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Christoffersen BØ, Kristensen CA, Lindgaard R, Kirk RK, Viuff BM, Kvist PH, Pedersen HD, Ludvigsen TP, Skovgaard T, Fels JJ, Martinussen T, Christiansen LB, Cirera S, Olsen LH. Functional and morphological renal changes in a Göttingen Minipig model of obesity-related and diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6017. [PMID: 37045950 PMCID: PMC10097698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related glomerulopathy and diabetic nephropathy (DN) are serious complications to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The purpose was to study effects of a fat, fructose and cholesterol-rich (FFC) diet with and without salt in order to induce hypertension on kidney function and morphology in Göttingen Minipigs with and without diabetes. Male Göttingen Minipigs were divided into 4 groups: SD (standard diet, n = 8), FFC (FFC diet, n = 16), FFC-DIA (FFC diet + diabetes, n = 14), FFC-DIA + S (FFC diet with extra salt + diabetes, n = 14). Blood and urine biomarkers, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure (BP) and resistive index (RI) were evaluated after 6-7 months (T1) and 12-13 months (T2). Histology, electron microscopy and gene expression (excluding FFC-DIA + S) were evaluated at T2. All groups fed FFC-diet displayed obesity, increased GFR and RI, glomerulomegaly, mesangial expansion (ME) and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening. Diabetes on top of FFC diet led to increased plasma glucose and urea and proteinuria and tended to exacerbate the glomerulomegaly, ME and GBM thickening. Four genes (CDKN1A, NPHS2, ACE, SLC2A1) were significantly deregulated in FFC and/or FFC-DIA compared to SD. No effects on BP were observed. Göttingen Minipigs fed FFC diet displayed some of the renal early changes seen in human obesity. Presence of diabetes on top of FFC diet exacerbated the findings and lead to changes resembling the early phases of human DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Aarup Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- AJ Vaccines A/S, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lindgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- AniCura ApS, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tine Skovgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Unilabs, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Bruun Christiansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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2
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Feng Y, Cirera S, Taşöz E, Liu Y, Olsen LH, Christoffersen BØ, Pedersen HD, Ludvigsen TP, Kirk RK, Schumacher-Petersen C, Deng Y, Fredholm M, Gao F. Diet-Dependent Changes of the DNA Methylome Using a Göttingen Minipig Model for Obesity. Front Genet 2021; 12:632859. [PMID: 33777102 PMCID: PMC7991730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.632859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Environmental factors can influence obesity by epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate obesity-related epigenetic changes and the potential for reversal of these changes in the liver of Göttingen minipigs subjected to diet interventions. Methods: High-throughput liquid hybridization capture-based bisulfite sequencing (LHC-BS) was used to quantify the methylation status of gene promotor regions in liver tissue in three groups of male castrated Göttingen minipigs: a standard chow group (SD, N = 7); a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFC, N = 10) and a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet during 7 months and reversed to standard diet for 6 months (FFC/SD, N = 12). Expression profiling by qPCR of selected metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver tissue from all pigs. Results: The pigs in the FFC diet group became morbidly obese. The FFC/SD diet did not result in a complete reversal of the body weight to the same weight as in the SD group, but it resulted in reversal of all lipid related metabolic parameters. Here we identified widespread differences in the patterning of cytosine methylation of promoters between the different feeding groups. By combining detection of differentially methylated genes with a rank-based hypergeometric overlap algorithm, we identified 160 genes showing differential methylation in corresponding promoter regions in the FFC diet group when comparing with both the SD and FFC/SD groups. As expected, this differential methylation under FFC diet intervention induced de-regulation of several metabolically-related genes involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism, inflammatory response and fibrosis generation. Moreover, five genes, of which one is a fibrosis-related gene (MMP9), were still perturbed after diet reversion. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of exploring diet-epigenome interactions for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - E Taşöz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Y Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - L H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - H D Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Medical Evaluation & Biostatistics, Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T P Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - R K Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - C Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Y Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - F Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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3
