1
|
Lützhøft DO, Bækgård C, Wimborne E, Straarup EM, Pedersen KM, Swann JR, Pedersen HD, Kristensen K, Morgills L, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK, Bracken MK, Cirera S, Christoffersen BØ. High fat diet is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and decreased gut microbial derived metabolites related to metabolic health in young Göttingen Minipigs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298602. [PMID: 38427692 PMCID: PMC10906878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives were 1) to characterize a Göttingen Minipig model of metabolic syndrome regarding its colon microbiota and circulating microbial products, and 2) to assess whether ovariectomized female and castrated male minipigs show similar phenotypes. Twenty-four nine-week-old Göttingen Minipigs were allocated to four groups based on sex and diet: ovariectomized females and castrated males fed either chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. At study end, body composition and plasma biomarkers were measured, and a mixed meal tolerance test (MMT) and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) were performed. The HFD groups had significantly higher weight gain, fat percentage, fasting plasma insulin and glucagon compared to the chow groups. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was increased and glucose effectiveness derived from the IVGTT and Matsuda´s insulin sensitivity index from the MMT were decreased in the HFD groups. The HFD groups displayed dyslipidemia, with significantly increased total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, and decreased HDL/non-HDL cholesterol ratio. The colon microbiota of HFD minipigs clearly differed from the lean controls (GuniFrac distance matrix). The main bacteria families driving this separation were Clostridiaceae, Fibrobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae. Moreover, the species richness was significantly decreased by HFD. In addition, HFD decreased the circulating level of short chain fatty acids and beneficial microbial metabolites hippuric acid, xanthine and trigonelline, while increasing the level of branched chain amino acids. Six and nine metabolically relevant genes were differentially expressed between chow-fed and HFD-fed animals in liver and omental adipose tissue, respectively. The HFD-fed pigs presented with metabolic syndrome, gut microbial dysbiosis and a marked decrease in healthy gut microbial products and thus displayed marked parallels to human obesity and insulin resistance. HFD-fed Göttingen Minipig therefore represents a relevant animal model for studying host-microbiota interactions. No significant differences between the castrated and ovariectomized minipigs were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Olsen Lützhøft
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Bækgård
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Wimborne
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jonathan R. Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mentzel CMJ, Cardoso TF, Lex AMJ, Sørensen DB, Fredholm M, Cirera S. Fat and carbohydrate content in the diet induces drastic changes in gene expression in young Göttingen minipigs. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:166-175. [PMID: 28396939 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In human health, there is interest in developing specific diets to reduce body weight. These studies are mainly focused on phenotypic changes induced in blood measurements, i.e., triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and insulin, and on physical changes, i.e., body weight and BMI. To evaluate the biological impact of diet interventions, it is very important to investigate the molecular mechanisms driving the diet-induced phenotypic changes in relevant tissues. However, studying these effects in humans is difficult due to ethical concerns in doing interventions and obtaining tissue samples and good animal models are therefore needed. Göttingen minipigs, a small size obesity prone pig breed, have previously been shown to be a useful translational animal model for metabolic studies. In this study, 16 Göttingen minipig males (2-month old) were submitted to 13 weeks of differential diets to investigate the initial stages of diet-induced metabolic changes. Half of them were fed a high-fat/cholesterol, low-carbohydrate (HFLC) diet, and the other half were fed a low- fat/cholesterol, high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diet. After 13 weeks, the HFLC group weighted less and had dyslipidemia compared to the LFHC group. Liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues were collected at slaughter. Gene expression profiling of 83 metabolism-relevant genes was performed using high-throughput qPCR. In total, 41 genes were deregulated in at least one of the five tissues analyzed, with liver being the most drastically affected tissue. The new knowledge gained in this study could potentially be of value for considering direct modulation of gene expression by nutrient content in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Junker Mentzel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tainã Figueiredo Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Annika M J Lex
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mentzel CMJ, Alkan F, Keinicke H, Jacobsen MJ, Gorodkin J, Fredholm M, Cirera S. Joint Profiling of miRNAs and mRNAs Reveals miRNA Mediated Gene Regulation in the Göttingen Minipig Obesity Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167285. [PMID: 27902747 PMCID: PMC5130236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities are an increasing challenge for both affected individuals and health care systems, worldwide. In obese individuals, perturbation of expression of both protein-coding genes and microRNAs (miRNA) are seen in obesity-relevant tissues (i.e. adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle). miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules which have important regulatory roles in a wide range of biological processes, including obesity. Rodents are widely used animal models for human diseases including obesity. However, not all research is applicable for human health or diseases. In contrast, pigs are emerging as an excellent animal model for obesity studies, due to their similarities in their metabolism, their digestive tract and their genetics, when compared to humans. The Göttingen minipig is a small sized easy-to-handle pig breed which has been extensively used for modeling human obesity, due to its capacity to develop severe obesity when fed ad libitum. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed of protein-coding genes and miRNAs in a Göttingen minipig obesity model. Liver, skeletal muscle and abdominal adipose tissue were sampled from 7 lean and 7 obese minipigs. Differential gene expression was investigated using high-throughput quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on 90 mRNAs and 72 miRNAs. The results revealed de-regulation of several obesity and inflammation-relevant protein-coding genes and miRNAs in all tissues examined. Many genes that are known to be de-regulated in obese humans were confirmed in the obese minipigs and several of these genes have target sites for miRNAs expressed in the opposing direction of the gene, confirming miRNA-mediated regulation in obesity. These results confirm the translational value of the pig for human obesity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Junker Mentzel
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ferhat Alkan
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helle Keinicke
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette J. Jacobsen
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vieira-Potter VJ, Lee S, Bayless DS, Scroggins RJ, Welly RJ, Fleming NJ, Smith TN, Meers GM, Hill MA, Rector RS, Padilla J. Disconnect between adipose tissue inflammation and cardiometabolic dysfunction in Ossabaw pigs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2421-9. [PMID: 26524201 PMCID: PMC4701582 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Ossabaw pig is emerging as an attractive model of human cardiometabolic disease because of its size and susceptibility to atherosclerosis, among other characteristics. The relationship between adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in this model was investigated here. METHODS Young female Ossabaw pigs were fed a Western-style high-fat diet (HFD) (n = 4) or control low-fat diet (LFD) (n = 4) for a period of 9 months and compared for cardiometabolic outcomes and adipose tissue inflammation. RESULTS The HFD-fed "OBESE" pigs were 2.5 times heavier (P < 0.001) than LFD-fed "LEAN" pigs and developed severe obesity. HFD feeding caused pronounced dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance (systemic and adipose), as well as induction of inflammatory genes, impairments in vasomotor reactivity to insulin, and atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Remarkably, visceral, subcutaneous, and perivascular adipose tissue inflammation (via FACS analysis and RT-PCR) was not increased in OBESE pigs, nor were circulating inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a disconnect between adipose tissue inflammation and cardiometabolic dysfunction induced by Western diet feeding in the Ossabaw pig model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sewon Lee
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Division of Sport Science & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - David S. Bayless
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Rebecca J. Welly
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Thomas N. Smith
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Grace M. Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
- Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ludvigsen TP, Kirk RK, Christoffersen BØ, Pedersen HD, Martinussen T, Kildegaard J, Heegaard PMH, Lykkesfeldt J, Olsen LH. Göttingen minipig model of diet-induced atherosclerosis: influence of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes on lesion severity and markers of inflammation evaluated in obese, obese and diabetic, and lean control animals. J Transl Med 2015; 13:312. [PMID: 26394837 PMCID: PMC4580291 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background From a pharmacological perspective, readily-available, well-characterized animal models of cardiovascular disease, including relevant in vivo markers of atherosclerosis are important for evaluation of novel drug candidates. Furthermore, considering the impact of diabetes mellitus on atherosclerosis in human patients, inclusion of this disease aspect in the characterization of a such model, is highly relevant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes on ex- and in vivo end-points in a diet-induced atherosclerotic minipig model. Methods Castrated male Göttingen minipigs were fed standard chow (CD), atherogenic diet alone (HFD) or with superimposed mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes (HFD-D). Circulating markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipid and glucose metabolism were evaluated together with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis after 22 or 43 diet-weeks. Group differences were evaluated by analysis of variance for parametric data and Kruskal–Wallis test for non-parametric data. For qualitative assessments, Fisher’s exact test was applied. For all analyses, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Overall, HFD and HFD-D displayed increased CRP, oxLDL and lipid parameters compared to CD at both time points. HFD-D displayed impaired glucose metabolism as compared to HFD and CD. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in both coronary arteries and aorta of HFD and HFD-D, with more advanced plaque findings in the aorta but without differences in lesion severity or distribution between HFD and HFD-D. Statistically, triglyceride was positively (p = 0.0039), and high-density lipoprotein negatively (p = 0.0461) associated with aortic plaque area. Conclusions In this model, advanced coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was observed, with increased levels of inflammatory markers, clinically relevant to atherosclerosis. No effect of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes was observed on plaque area, lesion severity or inflammatory markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0670-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,GLP-1 and Obesity Pharmacology - PK/PD, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- GLP-1 and Obesity Pharmacology - PK/PD, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Postbox 1014 KBH K, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Kildegaard
- Clamp Competency Center, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|