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Khanzadeh F, Maleki-Ravasan N, Adler PH, Karimian F, Kudela M. First report of filarial nematodes in the genus Onchocerca infecting black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14585. [PMID: 37666968 PMCID: PMC10477325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Black flies are blood-sucking insects of public health importance, and they are effective vectors of pathogens and parasites, such as filarial nematodes of the genus Onchocerca. Our previous surveys have shown that individuals of Simulium turgaicum are annoying pests of humans and livestock in the Aras River Basin of Iran. In the present study, adult black flies of S. turgaicum were trapped from different ecotopes of five villages in Khoda-Afarin County, Iran. By using a sensitive nested PCR assay and targeting the nuclear 18S rDNA-ITS1 marker, filarial infections were found in 38 (1.89%) of 2005 black flies. Homology exploration of 360 bp of the sequences indicated that the filarial worms are members of the family Onchocercidae, with maximum alignment scores of 93-95%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two Iranian Onchocerca isolates were clustered in the O. fasciata-O. volvulus lineage and were well separated from other filarial nematodes. Both the entomological evidence (empty abdomen of the specimens) and climatologic data (adequate accumulated degree days for development) suggest that the filarial DNA was probably that of infective larvae of vertebrates. This is the first report of an infection by Onchocerca species in S. turgaicum and the first record of onchocercids in black flies in Iran; however, more research is required to demonstrate transmission of these filarial worms by black flies in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Khanzadeh
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matus Kudela
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ebmer D, Balfanz F, Voracek T, Hering-Hagenbeck S, Pichler-Scheder C, Walochnik J, Kniha E. The Palearctic blackfly Simulium equinum (Diptera: Simuliidae) as a biting pest of captive nyala antelopes (Tragelaphus angasii). Zoo Biol 2023; 42:150-156. [PMID: 35795895 PMCID: PMC10084230 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are cosmopolitan nuisance pests of great economic importance as well as vectors of many pathogens. After reports of massive blackfly biting of captive nyala antelopes in the Vienna Zoo, Austria, this study aimed to identify the species causing multiple skin lesions on the antelope hosts. The Palearctic species Simulium equinum, belonging to the medically and veterinary important Wilhelmia subgenus, was identified as the most likely causative agent. Barcoding and maximum likelihood analysis supported morphological species identification and highlighted the complex phylogeny of the subgenus Wilhelmia. Our study gives first evidence of the multi-host feeding blackfly S. equinum in the Vienna Zoo, thereby raising the question whether other hosts could also be bitten on a regular basis. The preliminary results urge for further analysis of blackfly breeding sites as well as the clarification of the host spectrum to assess the medical and veterinary importance of blackflies in the Zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ebmer
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Walochnik
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edwin Kniha
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Khanzadeh F, Khaghaninia S, Maleki-Ravasan N, Koosha M, Oshaghi MA. Molecular detection of Dirofilaria spp. and host blood-meal identification in the Simulium turgaicum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Aras River Basin, northwestern Iran. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:548. [PMID: 33148310 PMCID: PMC7641795 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are known as effective vectors of human and animal pathogens, worldwide. We have already indicated that some individuals in the Simulium turgaicum complex are annoying pests of humans and livestock in the Aras River Basin, Iran. However, there is no evidence of host preference and their possible vectorial role in the region. This study was conducted to capture the S. turgaicum (s.l.), to identify their host blood-meals, and to examine their potential involvement in the circulation of zoonotic microfilariae in the study areas. Methods Adult blackflies of the S. turgaicum complex were bimonthly trapped with insect net in four ecotopes (humans/animals outdoors, irrigation canals, lands along the river, as well as rice and alfalfa farms) of ten villages (Gholibaiglou, Gungormaz, Hamrahlou, Hasanlou, Khetay, Khomarlou, Larijan, Mohammad Salehlou, Parvizkhanlou and Qarloujeh) of the Aras River Basin. A highly sensitive and specific nested PCR assay was used for detection of filarial nematodes in S. turgaicum (s.l.), using nuclear 18S rDNA-ITS1 markers. The sources of blood meals of engorged specimens were determined using multiplex and conventional cytb PCR assays. Results A total of 2754 females of S. turgaicum (s.l.) were collected. The DNA of filarial parasites was detected in 6 (0.62%) of 960 randomly examined individuals. Sequence analysis of 420 base pairs of 18S rDNA-ITS1 genes identified Dirofilaria spp. including 5 D. immitis and 1 D. repens. Importantly, all filarial positive specimens have been captured from humans and animals outdoors. Cytb-PCR assays showed that in all ecotypes studied, members of the S. turgaicum complex had preferably fed on humans, dogs, bovids, and birds, respectively. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. immitis/D. repens detection in blackflies. Results showed that S. turgaicum (s.l.) was the most abundant (97%) and anthropophilic (45%) blackfly in all studied ecotypes/villages and that DNA of Dirofilaria spp. was detected in the flies taken from six villages. Dirofilariasis is a common zoonosis between humans and carnivores, with mosquitoes (Culicidae) as the principal vectors. Further investigations are needed to demonstrate that blackflies are actual vectors of Dirofilaria in the studied region.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Khanzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Khaghaninia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Khanzadeh F, Khaghaninia S, Maleki-Ravasan N, Oshaghi MA, Adler PH. Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Aras River Basin: Species composition and floral visitation. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105536. [PMID: 32450136 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Black flies are insects of medical, veterinary, and environmental significance. Historically, they have attacked humans and caused simuliotoxicosis in livestock in the Aras River Basin in northwest Iran. However, information on the species and their bionomics is limited in the region. Adult flies were collected from diverse ecotopes of the Aras River Basin. After morphological identification, representative specimens of each morphological group were subjected to mtDNA COI gene sequence analysis for species diagnosis and to infer relationships. Flies also were examined for pollinia. A total of 1880 specimens representing 12 morphotaxa in two genera (Simulium and Metacnephia) were identified: Simulium turgaicum (n=1834), S. kiritshenkoi (n=12), S. bezzii (n=7), S. brevitarse (n=7), S. pseudequinum (n=5), S. aureum species group (n=4), S. vernum species group (n=3), S. transcaspicum (n=1), three unidentified species of the subgenus Simulium (n=5), and Metacnephia possibly persica (n=2). Fifty two haplotypes were detected for the 65 COI sequences analyzed. Intraspecific genetic divergence was 0.19-8.83%, whereas the mean interspecific genetic distances among the morphotaxa were 1.41-19.58%. Molecular analyses recovered three well-supported lineages within S. turgaicum. One lineage included black flies collected from agricultural fields, a second lineage involved black flies captured from animals, and a third lineage included specimens that had visited flowers, as evidenced by presence of pollinia. The relative abundance (97%) and observations of the S. turgaicum complex biting humans are important epidemiological factors. Future studies are needed to define the potential epidemiological risk of simulids in Khoda-Afarin County of Iran.