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Jensen VS, Fledelius C, Zachodnik C, Damgaard J, Nygaard H, Tornqvist KS, Kirk RK, Viuff BM, Wulff EM, Lykkesfeldt J, Hvid H. Insulin treatment improves liver histopathology and decreases expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic genes in a hyperglycemic, dyslipidemic hamster model of NAFLD. J Transl Med 2021; 19:80. [PMID: 33596938 PMCID: PMC7890970 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are highly prevalent comorbidities in patients with Type 2 diabetes. While many of these patients eventually will need treatment with insulin, little is known about the effects of insulin treatment on histopathological parameters and hepatic gene expression in diabetic patients with co-existing NAFLD and NASH. To investigate this further, we evaluated the effects of insulin treatment in NASH diet-fed hamsters with streptozotocin (STZ) -induced hyperglycemia. Methods Forty male Syrian hamsters were randomized into four groups (n = 10/group) receiving either a NASH-inducing (high fat, fructose and cholesterol) or control diet (CTRL) for four weeks, after which they were treated with STZ or sham-injected and from week five treated with either vehicle (CTRL, NASH, NASH-STZ) or human insulin (NASH-STZ-HI) for four weeks by continuous s.c. infusion via osmotic minipumps. Results NASH-STZ hamsters displayed pronounced hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and more severe liver pathology compared to both CTRL and NASH groups. Insulin treatment attenuated dyslipidemia in NASH-STZ-HI hamsters and liver pathology was considerably improved compared to the NASH-STZ group, with prevention/reversal of hepatic steatosis, hepatic inflammation and stellate cell activation. In addition, expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes was decreased compared to the NASH-STZ group. Conclusions These results suggest that hyperglycemia is important for development of inflammation and profibrotic processes in the liver, and that insulin administration has beneficial effects on liver pathology and expression of genes related to inflammation and fibrosis in a hyperglycemic, dyslipidemic hamster model of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Svop Jensen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Christian Fledelius
- Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Christina Zachodnik
- Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jesper Damgaard
- Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Helle Nygaard
- Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Pathology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Max Wulff
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henning Hvid
- Pathology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
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Rakipovski G, Rolin B, Barascuk N, Lund HE, Bjørn Bonde MF, Djordjevic D, Wulff-Larsen PG, Petersen M, Kirk RK, Hultman K, Manfe V, Blume N, Zahn S, Lengquist M, Maegdefessel L, Hovingh GK, Conde-Knape K, Hedin U, Matic L, Nyberg M. A neutralizing antibody against DKK1 does not reduce plaque formation in classical murine models of atherosclerosis: Is the therapeutic potential lost in translation? Atherosclerosis 2020; 314:1-9. [PMID: 33129080 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clinical interventions targeting nonlipid risk factors are needed given the high residual risk of atherothrombotic events despite effective control of dyslipidemia. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) plays a lipid-independent role in vascular pathophysiology but its involvement in atherosclerosis development and its therapeutic attractiveness remain to be established. METHODS Patient data, in vitro studies and pharmacological intervention in murine models of atherosclerosis were utilized. RESULTS In patients' material (n = 127 late stage plaque specimens and n = 10 control vessels), DKK1 mRNA was found to be higher in atherosclerotic plaques versus control arteries. DKK1 protein was detected in the luminal intimal area and in the necrotic core of plaques. DKK1 was released from isolated primary human platelets (~12 - 21-fold) and endothelial cells (~1.4-2.5-fold) upon stimulation with different pathophysiological stimuli. In ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice, plasma DKK1 concentrations were similar to those observed in humans, whereas DKK1 expression in different atheroprone arterial segments was very low/absent. Chronic treatment with a neutralizing DKK1 antibody effectively reduced plasma concentrations, however, plaque lesion area was not reduced in ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice fed a western diet for 14 and 16 weeks. Anti-DKK1 treatment increased bone volume and bone mineral content. CONCLUSIONS Functional inhibition of DKK1 with an antibody does not alter atherosclerosis progression in classical murine models. This may reflect the absence of DKK1 expression in plaques and more advanced animal disease models could be needed to evaluate the role and therapeutic attractiveness of DKK1 in late stage complications such as plaque destabilization, calcification, rupture and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bidda Rolin
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maj Petersen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Karin Hultman
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Valentina Manfe
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Niels Blume
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Stefan Zahn
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S, Soeborg, Denmark; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark.
