1
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Lotke R, Petersen M, Sauter D. Restriction of Viral Glycoprotein Maturation by Cellular Protease Inhibitors. Viruses 2024; 16:332. [PMID: 38543698 PMCID: PMC10975521 DOI: 10.3390/v16030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The human genome is estimated to encode more than 500 proteases performing a wide range of important physiological functions. They digest proteins in our food, determine the activity of hormones, induce cell death and regulate blood clotting, for example. During viral infection, however, some proteases can switch sides and activate viral glycoproteins, allowing the entry of virions into new target cells and the spread of infection. To reduce unwanted effects, multiple protease inhibitors regulate the proteolytic processing of self and non-self proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge of endogenous protease inhibitors, which are known to limit viral replication by interfering with the proteolytic activation of viral glycoproteins. We describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlight the diverse strategies by which protease inhibitors reduce virion infectivity. We also provide examples of how viruses evade the restriction imposed by protease inhibitors. Finally, we briefly outline how cellular protease inhibitors can be modified and exploited for therapeutic purposes. In summary, this review aims to summarize our current understanding of cellular protease inhibitors as components of our immune response to a variety of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Jiang Y, Lu L. New insight into the agonism of protease-activated receptors as an immunotherapeutic strategy. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105614. [PMID: 38159863 PMCID: PMC10810747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation and mobilization of immune cells play a crucial role in immunotherapy. Existing therapeutic interventions, such as cytokines administration, aim to enhance immune cell activity. However, these approaches usually result in modest effectiveness and toxic side effects, thereby restricting their clinical application. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, actively participate in the immune system by directly activating immune cells. The activation of PARs by proteases or synthetic ligands can modulate immune cell behavior, signaling, and responses to treat immune-related diseases, suggesting the significance of PARs agonism in immunotherapy. However, the agonism of PARs in therapeutical applications remains rarely discussed, since it has been traditionally considered that PARs activation facilitates disease progressions. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the activation, rather than inhibition, of PARs in immune-related physiological responses and diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic potential of PARs agonism, providing a new strategic direction for PARs-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Lu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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A Candidate Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Inhibits Both HRSV and HMPV Replication in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102516. [PMID: 36289776 PMCID: PMC9599547 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human respiratory virus (HRSV) are two leading causes of acute respiratory tract infection in young children. While there is no licensed drug against HMPV, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Palivizumab is approved against HRSV for prophylaxis use only. Novel therapeutics against both viruses are therefore needed. Here, we describe the identification of human mAbs targeting these viruses by using flow cytometry-based cell sorting. One hundred and two antibodies were initially identified from flow cytometry-based cell sorting as binding to the fusion protein from HRSV, HMPV or both. Of those, 95 were successfully produced in plants, purified and characterized for binding activity by ELISA and neutralization assays as well as by inhibition of virus replication in mice. Twenty-two highly reactive mAbs targeting either HRSV or HMPV were isolated. Of these, three mAbs inhibited replication in vivo of a single virus while one mAb could reduce both HRSV and HMPV titers in the lung. Overall, this study identifies several human mAbs with virus-specific therapeutic potential and a unique mAb with inhibitory activities against both HRSV and HMPV.
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4
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Bivalirudin exerts antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung infections in neonatal mice. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2022; 72:415-425. [PMID: 36651544 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of small airways inflammation in the lungs (bronchiolitis) in neonates and immunocompromised adults. The deregulation of cellular and plasma components leads to increased morbidity and mortality. The activation of the clotting cascade plays a key role in the progression of disease severity during viral infection. The current investigation studied the effect of bivalirudin (BR) on the progression and cellular effects of RSV-induced infection in the neonatal mice model. Mice (5-7 days old) were inoculated intranasally with RSV with or without BR administration (2 mg kg-1 day-1, i.v.) for 2 weeks. Tissue histopathology, inflammatory signalling genes such as TLR, and cytokines were analyzed. The results showed pneumocytes exhibiting nuclear pyknosis, cellular infiltration in lung tissue and increased lung titers in RSV-infected mice compared to the control. Furthermore, RSV-infected mice demonstrated altered clotting parameters such as D-dimer, soluble thrombomodulin, and increased inflammatory cytokines IL-5, 6, IFN-γ, IL-13, and CXCL1. Additionally, the mRNA expression analysis displayed increased levels of IL-33, TLR3, and TLR7 genes in RSV-infected lung tissue. Further, to delineate the role of micro RNAs, the qRT-PCR analysis was done, and the results displayed an increase in miR-136, miR-30b, and let-7i. At the same time, the down-regulated expression of miR-221 in RSV-infected mice compared to the control. BR treatment reduced the cellular infiltration with reduced inflammatory cytokines and normalized clotting indices. Thus, the study shows that RSV infection induces specific changes in lung tissue and the clotting related signalling mechanism. Additionally, BR treatment significantly reduces bronchiolitis and prevents the severity of the infections suggesting that BR can possibly be used to reduce the viral-mediated infections in neonates.