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Adler PH, Fukuda M, Takaoka H, Reeves WK, Kim SK, Otsuka Y. Revision of Simulium rufibasis (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Japan and Korea: Chromosomes, DNA, and Morphology. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:388-403. [PMID: 31746337 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread nominal black fly Simulium (Simulium) rufibasis Brunetti was reexamined morphologically, chromosomally, and molecularly to determine the status of populations in Japan and Korea with respect to S. rufibasis from the type locality in India and to all other known species in the S. (S.) tuberosum species-group. Morphological comparisons established that the species previously known as S. rufibasis in Japan and Korea is distinct from all other species. Consequently, it was described and illustrated as a new species, Simulium (S.) yamatoense. Simulium yokotense Shiraki, formerly a synonym of S. rufibasis, was morphologically reevaluated and considered a species unplaced to species-group in the subgenus Simulium. Chromosomal analyses of S. yamatoense sp. nov. demonstrated that it is unique among all cytologically known species of the S. tuberosum group and is the sister species of the Taiwanese species tentatively known as S. (S.) arisanum Shiraki. Populations of S. yamatoense sp. nov. included two cytoforms, based on the sex chromosomes. Cytoform A, including topotypical representatives, was found in Kyushu, Japan, whereas cytoform B was found in Korea and Honshu, Japan. Molecular analysis based on the COI mitochondrial gene generally corroborated morphological and chromosomal data that S. yamatoense sp. nov. is a distinct species and, like the chromosomal data, indicate that it is most closely related to S. arisanum, with interspecific genetic distance of 2.92-4.63%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Will K Reeves
- Colorado State University, C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Sam-Kyu Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan
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Onder Z, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Arslan MO, Sari B, Tasci GT, Ciloglu A, Aydin NP, Inci A, Adler PH. Molecular characterization of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in areas with pest outbreaks and simuliotoxicosis in Northeast Anatolia Region, Turkey. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105149. [PMID: 31422094 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate species identification provides the foundation for successful pest management and vector control of black flies. Accordingly, we examined the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences of four morphologically and chromosomally identified species of black flies (Simulium vernumgroup sp., S. bergi Rubtsov, S. bezzii (Corti), and S. kiritshenkoi Rubtsov) in Northeast Anatolia Region of Turkey where simuliid pest problems and simuliotoxicosis cases have been reported among cattle. COI gene sequences of these species and closely related species available in GenBank were used to provide species-level diagnoses and infer relationships. Both subgenera (Nevermannia and Simulium) were monophyletic, and subclades generally corresponded with species groups. Intraspecific genetic divergence was 0.2-1.6%, whereas the mean interspecific genetic divergence among the four species was 11.2-14.5%. The COI analysis produced results congruent with morphological concepts of the nominal species S. bergi and S. bezzii. Probable misidentifications in GenBank were revealed, especially for species in the S. ornatum and S. vernum groups, complicating identification capability. Sequence variation in the COI barcode region also might not be adequate for species delineation and identification among some species in these two species groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Onder
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey; Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey; Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey; Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mukremin O Arslan
- Kafkas University, Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kars, Turkey
| | - Baris Sari
- Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kars, Turkey
| | - Gencay T Tasci
- Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kars, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey; Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Abdullah Inci
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Kayseri, Turkey; Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Đuknić J, Jovanović VM, Popović N, Živić I, Raković M, Čerba D, Paunović M. Phylogeography of Simulium Subgenus Wilhelmia (Diptera: Simuliidae)-Insights From Balkan Populations. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:967-978. [PMID: 31220292 PMCID: PMC6595531 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many morphologically similar species of the simuliid (Diptera: Simuliidae) subgenus Wilhelmia, Enderlein are difficult to distinguish. Thus, the revision of the subgenus using various morphological, cytogenetic, and genetic analyses has been attempted. Neglected until now, the Balkan Peninsula, a crossroad between Europe and Anatolia, provides insight which could resolve problematic interrelationships of the taxa within this subgenus. To uncover the status and relations within the subgenus Wilhelmia, mtDNA was extracted from 47 individuals of six morphospecies: Simulium balcanicum (Enderlein, 1924), Simulium turgaicum Rubtsov, 1940, Simulium lineatum (Meigen, 1804), Simulium pseudequinum Séguy, 1921, Simulium equinum (Linnaeus, 1758), and Simulium paraequinum Puri, 1933 from 21 sites throughout the Balkan Peninsula. Phylogenetic analysis of the Wilhelmia species using mitochondrial DNA barcoding (COI) gene showed two major branches, the lineatum branch, which includes the