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5
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Cirera S, Taşöz E, Juul Jacobsen M, Schumacher-Petersen C, Østergaard Christoffersen B, Kaae Kirk R, Pagh Ludvigsen T, Hvid H, Duelund Pedersen H, Høier Olsen L, Fredholm M. The expression signatures in liver and adipose tissue from obese Göttingen Minipigs reveal a predisposition for healthy fat accumulation. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:9. [PMID: 32205840 PMCID: PMC7090036 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Model animals are valuable resources for dissecting basic aspects of the regulation of obesity and metabolism. The translatability of results relies on understanding comparative aspects of molecular pathophysiology. Several studies have shown that despite the presence of overt obesity and dyslipidemia in the pig key human pathological hepatic findings such as hepatocellular ballooning and abundant steatosis are lacking in the model. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate why these histopathological characteristics did not occur in a high fat, fructose and cholesterol (FFC) diet-induced obese Göttingen Minipig model. METHODS High-throughput expression profiling of more than 90 metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of male minipigs diet fed: standard chow (SD, n = 7); FFC diet (n = 14); FFC diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs (FFCDIA, n = 8). Moreover, histopathological assessment of SAT and VAT was performed. RESULTS 12, 4 and 1 genes were highly significantly differentially expressed in liver, SAT and VAT when comparing the FFC and SD groups whereas the corresponding numbers were 15, 2, and 1 when comparing the FFCDIA and SD groups. Although the minipigs in both FFC groups developed sever obesity and dyslipidemia, the insulin-signaling pathways were not affected. Notably, four genes involved in lipid acquisition and removal, were highly deregulated in the liver: PPARG, LPL, CD36 and FABP4. These genes have been reported to play a major role in promoting hepatic steatosis in rodents and humans. Since very little macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory response was detected in the adipose tissues the expansion appears to have no adverse impact on adipose tissue metabolism. CONCLUSION The study shows that morbidly obese Göttingen Minipigs are protected against many of the metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with obesity due to a remarkable ability to expand the adipose compartments to accommodate excess calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Emirhan Taşöz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Juul Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Hvid
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Ellegaard Gottingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, 4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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6
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Abramson A, Caffarel-Salvador E, Khang M, Dellal D, Silverstein D, Gao Y, Frederiksen MR, Vegge A, Hubálek F, Water JJ, Friderichsen AV, Fels J, Kirk RK, Cleveland C, Collins J, Tamang S, Hayward A, Landh T, Buckley ST, Roxhed N, Rahbek U, Langer R, Traverso G. An ingestible self-orienting system for oral delivery of macromolecules. Science 2019; 363:611-615. [PMID: 30733413 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules have transformed our capacity to effectively treat diseases; however, their rapid degradation and poor absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract generally limit their administration to parenteral routes. An oral biologic delivery system must aid in both localization and permeation to achieve systemic drug uptake. Inspired by the leopard tortoise's ability to passively reorient, we developed an ingestible self-orienting millimeter-scale applicator (SOMA) that autonomously positions itself to engage with GI tissue. It then deploys milliposts fabricated from active pharmaceutical ingredients directly through the gastric mucosa while avoiding perforation. We conducted in vivo studies in rats and swine that support the applicator's safety and, using insulin as a model drug, demonstrated that the SOMA delivers active pharmaceutical ingredient plasma levels comparable to those achieved with subcutaneous millipost administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Abramson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ester Caffarel-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Minsoo Khang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Dellal
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Silverstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Andreas Vegge
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - František Hubálek
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorrit J Water
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders V Friderichsen
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes Fels
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cody Cleveland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joy Collins
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Siddartha Tamang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alison Hayward
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tomas Landh
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen T Buckley
