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Semmate N, Elkharat Z, Bamouh Z, Touzani CD, Fellahi S, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. Pathogenicity and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma bovis isolate from calves in Morocco. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2477-2484. [PMID: 37452236 PMCID: PMC10484885 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) represents a major health problem for cattle worldwide that causes considerable financial losses. This study reports for the first time the molecular and pathogenic characterization of a strain of M. bovis isolated from a dead local calf with respiratory symptoms in Morocco. M. bovis was isolated from lung tissue, purified by cloning, and subtyped using MLST analysis. Experimental infection was conducted in naïve calves to evaluate pathogenicity. The isolate was identified as a new subtype ST-204 that shares similarities with the 2019-2021 Spanish strains (ST-169, ST-170, ST-171) and the 2018 Algeria isolate (ST-4). Experimental infection resulted in fever and respiratory symptoms with serous nasal discharge. At postmortem, lung lesions of congestion and hepatization were observed with lymph node enlargement and foci of necrosis. The study confirms the high pathogenicity of the isolate and the important role of M. bovis in bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semmate
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Zouhair Elkharat
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis Infection in Calves and Dairy Cows in Western Australia. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070351. [PMID: 35878368 PMCID: PMC9320095 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycoplasma bovis is an emerging pathogen of economic and welfare concern for both adult and young cattle. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of M. bovis in adult cows and calves in the southwest region of Western Australia. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from the animals and bulk tank milk samples were assessed for both seroprevalence and active infections of M. bovis infections in adult cows and calves. The study recorded a high seroprevalence of M. bovis in 699 apparently healthy adult lactating cows and 495 young calves on 29 dairy farms. The herd-level seroprevalence was also detected as being higher in both adult lactating cows and calves. No current active infections were recorded on the farms. The female calves and pure Holstein–Friesian animals were found to be twice as likely to be seropositive for M. bovis compared to male calves and the Holstein–Friesian crossbred calves. The high seroprevalence of M. bovis in both adult and young cattle in the southwest dairy farms of Western Australia warrants more effective farm biosecurity measures and further evaluation of the current prevention and management measures practiced on the farms. Abstract Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) can cause a multitude of diseases in cattle, with detrimental effects on the farm economy and the welfare of both adult and young cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of M. bovis in adult cows and calves in the south-west region of Western Australia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 29 dairy farms with 699 apparently healthy adult lactating cows and 495 young calves during 2019–2020. Nasal swabs and blood samples collected from the animals and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were assessed for M. bovis-specific proteins and antibodies by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Mycoplasma immunogenic lipase A- Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (MilA ELISA). A seroprevalence of 42.5% (95% CI: 38.9–46.2) and 61% (95% CI: 56.6–65.2) was found in adult lactating cows and calves, respectively. The herd-level seroprevalence of M. bovis ranged from 4% (95% CI: 07–19.5) to 92% (95% CI: 75.0–97.8) in adult lactating cows and 25% (95% CI: 10.2–49.5) to 87% (95% CI: 67.9–95.5) for calves in these farms. None of the BTM and nasal swab samples were positive for M. bovis, indicating an absence of any current active infections on the farms. The female calves and pure Holstein–Friesian animals are twice as likely to be seropositive for M. bovis compared to male calves (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.5) and Holstein–Friesian crossbred calves (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.5). The high seroprevalence in both adult and young cattle in the southwest dairy farms of Western Australia warrants more effective farm biosecurity measures and further evaluation of the current prevention and management measures practiced on the farms.
