsychiatric disorders may respond to therapeutic targeting of TNF-α, PARP-1, the Nod-like receptor NLRP3 inflammasome and the necrosomal molecular switch receptor-interacting protein kinase-3, since their widespread activation can drive and/or exacerbate peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation even in the absence of cell death. To this end, the use is proposed of a combination of the tetracycline derivative minocycline and N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive treatment for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morris
- , Bryn Road Seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, , SA15 2LW, UK
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - A J Walker
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - M Berk
- The Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-040, Brazil
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - M Maes
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK.
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26
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Cheng Y, Li Z, He S, Tian Y, He F, Li W. Elevated heat shock proteins in bipolar disorder patients with hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11089. [PMID: 29979378 PMCID: PMC6076087 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (HSP) might be useful as biomarkers for bipolar disorder (BD) which would be clinically valuable since no reliable biomarker for BD has so far been identified. The purpose of this study was to assess the heat shock proteins CPN10, CPN60, and CPN70 as potential biomarkers of BD. METHODS The study included 100 BD patients recruited from a hospital during 2012 and 2013. The study also included 94 healthy controls. Among the BD patients, 33 had abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Blood samples were obtained from the patients and controls. The chemiluminescence method, mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry were used for analysis. RESULTS The BD patients compared with the controls had a significantly lower level of CPN10 and significantly higher levels of CPN60 and CPN70. The BD patients with abnormal HPA axis activity had a significantly lower level of CPN60 compared with the normal HPA axis activity group of BD patients. The CPN60 level significantly inversely correlated with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level in patients with bipolar depression and in patients with bipolar hypomania, and CPN70 significantly correlated with ACTH level in patients with bipolar depression and hypomania. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the heat shock proteins CPN10, CPN60, and CPN70 might have potential as biomarkers for BD and CPN60 blood level might distinguish patients with abnormal HPA axis activity from those with normal HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Cheng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - San He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yujie Tian
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Fan He
- Department of Psychiatry Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Kageyama Y, Kasahara T, Kato M, Sakai S, Deguchi Y, Tani M, Kuroda K, Hattori K, Yoshida S, Goto Y, Kinoshita T, Inoue K, Kato T. The relationship between circulating mitochondrial DNA and inflammatory cytokines in patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 2018. [PMID: 28633757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inflammatory cytokines are established biomarkers of mood disorders, their molecular mechanism is not known. We hypothesized that circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributes to inflammation and could be used as biomarkers. We investigated if circulating mtDNA level is associated with inflammatory cytokines and can be used as a biomarker of mood disorders. METHODS Plasma mtDNA concentration was measured with real-time quantitative PCR targeting two regions of the mtDNA and plasma levels of four cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6) were measured with a multiplex immunoassay method in 109 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The most significantly correlated cytokine was verified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data from 28 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 17 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), and 29 healthy controls were compared. RESULTS MtDNA levels showed a nominal positive correlation with GM-CSF, IL-2 and IL-4 in patients with MDD. The most significant correlation with IL-4 (ρ = 0.38, P < 0.00005) was verified with an ELISA (ρ = 0.19, P = 0.049). Unexpectedly, patients with MDD and BD showed significantly lower plasma mtDNA levels than controls. MtDNA levels were lower in the depressive state than in the euthymic state in patients with MDD. Patients with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia did not show significantly higher levels of these four cytokines than controls. LIMITATIONS There is a possibility that the patients in this study are different from previous studies in which increased cytokine levels were reported. MtDNA levels should be measured in patients showing elevated plasma cytokine levels. A larger sample is required to generalize the results. CONCLUSIONS The present findings coincide with our hypothesis that circulating mtDNA contributes to the inflammation in MDD. Further studies are needed to conclude whether plasma mtDNA would be a biomarker of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kageyama
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaoki Kasahara
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Sakai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Deguchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hannan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Yoshida
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Goto
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
