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Cross AR, Gartner L, Hester J, Issa F. Opportunities for High-plex Spatial Transcriptomics in Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:2464-2472. [PMID: 36944604 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The last 5 y have seen the development and widespread adoption of high-plex spatial transcriptomic technology. This technique detects and quantifies mRNA transcripts in situ, meaning that transcriptomic signatures can be sampled from specific cells, structures, lesions, or anatomical regions while conserving the physical relationships that exist within complex tissues. These methods now frequently implement next-generation sequencing, enabling the simultaneous measurement of many targets, up to and including the whole mRNA transcriptome. To date, spatial transcriptomics has been foremost used in the fields of neuroscience and oncology, but there is potential for its use in transplantation sciences. Transplantation has a clear dependence on biopsies for diagnosis, monitoring, and research. Transplant patients represent a unique cohort with multiple organs of interest, clinical courses, demographics, and immunosuppressive regimens. Obtaining high complexity data on the disease processes underlying rejection, tolerance, infection, malignancy, and injury could identify new opportunities for therapeutic intervention and biomarker identification. In this review, we discuss currently available spatial transcriptomic technologies and how they can be applied to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Cross
- Translational Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhang H, Cavazzoni CB, Podestà MA, Bechu ED, Ralli G, Chandrakar P, Lee JM, Sayin I, Tullius SG, Abdi R, Chong AS, Blazar BR, Sage PT. IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells promote B cell alloimmunity in lymph nodes and kidney allografts. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169793. [PMID: 37870962 PMCID: PMC10619486 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been implicated in controlling rejection after allogeneic kidney transplantation, but the precise subsets, origins, and functions of Tfh cells in this process have not been fully characterized. Here we show that a subset of effector Tfh cells marked by previous IL-21 production is potently induced during allogeneic kidney transplantation and is inhibited by immunosuppressive agents. Single-cell RNA-Seq revealed that these lymph node (LN) effector Tfh cells have transcriptional and clonal overlap with IL-21-producing kidney-infiltrating Tfh cells, implicating common origins and developmental trajectories. To investigate the precise functions of IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells in LNs and allografts, we used a mouse model to selectively eliminate these cells and assessed allogeneic B cell clonal dynamics using a single B cell culture system. We found that IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells were essential for transplant rejection by regulating donor-specific germinal center B cell clonal dynamics both systemically in the draining LN and locally within kidney grafts. Thus, IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells have multifaceted roles in Ab-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation by promoting B cell alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengcheng Zhang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cecilia B. Cavazzoni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuel A. Podestà
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elsa D. Bechu
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Garyfallia Ralli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pragya Chandrakar
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeong-Mi Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery & Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li X, Wu J, Zhu S, Wei Q, Wang L, Chen J. Intragraft immune cells: accomplices or antagonists of recipient-derived macrophages in allograft fibrosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:195. [PMID: 37395809 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Organ fibrosis caused by chronic allograft rejection is a major concern in the field of transplantation. Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition plays a critical role in chronic allograft fibrosis. Adaptive immune cells (such as B and CD4+ T cells) and innate immune cells (such as neutrophils and innate lymphoid cells) participate in the occurrence of recipient-derived macrophages transformed to myofibroblasts by secreting cytokines, which eventually leads to fibrosis of the transplanted organ. This review provides an update on the latest progress in understanding the plasticity of recipient-derived macrophages in chronic allograft rejection. We discuss here the immune mechanisms of allograft fibrosis and review the reaction of immune cells in allograft. The interactions between immune cells and the process of myofibroblast formulation are being considered for the potential therapeutic targets of chronic allograft fibrosis. Therefore, research on this topic seems to provide novel clues for developing strategies for preventing and treating allograft fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China
| | - Qiuyu Wei
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China.