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niclas Roxhed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Rahbek
- Global Research Technologies, Global Drug Discovery, and Device R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Christoffersen BØ, Skyggebjerg RB, Bugge A, Kirk RK, Vestergaard B, Uldam HK, Fels JJ, Pyke C, Sensfuss U, Sanfridson A, Clausen TR. Long-acting CCK analogue NN9056 lowers food intake and body weight in obese Göttingen Minipigs. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:447-456. [PMID: 31175319 PMCID: PMC6997118 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulator of appetite and energy intake in man. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NN9056, a long-acting CCK-1 receptor-selective CCK analogue, on food intake and body weight (BW) in obese Göttingen Minipigs. Subjects/Methods Tolerability of NN9056 and acute effects on food intake, pancreas histology, amylase and lipase levels were assessed in lean domestic pigs in doses up to 100 nmol/kg (n = 3–4). Subsequently, obese Göttingen Minipigs were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) once daily for 13 weeks with vehicle, NN9056 low dose (regulated from 5 to 2 nmol/kg) or NN9056 high dose (10 nmol/kg) (n = 7–8). Food intake was measured daily and BW twice weekly. At the end of the treatment period, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and a 24-h exposure profile was obtained. Data are mean ± SD. Results The acute studies in domestic pigs showed significant and dose-dependent effect of NN9056 on food intake, acceptable tolerability and no histopathological signs of pancreatitis. Sub-chronic treatment in obese Göttingen Minipigs was also well tolerated and accumulated food intake was significantly lower in both treated groups compared to vehicle, with no significant difference between the dose levels of NN9056 (41.8 ± 12.6, 51.5 ± 13.8 and 86.5 ± 19.5 kg in high-dose, low-dose and vehicle groups, respectively, p = 0.012 and p < 0.0001 for low and high dose vs. vehicle, respectively). Accordingly, there was a weight loss in both treated groups vs. a weight gain in the vehicle group (−7.2 ± 4.6%, −2.3 ± 3.2% and 12.3 ± 3.9% in the high-dose, low-dose and vehicle groups, respectively, p < 0.0001 for both vs. vehicle). IVGTT data were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion NN9056, a long-acting CCK-1 receptor-selective CCK analogue, significantly reduced food intake and BW in obese Göttingen Minipigs after once daily s.c. dosing for 13 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Bugge
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Bill Vestergaard
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henriette Kold Uldam
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johannes Josef Fels
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Charles Pyke
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Sensfuss
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Annika Sanfridson
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Trine Ryberg Clausen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
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Schumacher-Petersen C, Christoffersen BØ, Kirk RK, Ludvigsen TP, Zois NE, Pedersen HD, Vyberg M, Olsen LH. Experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Göttingen Minipigs: consequences of high fat-fructose-cholesterol diet and diabetes. J Transl Med 2019; 17:110. [PMID: 30943987 PMCID: PMC6448276 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in humans, and ranges from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the latter with risk of progression to cirrhosis. The Göttingen Minipig has been used in studies of obesity and diabetes, but liver changes have not been described. The aim of this study was to characterize hepatic changes in Göttingen Minipigs with or without diabetes, fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol to see if liver alterations resemble features of human NAFLD/NASH. METHODS Fifty-four male castrated minipigs (age 6 to 7 months) were distributed into four groups and diet-fed for 13 months. Groups were: lean controls fed standard diet (SD, n = 8), a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFC, n = 16), a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet but changed to standard diet after 7 months (diet normalization, FFC/SD, n = 16), and a streptozotocin-induced diabetic group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFCDIA, n = 14). At termination, blood samples for analyses of circulating biomarkers and liver tissue for histopathological assessment and analyses of lipids and glycogen content were collected. RESULTS In comparison with SD and FFC/SD, FFC and FFCDIA pigs developed hepatomegaly with increased content of cholesterol, whereas no difference in triglyceride content was found. FFC and FFCDIA groups had increased values of circulating total cholesterol and triglycerides and the hepatic circulating markers alkaline phosphatase and glutamate dehydrogenase. In the histopathological evaluation, fibrosis (mainly located periportally) and inflammation along with cytoplasmic alterations (characterized by hepatocytes with pale, granulated cytoplasm) were found in FFC and FFCDIA groups compared to SD and FFC/SD. Interestingly, FFC/SD also had fibrosis, a feature not seen in SD. Only two FFC and three FFCDIA pigs had > 5% steatosis, and no hepatocellular ballooning or Mallory-Denk bodies were found in any of the pigs. CONCLUSIONS Fibrosis, inflammation and cytoplasmic alterations were characteristic features in the livers of FCC and FFCDIA pigs. Overall, diabetes did not exacerbate the hepatic changes compared to FFC. The limited presence of the key human-relevant pathological hepatic findings of steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning and the variation in the model, limits its use in preclinical research without further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 2., 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nora Elisabeth Zois