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Ferrari P, Parisi MM, Colombo R, Becker M, Fries G, Ascoli BM, Géa LP, Anna MKS, Kapczinski F, Klamt F, Guma FTCR, Rosa AR, Barbé-Tuana FM. Depression and Mania Induce Pro-inflammatory Activation of Macrophages Following Application of Serum from Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 16:103-108. [PMID: 29397672 PMCID: PMC5810451 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Evidence has suggested that immune imbalance is involved with bipolar disorder (BD); however, its precise mechanism is poorly understood. This study investigated whether biochemical changes in the serum from BD patients could modulate the phenotype of cultured macrophages. Methods Eighteen subjects with BD and five healthy individuals were included in this study. The human monocyte cell line U-937 was activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and polarization was induced with RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10% serum from each patient for 24 hours. Gene expression of selected M1 and M2 markers was assessed by quantitative PCR. Results Macrophages exposed to serum of manic and depressive BD patients displayed an increase of interleukin-1β (6.40±3.47 and 9.04±5.84 vs. 0.23±0.11; p<0.05) and tumor necrosis factor-α (2.23±0.91 and 2.03±0.45 vs. 0.62±0.24; p=0.002 and p=0.004, respectively) compared to euthymic group (there was no difference between euthymic and controls). In parallel, U-937 macrophages treated with serum of patients in acute episode displayed a down-regulation of CXCL9 (0.29±0.20 vs. 1.86±1.61; p=0.006) and CXCL10 expression (0.36±0.15 and 0.86±0.24 vs. 1.83±0.88; p<0.000 and p=0.04) compared to the euthymia group. Conclusion Our results are consistent with previous studies showing that changes in peripheral blood markers could modulate M1/M2 polarization in BD. The evidence of macrophages as source of inflammatory cytokines might be helpful to unravel how the mononuclear phagocyte system is involved in the etiology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ferrari
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Migliorini Parisi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Matheus Becker
- Postgraduate Program: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Fries
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Maria Ascoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Paul Géa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Postgraduate Program: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kauer-Sant Anna
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio Klamt
- Postgraduate Program: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fátima T C R Guma
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology of Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Postgraduate Program: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Florencia M Barbé-Tuana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Pinto JV, Passos IC, Librenza-Garcia D, Marcon G, Schneider MA, Conte JH, Abreu da Silva JP, Lima LP, Quincozes-Santos A, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Kapczinski F. Neuron-glia Interaction as a Possible Pathophysiological Mechanism of Bipolar Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:519-532. [PMID: 28847296 PMCID: PMC5997869 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170828170921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown the importance of glial cells in the neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Activated microglia and inflammatory cytokines have been pointed out as potential biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Indeed, recent studies have shown that bipolar disorder involves microglial activation in the hippocampus and alterations in peripheral cytokines, suggesting a potential link between neuroinflammation and peripheral toxicity. These abnormalities may also be the biological underpinnings of outcomes related to neuroprogression, such as cognitive impairment and brain changes. Additionally, astrocytes may have a role in the progression of bipolar disorder, as these cells amplify inflammatory response and maintain glutamate homeostasis, preventing excitotoxicity. The present review aims to discuss neuron-glia interactions and their role in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton-ON, Canada; Tel: +55 512 101 8845; E-mails: ,
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Tsai MC, Huang TL. Decreased S100B serum levels after treatment in bipolar patients in a manic phase. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 74:27-34. [PMID: 28088747 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that patients with bipolar disorder might have brain damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of brain injury biomarkers and S100A10 in bipolar patients in a manic phase, and evaluate the changes in S100B, neuron specific enolase (NSE), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and S100A10 after treatment. METHOD We consecutively enrolled 17 bipolar inpatients in a manic phase and 30 healthy subjects. Serum brain injury biomarkers and S100A10 were measured with assay kits. All patients were evaluated by examining the correlation between brain injury biomarkers and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores. RESULT We found significantly decreased S100B levels only in bipolar manic patients after treatment (p=0.002), but S100B levels were not significantly different from those in healthy controls (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate there were decreased S100B serum levels in bipolar patients in a manic phase after treatment and that increased serum S100B levels might be a possible indicator of transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier in bipolar patients in a manic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chang Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tiao-Lai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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31
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Morris G, Walder K, McGee SL, Dean OM, Tye SJ, Maes M, Berk M. A model of the mitochondrial basis of bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Boyapati RK, Tamborska A, Dorward DA, Ho GT. Advances in the understanding of mitochondrial DNA as a pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases. F1000Res 2017; 6:169. [PMID: 28299196 PMCID: PMC5321122 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10397.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has many similarities with bacterial DNA because of their shared common ancestry. Increasing evidence demonstrates mtDNA to be a potent danger signal that is recognised by the innate immune system and can directly modulate the inflammatory response. In humans, elevated circulating mtDNA is found in conditions with significant tissue injury such as trauma and sepsis and increasingly in chronic organ-specific and systemic illnesses such as steatohepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, we examine our current understanding of mtDNA-mediated inflammation and how the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and mtDNA release represent exciting and previously under-recognised important factors in many human inflammatory diseases, offering many new translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray K Boyapati