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4
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Meeting Report: The Fifth International Samuel Strober Workshop on Clinical Immune Tolerance. Transplantation 2023; 107:564-569. [PMID: 36808845 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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5
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Zorn E. Intragraft B Cells, Just Not Like the Others. Transplantation 2023; 107:e45-e46. [PMID: 36398358 PMCID: PMC9877120 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY
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6
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Wong P, Cina DP, Sherwood KR, Fenninger F, Sapir-Pichhadze R, Polychronakos C, Lan J, Keown PA. Clinical application of immune repertoire sequencing in solid organ transplant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100479. [PMID: 36865546 PMCID: PMC9971933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of T cell receptor (TCR) or B cell receptor (BCR) gene utilization may be valuable in monitoring the dynamic changes in donor-reactive clonal populations following transplantation and enabling adjustment in therapy to avoid the consequences of excess immune suppression or to prevent rejection with contingent graft damage and to indicate the development of tolerance. Objective We performed a review of current literature to examine research in immune repertoire sequencing in organ transplantation and to assess the feasibility of this technology for clinical application in immune monitoring. Methods We searched MEDLINE and PubMed Central for English-language studies published between 2010 and 2021 that examined T cell/B cell repertoire dynamics upon immune activation. Manual filtering of the search results was performed based on relevancy and predefined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted based on study and methodology characteristics. Results Our initial search yielded 1933 articles of which 37 met the inclusion criteria; 16 of these were kidney transplant studies (43%) and 21 were other or general transplantation studies (57%). The predominant method for repertoire characterization was sequencing the CDR3 region of the TCR β chain. Repertoires of transplant recipients were found to have decreased diversity in both rejectors and non-rejectors when compared to healthy controls. Rejectors and those with opportunistic infections were more likely to have clonal expansion in T or B cell populations. Mixed lymphocyte culture followed by TCR sequencing was used in 6 studies to define an alloreactive repertoire and in specialized transplant settings to track tolerance. Conclusion Methodological approaches to immune repertoire sequencing are becoming established and offer considerable potential as a novel clinical tool for pre- and post-transplant immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paaksum Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Davide P Cina
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen R Sherwood
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Franz Fenninger
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruth Sapir-Pichhadze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Department of Pediatrics, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and the Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Lan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul A Keown
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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The Value of Single-cell Technologies in Solid Organ Transplantation Studies. Transplantation 2022; 106:2325-2337. [PMID: 35876376 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell technologies open up new opportunities to explore the behavior of cells at the individual level. For solid organ transplantation, single-cell technologies can provide in-depth insights into the underlying mechanisms of the immunological processes involved in alloimmune responses after transplantation by investigating the role of individual cells in tolerance and rejection. Here, we review the value of single-cell technologies, including cytometry by time-of-flight and single-cell RNA sequencing, in the context of solid organ transplantation research. Various applications of single-cell technologies are addressed, such as the characterization and identification of immune cell subsets involved in rejection or tolerance. In addition, we explore the opportunities for analyzing specific alloreactive T- or B-cell clones by linking phenotype data to T- or B-cell receptor data, and for distinguishing donor- from recipient-derived immune cells. Moreover, we discuss the use of single-cell technologies in biomarker identification and risk stratification, as well as the remaining challenges. Together, this review highlights that single-cell approaches contribute to a better understanding of underlying immunological mechanisms of rejection and tolerance, thereby potentially accelerating the development of new or improved therapies to avoid allograft rejection.
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8
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Innate-like B Cells: Local Drivers of Non-HLA Immunity in Rejecting Kidney Allografts? Transplantation 2022; 106:234-235. [PMID: 35100225 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Tian G, Li M, Lv G. Analysis of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire in Transplantation: Fingerprint of T Cell-mediated Alloresponse. Front Immunol 2022; 12:778559. [PMID: 35095851 PMCID: PMC8790170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a key role in determining allograft function by mediating allogeneic immune responses to cause rejection, and recent work pointed their role in mediating tolerance in transplantation. The unique T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of each T cell determines the antigen specificity of the cell and can be the specific fingerprint for identifying and monitoring. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques provide powerful tools for deep and high-throughput TCR profiling, and facilitate to depict the entire T cell repertoire profile and trace antigen-specific T cells in circulation and local tissues. Tailing T cell transcriptomes and TCR sequences at the single cell level provides a full landscape of alloreactive T-cell clones development and biofunction in alloresponse. Here, we review the recent advances in TCR sequencing techniques and computational tools, as well as the recent discovery in overall TCR profile and antigen-specific T cells tracking in transplantation. We further discuss the challenges and potential of using TCR sequencing-based assays to profile alloreactive TCR repertoire as the fingerprint for immune monitoring and prediction of rejection and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Xu Q, McAlister VC, House AA, Molinari M, Leckie S, Zeevi A. Autoantibodies to LG3 are associated with poor long-term survival after liver retransplantation. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14318. [PMID: 33871888 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies are detrimental to the survival of organ transplantation. We demonstrated that Angiotensin II Type I Receptor agonistic autoantibodies (AT1R-AA) were associated with poor outcomes after liver retransplantation. To examine the effect of other autoantibodies, we studied a retrospective cohort of 93 patients who received a second liver transplant. Pre-retransplant sera were tested with Luminex-based solid-phase assays. Among 33 tested autoantibodies, 15 were significantly higher in 48 patients who lost their regrafts than 45 patients whose regrafts were still functioning. Specifically, patients with autoantibodies to the C-terminal laminin-like globular domain of Perlecan (LG3) experienced significantly worse regraft survival (p = .002) than those with negative LG3 autoantibodies (LG3-A). In multivariate analysis, LG3-A (HR = 2.35 [1.11-4.98], p = .027) and AT1R-AA (HR = 2.09 [1.07-4.10], p = .032) remained significant predictors of regraft loss after adjusting for recipient age and sex. There were synergistic deleterious effects on regraft survival in patients who were double-positive for LG3-A and donor-specific antibody (DSA) (HR = 5.26 [2.15-12.88], p = .001), or LG3-A and AT1R-AA (HR = 3.23 [1.37-7.66], p = .008). All six double-positive patients lost their liver regrafts. In conclusion, LG3-A is associated with inferior long-term outcomes of a second liver transplant. Screening anti-HLA antibodies and autoantibodies such as LG3-A/AT1R-AA identifies patients with a higher risk for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vivian C McAlister
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew A House
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Molinari
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve Leckie
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, London Health Science Center, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Bestard O, Couzi L, Crespo M, Kessaris N, Thaunat O. Stratifying the humoral risk of candidates to a solid organ transplantation: a proposal of the ENGAGE working group. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1005-1018. [PMID: 33786891 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Detection of circulating antibodies directed against human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, which corresponds to the current definition of 'sensitized patient', has been shown to have a severe impact on both access to transplantation and, if the anti-HLA antibodies are specific to the selected donor, survival of the graft. However, not all donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are equally harmful to the graft and progress in the understanding of humoral memory has led to the conclusion that absence of DSA at transplantation does not rule out the possibility that the patient has a preformed cellular humoral memory against the graft (thereby defining a category of DSA-negative sensitized recipients). Technological progress has led to the generation of new assays that offer unprecedented precision in exploring the different layers (serological and cellular) of alloimmune humoral memory. Based on this recent knowledge, the EuropeaN Guidelines for the mAnagement of Graft rEcipients (ENGAGE) working group to propose an updated definition of sensitization in candidates for solid organ transplantation - one that moves away from the current binary division towards a definition based on homogenous strata with similar humoral risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Bestard
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Nephrology-Transplantation-Dialysis, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Nephropathies Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicos Kessaris
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- Service de Transplantation, Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.,Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Lyon, France
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12
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Habal MV, Miller AM, Rao S, Lin S, Obradovic A, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, See S, Roy P, Ronzon S, Ho SH, Marboe C, Naka Y, Takeda K, Restaino S, Han A, Mancini D, Givertz M, Madsen JC, Sykes M, Addonizio L, Farr M, Zorn E. T cell repertoire analysis suggests a prominent bystander response in human cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1465-1476. [PMID: 33021057 PMCID: PMC8672660 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), yet their clonality, specificity, and function are incompletely defined. Here we used T cell receptor β chain (TCRB) sequencing to study the T cell repertoire in the coronary artery, endomyocardium, and peripheral blood at the time of retransplant in four cases of CAV and compared it to the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) repertoire from the same samples. High-dimensional flow cytometry coupled with single-cell PCR was also used to define the T cell phenotype. Extensive overlap was observed between intragraft and blood TCRBs in all cases, a finding supported by robust quantitative diversity metrics. In contrast, blood and graft IGHV repertoires from the same samples showed minimal overlap. Coronary infiltrates included CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells expressing inflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα) and profibrotic (TGFβ) cytokines. These were distinguishable from the peripheral blood based on memory, activation, and tissue residency markers (CD45RO, CTLA-4, and CD69). Importantly, high-frequency rearrangements were traced back to endomyocardial biopsies (2-6 years prior). Comparison with four HLA-mismatched blood donors revealed a repertoire of shared TCRBs, including a subset of recently described cross-reactive sequences. These findings provide supportive evidence for an active local intragraft bystander T cell response in late-stage CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena V. Habal
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - April M.I Miller
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Samhita Rao
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sijie Lin
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Aleksandar Obradovic
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Sarah See
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Poulomi Roy
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Shihab Ronzon
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Siu-hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Charles Marboe
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Koji Takeda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Susan Restaino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Arnold Han
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Donna Mancini
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael Givertz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Linda Addonizio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Maryjane Farr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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