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Salgadu A, Firestone SM, Watt A, Thilakarathne DS, Condello AK, Siu D, Masukagami Y, Tivendale KA, Stevenson MA, Mansell PD, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Evaluation of the MilA ELISA for the diagnosis of herd infection with Mycoplasma bovis using bulk tank milk and estimation of the prevalence of M. bovis in Australia. Vet Microbiol 2022; 270:109454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Reichel MP, Wahl LC, Hill FI. Review of Diagnostic Procedures and Approaches to Infectious Causes of Reproductive Failures of Cattle in Australia and New Zealand. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:222. [PMID: 30333984 PMCID: PMC6176146 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious causes of reproductive failure in cattle are important in Australia and New Zealand, where strict biosecurity protocols are in place to prevent the introduction and spread of new diseases. Neospora caninum ranks highly as an important cause of reproductive wastage along with fungal and bacterial infections. Brucella, a leading cause of abortion elsewhere in the world, is foreign, following successful programs to control and eradicate the disease. Leptospirosis in cattle is largely controlled by vaccination, while Campylobacter and Tritrichomonas infections occur at low rates. In both countries, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection rates as the second most economically important disease of cattle and one that also has an effect on reproduction. Effective disease control strategies require rapid diagnoses at diagnostic laboratories. To facilitate this process, this review will discuss the infectious causes of reproductive losses present in both countries, their clinical presentation and an effective pathway to a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reichel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lloyd C Wahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fraser I Hill
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Parker A, House J, Hazelton M, Bosward K, Morton J, Sheehy P. Bulk tank milk antibody ELISA as a biosecurity tool for detecting dairy herds with past exposure to Mycoplasma bovis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8296-8309. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Menghwar H, He C, Zhang H, Zhao G, Zhu X, Khan FA, Faisal M, Rasheed MA, Zubair M, Memon AM, Ridley A, Robertson ID, Chen Y, Guo A. Genotype distribution of Chinese Mycoplasma bovis isolates and their evolutionary relationship to strains from other countries. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:108-117. [PMID: 28826770 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the genotypic distribution of Chinese M. bovis strains and their similarity to isolates from other countries. Two multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes (MLST-1 and MLST-2) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to compare 44 Chinese strains and the M. bovis type strain PG45. The results showed a high genetic homogeneity of Chinese isolates; 43 of 44 (97.7%) Chinese isolates were identified as ST-10 and as ST-34 by MLST-1, while for MLST-2 42 of 44 (95.5%) were identified as ST-10 with the two remaining isolates of ST-32 and ST43. PFGE clustered 42 of 44 (95.5%) of the Chinese isolates into PT-I. The overall agreement rate between the three typing methods was 97.8% (95% CI:86.8-99.9%). The type strain PG45 was identified as a unique type by all three methods. When the MLST-2 scheme was further used to analyze 16 isolates of Australian and Israeli origin ST-10 was more dominant among Australian isolates (7/8), compared with those from Israel (3/8). The evolutionary relationship of the 60 isolates typed in this study assessed together with 206 additional isolates retrieved from pubmlst/mbovis database analyzed by geoBURST Minimum spanning tree (MST) confirmed that the Chinese, Israeli and Australian M. bovis isolates typed in this study that were predominantly ST-10, were clustered in CC3 with isolates originating from the USA. Our results suggest that ST-10 is an emerging clone of M. bovis population. We hypothesized that the widespread distribution of this type is a result of global livestock movements. These findings will help further the understanding of the global evolution of M. bovis and development of novel vaccines against M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Menghwar
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenfei He
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Farhan Anwar Khan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Department of Animal Health, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Atta Muhammad Memon
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6160, Australia
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Timonen AAE, Katholm J, Petersen A, Mõtus K, Kalmus P. Within-herd prevalence of intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and associations between cow udder health, milk yield, and composition. