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Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Dental caries in children and vitamin D deficiency: a narrative review. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:523-528. [PMID: 37966493 PMCID: PMC10912272 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries represents one of the most prevalent health problems in childhood. Numerous studies have assessed that vitamin D deficiency is highly related to dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children. The aim of this study is to elaborate a narrative review about proposed mechanisms by which vitamin D deficiency interacts with dental caries process in children. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may cause intrauterine enamel defects, and through childhood is accompanied by insufficient activity of antibacterial peptides, decreased saliva secretion, and a low level of calcium in saliva. Conclusion: In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency would increase the risk of caries in the primary and/or permanent dentition. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and dental caries is evident enough for vitamin D deficiency to be considered as a risk factor for dental caries in children. Optimal levels of vitamin D throughout pregnancy and childhood may be considered an additional preventive measure for dental caries in the primary and permanent dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Durá-Travé
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Avenue Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano
- Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Universitary, Pamplona, Spain
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Pu R, Fu M, Li N, Jiang Z. A certain protective effect of vitamin D against dental caries in US children and youth: A cross-sectional study. J Public Health Dent 2023; 83:231-238. [PMID: 37005066 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies reported that evidence of the association between caries and vitamin D was inconclusive. We investigated the relationship between dental caries and serum vitamin D levels in US children and youth aged 5-19 years through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The purpose of this study was to analyze the relations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] level and dental caries in children and youth. METHODS Data were collected from the NHANES dataset performed in 2011-2018. A total of 8896 subjects completed the examination was enrolled. Serum 25(OH)D was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). All teeth examined and caries assessment was conducted by licensed dentists. Statistical analyses included complex samples Chi-square tests, analysis of variance, logistic regression analyses, and restricted cubic splines conducted by R software. RESULTS There was a nonlinear relation between dental caries and age in youth. Vitamin D showed a relatively stable protective effect when the concentration exceeded 60 nmol/L. There was a dose-effect relation that a 10 nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations was associated with a decreased caries odd by 10%. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that vitamin D sufficiency may be a protective factor for dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdie Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Akinkugbe AA, Brickhouse TH, Bandyopadhyay D, Nascimento MM, Slade GD. Prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and offspring caries experience: Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266247. [PMID: 35358251 PMCID: PMC8970488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing maternal overweight/obesity and pregnancy weight gain are associated with adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and prematurity, which may increase the risk of developmental tooth defects and early childhood caries. We sought to investigate the association between prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain (GWG) and the risk of early childhood caries. Data from 1,429 mother-offspring participants of the 1991/1992 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were analyzed. The exposures were prepregnancy BMI (under/normal weight vs. overweight/obese), and gestational weight gain (GWG) based on the Institute of Medicine’s recommended levels. The main outcome measured was offspring caries experience determined by clinical oral examinations at three time points. Log binomial regression estimated risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Seventy six percent (76%) of the mothers were under/normal weight prepregnancy, 39% and 26% respectively gained less and more than the recommended weight for their prepregnancy BMI during pregnancy. Being overweight/obese prepregnancy was associated with unadjusted RR (95% CI) of offspring caries of 1.16 (0.90, 1.51) at 31-months, 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) at 43-months and 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) at 61-months. GWG less than recommended was associated with higher unadjusted offspring caries experience of 1.13 (0.86, 1.48), 1.17 (0.92, 1.48) and 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) at 31-months, 43-months and 61-months respectively. There was insufficient evidence to indicate an association between prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain on offspring caries experience risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderonke A. Akinkugbe
- Department of Dental Public Health and Policy, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry, and Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tegwyn H. Brickhouse
- Department of Dental Public Health and Policy, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry, and Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marcelle M. Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary D. Slade
- Pediatric Public Health Department, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Mj S, N M, Jm C, Dj M, R S, Mc S, Dp B, J L, Nm K, Jl H, Kj S, S L. DNA methylation in childhood dental caries and hypomineralization. J Dent 2021; 117:103913. [PMID: 34875274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epigenetic modulation of gene expression may be important in dental conditions, including dental caries and enamel hypomineralisation. The aims of this study were to assess associations between DNA methylation in cord blood leucocytes at birth, and caries experience and enamel hypomineralisation at six years of age. METHOD The study sample was from a birth cohort study of twins. Dental examinations at six years identified the presence/absence of (i) 'any caries' (untreated and treated caries), (ii) 'advanced caries' (untreated, advanced caries and/or past treatment) and (iii) hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM). Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation was performed on cord blood of 27 twin pairs (14 dizygotic and 13 monozygotic) using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Differentially methylated CpGs (DMCpGs) and regions (DMRs) associated with each dental outcome were investigated, while accounting for the relatedness of twins. Results with a false discovery rate <0.05 were treated as statistically significant. RESULTS 19 children had 'any caries', 15 had 'advanced' caries, and 18 had HSPM. No DMCpGs were associated with 'any caries', 16 and 19 DMCpGs were associated with 'advanced caries' and HSPM, respectively. DMRs were identified in association with all three outcomes. Genes implicated by these analyses included PBX1, ACAT2, LTBP3 and DDR1 which have been linked with dental tissue development in genetic studies. CONCLUSION This exploratory study identified differential methylation in several genes at birth associated with dental caries and HSPM at six years. Further research may provide valuable insights into aetiology of dental disease and/or reveal novel molecular-based approaches for early risk stratification. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Epigenetic differences at birth are likely to be associated with dental health at six years and may be valuable biomarkers of early influences on dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Mj