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 2., 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, 4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | - Mogens Vyberg
- Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 3, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Soendre Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 2., 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Ludvigsen TP, Kirk RK, Christoffersen BØ, Pedersen HD, Martinussen T, Kildegaard J, Heegaard PMH, Lykkesfeldt J, Olsen LH. Göttingen minipig model of diet-induced atherosclerosis: influence of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes on lesion severity and markers of inflammation evaluated in obese, obese and diabetic, and lean control animals. J Transl Med 2015; 13:312. [PMID: 26394837 PMCID: PMC4580291 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background From a pharmacological perspective, readily-available, well-characterized animal models of cardiovascular disease, including relevant in vivo markers of atherosclerosis are important for evaluation of novel drug candidates. Furthermore, considering the impact of diabetes mellitus on atherosclerosis in human patients, inclusion of this disease aspect in the characterization of a such model, is highly relevant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes on ex- and in vivo end-points in a diet-induced atherosclerotic minipig model. Methods Castrated male Göttingen minipigs were fed standard chow (CD), atherogenic diet alone (HFD) or with superimposed mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes (HFD-D). Circulating markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipid and glucose metabolism were evaluated together with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis after 22 or 43 diet-weeks. Group differences were evaluated by analysis of variance for parametric data and Kruskal–Wallis test for non-parametric data. For qualitative assessments, Fisher’s exact test was applied. For all analyses, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Overall, HFD and HFD-D displayed increased CRP, oxLDL and lipid parameters compared to CD at both time points. HFD-D displayed impaired glucose metabolism as compared to HFD and CD. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in both coronary arteries and aorta of HFD and HFD-D, with more advanced plaque findings in the aorta but without differences in lesion severity or distribution between HFD and HFD-D. Statistically, triglyceride was positively (p = 0.0039), and high-density lipoprotein negatively (p = 0.0461) associated with aortic plaque area. Conclusions In this model, advanced coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was observed, with increased levels of inflammatory markers, clinically relevant to atherosclerosis. No effect of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes was observed on plaque area, lesion severity or inflammatory markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0670-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,GLP-1 and Obesity Pharmacology - PK/PD, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- GLP-1 and Obesity Pharmacology - PK/PD, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Postbox 1014 KBH K, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Kildegaard
- Clamp Competency Center, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Abstract
Given the increase in sow mortality in Danish pig herds over the last 10 years, we have investigated the causes of spontaneous death and killing of sows, especially those due to locomotive disorders. A total of 265 culled sows (93 spontaneously dead sows and 172 killed sows) from 10 different herds were sent for complete necropsy, and grouped according to primary diagnoses. From 35 of these sows, tissue for histological evaluation and samples for bacteriological cultivation were also collected, and secondary diagnoses and body condition were recorded. The main causes for killing were related to the locomotive system (72%), arthritis (24%) and fractures (16%) being the most frequent lesions. The main causes of spontaneous death were related to the gastrointestinal system and spleen (45%) and the reproductive system (24%). Arthrosis was a secondary diagnosis in 88% of the killed sows and in 92.5% of the spontaneously dead sows. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was the main cause of arthritis. The killed sows had significantly lower body condition compared with spontaneously dead sows. The first two parities and the time around farrowing were associated with the highest mortality in both groups. Hopefully, these observations can guide breeding units attempting to monitor, control and reduce sow mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Kirk
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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