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6554-6561. [PMID: 28601455 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is one of the major health problems in dairy herds due to decreased milk production and reduced milk quality. The aim of this study was to examine the within-herd prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and to evaluate associations between M. bovis and cow daily milk yield, udder health, and milk composition. Individual cow composite milk samples (n = 522) were collected from all lactating dairy cows in 1 Estonian dairy farm in November 2014. Daily milk yield, days in milk, and parity were recorded. Collected milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count, milk protein, fat, and urea content. The presence of M. bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis in the milk samples was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. The within-herd prevalence of M. bovis was 17.2% in the study herd. No association was observed between days in milk and parity to the presence of M. bovis in milk. According to linear regression analysis, the daily milk yield from cows positive for M. bovis was on average 3.0 kg lower compared with cows negative for M. bovis. In addition, the presence of M. bovis in milk samples was significantly associated with higher somatic cell count and lower fat and urea content compared with milk samples negative for M. bovis. In conclusion, subclinical M. bovis intramammary infection is associated with decreased milk yield and lower milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri A E Timonen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Jørgen Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Voldbjergvej 16, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Kerli Mõtus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Piret Kalmus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Improvements in diagnosis of disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The major disease problems associated with Mycoplasma bovis are contagious mastitis and respiratory disease in cattle. Its importance has increased worldwide due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents and the lack of an effective vaccine. Chronically infected silent carriers introduce infection to naïve herds and M. bovis diseases can cause significant economic losses to the affected herds. Availability of a suitable diagnostic tool for extensive screening will improve the ability to determine the appropriate treatment and the full impact of M. bovis in both beef and dairy cattle industries. The present review focuses on the past and present improvements in the diagnosis of disease caused by M. bovis in cattle.
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Parker AM, Shukla A, House JK, Hazelton MS, Bosward KL, Kokotovic B, Sheehy PA. Genetic characterization of Australian Mycoplasma bovis isolates through whole genome sequencing analysis. Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:118-125. [PMID: 27939147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen in cattle causing mastitis, arthritis and pneumonia. First isolated in Australian cattle in 1970, M. bovis has persisted causing serious disease in infected herds. To date, genetic analysis of Australian M. bovis isolates has not been performed. With whole genome sequencing (WGS) becoming a common tool for genetic characterization, this method was utilized to determine the degree of genetic diversity among Australian M. bovis isolates collected over a nine year period (2006-2015) from various geographical locations, anatomical sites, and from clinically affected and non-clinical carrier animals. Eighty-two M. bovis isolates underwent WGS from which single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, comparative genomics and analysis of virulence genes was completed. SNP analysis identified a single M. bovis strain circulating throughout Australia with marked genomic similarity. Comparative genomics suggested minimal variation in gene content between isolates from clinical and carrier animals, and between isolates recovered from different anatomical sites. A total of 50 virulence genes from the virulence factors database (VFDB) were identified as highly similar in the Australian isolates, while the presence of variable surface lipoprotein (vsp) genes was greatly reduced compared to reference strain M. bovis PG45. These results highlight that, while the introduction of multiple M. bovis strains has been prevented, elimination of the current strain has not been successful. The persistence of this strain may be due to the significant role that carrier animals play in harboring the pathogen. The similarity of clinical and non-clinical isolates suggests host and environmental factors play a significant role in determining host pathogen outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Parker
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - Ankit Shukla
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John K House
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Mark S Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Branko Kokotovic
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
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Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle: To cull or not to cull. Vet J 2016; 216:142-7. [PMID: 27687942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by mycoplasmas, in particular Mycoplasma bovis, is a major problem for milk production and animal welfare in large dairy herds in the USA and a serious, although sporadic, disease in Europe and the Middle East. It causes severe damage to the udder of cattle and is largely untreatable by chemotherapy. Mycoplasma mastitis has a distinct epidemiology and a unique set of risk factors, the most important of which is large herd size. The disease is often self-limiting, disappearing within months of outbreaks, sometimes without deliberate intervention. Improved molecular diagnostic tests are leading to more rapid detection of mycoplasmas. Typing tests, such as multi-locus sequence typing, can help trace the source of outbreaks. An approach to successful control is proposed, which involves regular monitoring and rapid segregation or culling of infected cows. Serious consideration should be given by owners of healthy dairy herds to the purchase of M. bovis-free replacements. Increased cases of disease could occur in Europe and Israel if the trend for larger dairy herds continues.
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