lineages sergenti, paraequinum, and lineatum, and the equinum branch. In the equinum branch, the mtDNA sequences formed six clades, with high genetic distances, suggesting the existence of different species. Historically, the clades of the equinum branch appeared at numerous islands, perhaps as a result of allopatric speciation. The paraequinum lineage (lineatum branch) is composed of two species. However, six clades of the lineatum lineage overlapped with intra- and interspecific genetic distances. Our results revealed that the species S. balcanicum, S. pseudequinum B, and S. equinum were omnipresent in the Balkans. The results point to not only the fair diversity of Wilhelmia species in the Balkans, but also indicate that most Wilhelmia species live in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Đuknić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir M Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Popović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Živić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Raković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Čerba
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Momir Paunović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Takaoka H, Low VL, Srisuka W, Ya'cob Z, Saeung A. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for Multiple Taxa in Simulium parahiyangum (Diptera: Simuliidae), a Geographic Generalist Black Fly in Southeast Asia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1453-1463. [PMID: 30060220 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seven populations of Simulium parahiyangum Takaoka & Sigit (Diptera: Simuliidae), a geographically widespread nominal species of black fly in Southeast Asia, were morphologically and molecularly studied. Three morphoforms based on male and pupal morphological features, and two primary lineages based on the COI gene sequence analysis were recognized. Morphoform 1 (lineage 1) from Sarawak, Malaysia, is identified as S. parahiyangum sensu stricto and morphoform 2 (lineage 2) from Thailand and Vietnam, and morphoform 3 (lineage 1) from Peninsular Malaysia are each regarded as distinct species, although morphoform 3 is partially homosequential for the COI gene with morphoform 1. Morphoforms 2 and 3 are described as Simulium ngaoense sp. nov. and Simulium sazalyi sp. nov., respectively. Overall, S. parahiyangum is not a single geographic generalist but a composite of multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Maerim, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Zubaidah Ya'cob
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Cherairia M, Adler PH. Genetic variation in a colonization specialist, Simulium ruficorne (Diptera: Simuliidae), the world's most widely distributed black fly. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205137. [PMID: 30281665 PMCID: PMC6169971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of aquatic insects to colonize Earth's most remote freshwater habitats, such as those of islands and deserts, is limited to select taxa. Among black flies, the premiere colonization specialist is Simulium ruficorne Macquart, the only species known from both the Afrotropical and Palearctic regions. We investigated the cytogenetics of S. ruficorne to gain insight into its wide geographic distribution and ability to colonize oceanic islands and deserts. On the basis of larval polytene chromosomes from 14 locations, we documented 17 novel and previously known chromosomal rearrangements and established five cytoforms (A1, A2, B, C, and D), of which probably four (A1/A2, B, C, and D) are distinct species and two (A1 and A2) represent sex-chromosome polymorphism involving a heteroband in the long arm of chromosome III. The chromosome restructuring phenomena associated with the five cytoforms are consistent with the trend in the Simuliidae that one and the same rearrangement can assume different functions in the various descendants of a common ancestor in which the rearrangement was polymorphic. The most widely distributed cytoforms are A1 and A2, which are found in North Africa, the Canary Islands, and Majorca. Simulium ruficorne, the only known black fly in the Hoggar Mountains of the central Sahara Desert, represents a cohesive population of cytoform A1 little differentiated from other North African populations of A1 and A2. Cytoform B inhabits the West African mainland, cytoform C is on Tenerife, and cytoform D is on Cape Verde. We suggest that dispersal and colonization specialists, such as S. ruficorne, are multivoltine inhabitants of temporary streams, and must relocate as their habitats deteriorate. Simulium ruficorne, therefore, should have adaptations that contribute to successful dispersal and colonization, perhaps largely physiological in nature, such as tolerance of high temperatures and droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Cherairia
- Laboratoire de Recherche et de Conservation des Zones Humides, Université 8 Mai 1945 de Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Peter H. Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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Inci A, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Onder Z, Ciloglu A, Seitz G, Adler PH. Genetic Diversity and Identification of Palearctic Black Flies in the Subgenus Wilhelmia (Diptera: Simuliidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:888-894. [PMID: 28399227 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate species identifications are the essential first step in understanding the medical, economic, and ecological importance of black flies. The utility of DNA barcoding based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences was evaluated for identifying six common species of Palearctic black flies in the subgenus Wilhelmia, including several that are virulent pests. Chromosomally identified larvae from Turkey and Germany and COI sequences in GenBank were