- Inflammatory Origins, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mohandas N
- Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig Jm
- Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Manton Dj
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centrum voor Tandheelkunde en Mondzorgkunde, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saffery R
- Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Southey Mc
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Burgner Dp
- Inflammatory Origins, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lucas J
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kilpatrick Nm
- Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Facial Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hopper Jl
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scurrah Kj
- Facial Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Li S
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Touriño S, Suárez-Cotelo MDC, Núñez-Iglesias MJ, Domínguez-Martís EM, Mosteiro-Miguéns DG, López-Ares D, Novío S. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Spanish Midwives and Midwifery Students toward Oral Healthcare during Pregnancy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116089. [PMID: 34200062 PMCID: PMC8200230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy can affect the mother's oral health, increasing their susceptibility to oral diseases that have been associated with harmful effects on the newborn. Despite the severity of oral diseases during pregnancy, the demand for dental care during the gestational period is low, which may improve with the participation of midwives in promoting oral health activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Spanish midwives and midwifery students regarding oral health in pregnant women; and (ii) to identify the barriers faced by these healthcare professionals in addressing oral health promotion during pregnancy. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A total of 128 midwives and/or midwifery students ≥ 18 years old and of both sexes were invited to self-complete a questionnaire between January and April 2020. A total of 85 people participated in the study. Participants had a regular level of knowledge about oral health during pregnancy (overall knowledge score: 6.53), and although they were interested in activities that promote oral healthcare, their oral healthcare practices during pregnancy were limited. As midwives play an important role in promoting health, their training in oral healthcare could help to improve pregnant women's oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Touriño
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coruña, Spain;
| | | | - María Jesús Núñez-Iglesias
- Department of Psiquiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Eva María Domínguez-Martís
- Galician Public Healthcare Service, Healthcare Centre of Concepción Arenal, C/Santiago León de Caracas 12, 15701 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Diego Gabriel Mosteiro-Miguéns
- Galician Public Healthcare Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - David López-Ares
- Galician Public Healthcare Service, University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Silvia Novío
- Department of Psiquiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 A Coruña, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-881-812-374
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García-Pola M, González-Díaz A, García-Martín JM. Effect of a Preventive Oral Health Program Starting during Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study Comparing Immigrant and Native Women and Their Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4096. [PMID: 33924511 PMCID: PMC8069462 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate whether including pregnant women in a preventive dental program prevented the appearance of caries in their children up to the age of 6, and whether the effect was similar in children of immigrant and non-immigrant women. In phase I, 90 pregnant women, 45 immigrants and 45 natives, were taught about the development and prevention of caries. In phase II the oral health of their children at the age of 6 (n = 90) was evaluated, along with a control group of children of natives and immigrants of the same age (n = 90). A survey was used to determine participants' backgrounds and habits. A multivariate study of the results was performed using R-core software. The number of children without caries was 128 (71.1%), whereas 52 (28.9%) had caries, 15 from the protocol (16.67%) and 37 from the control group (41.11%), with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). The mean number of caries for the children in the protocol was 0.62 ± 2 and in the control group it was 1.88 ± 2.9 (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis the risk of developing caries was higher for the condition of being the child of an immigrant (OR = 11.137), inadequate oral health (OR = 4.993), the children being overweight at the age of 6 (OR = 10.680), and the consumption of candies (OR = 5.042). In conclusion, the preventive protocols started during pregnancy reduced caries in participants' children, which suggests that these protocols should be encouraged. Because immigrant children are more vulnerable to caries, they and their parents should be included in preventive programs once they arrive in the host country.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Pola
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (J.M.G.-M.)
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Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Dental Caries in 7-Year-Old Children in Porto Metropolitan Area. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010166. [PMID: 33430295 PMCID: PMC7825719 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with significant changes in dental structures. In children, it can induce enamel and dentin defects, which have been identified as risk factors for caries. This study aimed to assess the association between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels (<30 ng/mL) and the prevalence of caries in the permanent teeth and mixed dentition of 7-year-old children. A sample of 335 children from the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal) was included. Data on children’s demographic and social conditions, health status, dental health behaviours, dental examination including erupted permanent first molars, and blood samples available for vitamin D analysis were collected. Dental outcomes included the presence of caries, including non-cavitated lesions (d1–6mft/D1–6MFT > 0), and advanced caries (d3–6mft/D3–6MF > 0). Serum 25(OH) D was measured using a competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay protein-binding assay. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used. Advanced caries in permanent teeth was significantly associated with children’s vitamin D levels <30 ng/mL, gastrointestinal disorders, higher daily intake of cariogenic food, and having had a dental appointment at ≤7 years old. Optimal childhood levels of vitamin D may be considered an additional preventive measure for dental caries in the permanent dentition.
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