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Arina Tamborska
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A Dorward
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gwo-Tzer Ho
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Kapczinski NS, Mwangi B, Cassidy RM, Librenza-Garcia D, Bermudez MB, Kauer-Sant’anna M, Kapczinski F, Passos IC. Neuroprogression and illness trajectories in bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:277-285. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1240615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália S Kapczinski
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan M Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diego Librenza-Garcia
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal das Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariane Bagatin Bermudez
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal das Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kauer-Sant’anna
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ascoli BM, Géa LP, Colombo R, Barbé-Tuana FM, Kapczinski F, Rosa AR. The role of macrophage polarization on bipolar disorder: Identifying new therapeutic targets. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:618-30. [PMID: 27091850 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416642846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder is a chronic, severe and disabling disease; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that inflammation and immune dysregulation play a significant role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. This review is aimed to highlight the importance of systemic inflammation in modulating the inflammatory response of microglia and hence its potential involvement with bipolar disorder. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies that emerge from this new research. METHOD This article presents a theoretical synthesis of the effects of systemic inflammation on the immune response of the central nervous system in bipolar disorder. The complex relationship between stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial dysfunction is summarized, emphasizing the role of the kynurenine pathway in this process and, consequently, their effects on neuronal plasticity. RESULTS Bipolar patients demonstrate increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis sensitivity. This imbalance in the immune system promotes a change in blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to an inflammatory signal spread in the central nervous system from the periphery, through macrophages activation (M1 polarization). Chronic microglial activation can result in neuronal apoptosis, neurogenesis inhibition, hippocampal volume reduction, lower neurotransmitters synthesis and cytotoxicity, by increasing glutamate production and kynurenine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in the immune system imbalance and its potential involvement in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Consequently, new strategies that normalize the immune-inflammatory pathways may provide a valuable therapeutic target for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna M Ascoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza P Géa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Florência M Barbé-Tuana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Miller AH, Raison CL. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:22-34. [PMID: 26711676 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2018] [Impact Index Per Article: 252.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between inflammatory pathways and neurocircuits in the brain can lead to behavioural responses, such as avoidance and alarm, that are likely to have provided early humans with an evolutionary advantage in their interactions with pathogens and predators. However, in modern times, such interactions between inflammation and the brain appear to drive the development of depression and may contribute to non-responsiveness to current antidepressant therapies. Recent data have elucidated the mechanisms by which the innate and adaptive immune systems interact with neurotransmitters and neurocircuits to influence the risk for depression. Here, we detail our current understanding of these pathways and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Miller
- Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, 30322 Georgia, USA
| | - Charles L Raison
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706 Wisconsin, USA
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Dysregulation of the NF-κB pathway as a potential inducer of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 70:18-27. [PMID: 26424419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A century of investigations enhanced our understanding of bipolar disorder although it remains a complex multifactorial disorder with a mostly unknown pathophysiology and etiology. The role of the immune system in this disorder is one of the most controversial topics in genetic psychiatry. Though inflammation has been consistently reported in bipolar patients, it remains unclear how the immunologic process influences the disorder. One of the core components of the immune system is the NF-κB pathway, which plays an essential role in the development of innate and adaptive immunity. Remarkably, the NF-κB pathway received only little attention in bipolar studies, as opposed to studies of related psychiatric disorders where immune dysregulation has been proposed to explain the neurodegeneration in patient conditions. If immune dysregulation can also explains the neurodegeneration in bipolar disorder, it will underscore the role of the immune system in the chronicity and pathophysiology of the disorder and may promote personalized therapeutic strategies. This is the first review to summarize the current knowledge of the pathophysiological functions of NF-κB in bipolar disorder.
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Leboyer M. Is it time for immuno-psychiatry in bipolar disorder and suicidal behaviour? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:159-60. [PMID: 26189642 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Leboyer
- Inserm U955, AP-HP (Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital H. Mondor), DHU PePSY, and Fondation FondaMental, Paris-Est University, Créteil, France.
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