analyzed. Intraspecific genetic divergence was 0.7-3.5% (mean 1.6%), whereas interspecific genetic divergence was 2.7-16.9%. On the basis of COI barcodes, the six nominal species of Simulium (Wilhelmia) were clustered in three distinct clades with high levels of genetic divergence, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. All specimens of Simulium equinum (L.), Simulium pseudequinum Séguy, and Simulium paraequinum Puri were correctly identified. However, >75% of identifications were ambiguous for Simulium lineatum (Meigen) and Simulium turgaicum Rubtsov (Meigen) because of overlapping intra- and interspecific divergence of the two species and Simulium balcanicum (Enderlein), all three of which are chromosomally similar and nearly isomorphic. Phylogenetic evaluation showed that S. balcanicum, S. equinum, S. pseudequinum, and S. paraequinum were monophyletic, with high bootstrap and posterior probability values, but it also showed that S. lineatum and S. turgaicum were paraphyletic, each clustering in two distinct groups, suggesting the presence of cryptic taxa. Although DNA barcoding provided a partial means of identification and indications of additional biodiversity, other molecular markers are needed to clarify the limits of all pest species of the subgenus Wilhelmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Inci
- Parasitology Department, Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Parasitology Department, Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Parasitology Department, Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Parasitology Department, Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Parasitology Department, Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gunther Seitz
- District Government of Lower Bavaria, Regierungsplatz 540, 84028 Landshut, Germany
| | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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Adler PH, Takaoka H, Sofian-Azirun M, Low VL, Ya’cob Z, Chen CD, Lau KW, Pham XD. Vietnam, a Hotspot for Chromosomal Diversity and Cryptic Species in Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163881. [PMID: 27695048 PMCID: PMC5047563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing attention on Vietnam as a biodiversity hotspot prompted an investigation of the potential for cryptic diversity in black flies, a group well known elsewhere for its high frequency of isomorphic species. We analyzed the banding structure of the larval polytene chromosomes in the Simulium tuberosum species group to probe for diversity beyond the morphological level. Among 272 larvae, 88 different chromosomal rearrangements, primarily paracentric inversions, were discovered in addition to 25 already known in the basic sequences of the group in Asia. Chromosomal diversity in Vietnam far exceeds that known for the group in Thailand, with only about 5% of the rearrangements shared between the two countries. Fifteen cytoforms and nine morphoforms were revealed among six nominal species in Vietnam. Chromosomal evidence, combined with available molecular and morphological evidence, conservatively suggests that at least five of the cytoforms are valid species, two of which require formal names. The total chromosomal rearrangements and species (15) now known from the group in Vietnam far exceed those of any other area of comparable size in the world, supporting the country’s status as a biodiversity hotspot. Phylogenetic inference based on uniquely shared, derived chromosomal rearrangements supports the clustering of cytoforms into two primary lineages, the Simulium tani complex and the Southeast Asian Simulium tuberosum subgroup. Some of these taxa could be threatened by habitat destruction, given their restricted geographical distributions and the expanding human population of Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Adler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Ya’cob
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Koon Weng Lau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Xuan Da Pham
- National Agency in Southern Region, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 700000
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Adler PH, Yildirim A, Onder Z, Tasci GT, Duzlu O, Arslan MO, Ciloglu A, Sari B, Parmaksizoglu N, Inci A. Rearrangement hotspots in the sex chromosome of the Palearctic black fly Simulium bergi (Diptera, Simuliidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:295-310. [PMID: 27551350 PMCID: PMC4977804 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i2.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An extreme example of nonrandom rearrangements, especially inversion breaks, is described in the polytene chromosomes of the black fly Simulium bergi Rubtsov, 1956 from Armenia and Turkey. A total of 48 rearrangements was discovered, relative to the standard banding sequence for the subgenus Simulium Latreille, 1802. One rearrangement, an inversion (IIS-C) in the short arm of the second chromosome, was fixed. Six (12.5%) of the rearrangements were autosomal polymorphisms, and the remaining 41 (85.4%) were sex linked. More than 40 X- and Y-linked rearrangements, predominantly inversions, were clustered in the long arm of the second chromosome (IIL), representing about 15% of the total complement. The pattern conforms to a nonrandom model of chromosome breakage, perhaps associated with an underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Adler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 130 McGinty Court, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 USA
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - G. Taskin Tasci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M. Ozkan Arslan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Baris Sari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Parmaksizoglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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