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5
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Chen H, Smith M, Herz J, Li T, Hasley R, Le Saout C, Zhu Z, Cheng J, Gronda A, Martina JA, Irusta PM, Karpova T, McGavern DB, Catalfamo M. The role of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling in CD8 T cell effector functions. iScience 2021; 24:103387. [PMID: 34841225 PMCID: PMC8605340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are essential for adaptive immunity against viral infections. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed by CD8 T cells; however, its role in T cell effector function is not well defined. Here we show that in human CD8 T cells, PAR1 stimulation accelerates calcium mobilization. Furthermore, PAR1 is involved in cytotoxic T cell function by facilitating granule trafficking via actin polymerization and repositioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the immunological synapse. In vivo, PAR1−/− mice have reduced cytokine-producing T cells in response to a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and fail to efficiently control the virus. Specific deletion of PAR1 in LCMV GP33-specific CD8 T cells results in reduced expansion and diminished effector function. These data demonstrate that PAR1 plays a role in T cell activation and function, and this pathway could represent a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CD8 T cell effector function. PAR1 signaling in human CD8 T cells accelerates TCR-induced calcium mobilization PAR1 participates in the repositioning of the MTOC at the immunological synapse PAR1 facilitates polarized secretion of cytotoxic granules at the immunological synapse PAR1−/− Gp33-specific CD8 T cells show reduced expansion and effector function
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mindy Smith
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Hasley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecile Le Saout
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andres Gronda
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo M Irusta
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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The Cross-Talk between Thrombosis and Inflammatory Storm in Acute and Long-COVID-19: Therapeutic Targets and Clinical Cases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101904. [PMID: 34696334 PMCID: PMC8540492 DOI: 10.3390/v13101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) commonly complicates with coagulopathy. A syndrome called Long-COVID-19 is emerging recently in COVID-19 survivors, characterized, in addition to the persistence of symptoms typical of the acute phase, by alterations in inflammatory and coagulation parameters due to endothelial damage. The related disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be associated with high death rates in COVID-19 patients. It is possible to find a prothrombotic state also in Long-COVID-19. Early administration of anticoagulants in COVID-19 was suggested in order to improve patient outcomes, although exact criteria for their application were not well-established. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was commonly adopted for counteracting DIC and venous thromboembolism (VTE), due to its pharmacodynamics and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy for COVID-19-associated DIC is still a matter of debate. Thrombin and Factor Xa (FXa) are well-known components of the coagulation cascade. The FXa is known to strongly promote inflammation as the consequence of increased cytokine expression. Endothelial cells and mononuclear leucocytes release cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules due to thrombin activation. On the other hand, cytokines can activate coagulation. The cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation is mediated via protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors might become potential targets to be considered for counteracting the clinical expressions of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is effectively able to activate local and circulating coagulation factors, thus inducing the generation of disseminated coagula. LMWH may be considered as the new frontier in the treatment of COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19. Indeed, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be an alternative option for both early and later treatment of COVID-19 patients due to their ability to inhibit PARs. The aim of this report was to evaluate the role of anticoagulants—and DOACs in particular in COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19 patients. We report the case of a COVID-19 patient who, after administration of enoxaparin developed DIC secondary to virosis and positivity for platelet factor 4 (PF4) and a case of Long-COVID with high residual cardiovascular risk and persistence of blood chemistry of inflammation and procoagulative state.
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7
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Kim HN, Triplet EM, Radulovic M, Bouchal S, Kleppe LS, Simon WL, Yoon H, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor modulates astroglia-neuron trophic coupling and neural repair after spinal cord injury. Glia 2021; 69:2111-2132. [PMID: 33887067 PMCID: PMC8672305 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is implicated in diverse neuropathologies from neurodegenerative conditions to neurotrauma. PAR1 knockout mice show improved outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI), however information regarding the underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms is lacking. Here we demonstrate that genetic blockade of PAR1 in female mice results in improvements in sensorimotor co-ordination after thoracic spinal cord lateral compression injury. We document improved neuron preservation with increases in Synapsin-1 presynaptic proteins and GAP43, a growth cone marker, after a 30 days recovery period. These improvements were coupled to signs of enhanced myelin resiliency and repair, including increases in the number of mature oligodendrocytes, their progenitors and the abundance of myelin basic protein. These significant increases in substrates for neural recovery were accompanied by reduced astrocyte (Serp1) and microglial/monocyte (CD68 and iNOS) pro-inflammatory markers, with coordinate increases in astrocyte (S100A10 and Emp1) and microglial (Arg1) markers reflective of pro-repair activities. Complementary astrocyte-neuron co-culture bioassays suggest astrocytes with PAR1 loss-of-function promote both neuron survival and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, the pro-neurite outgrowth effects of switching off astrocyte PAR1 were blocked by inhibiting TrkB, the high affinity receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor. Altogether, these studies demonstrate unique modulatory roles for PAR1 in regulating glial-neuron interactions, including the capacity for neurotrophic factor signaling, and underscore its position at neurobiological intersections critical for the response of the CNS to injury and the capacity for regenerative repair and restoration of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Samantha Bouchal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
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8
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Host Components That Modulate the Disease Caused by hMPV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030519. [PMID: 33809875 PMCID: PMC8004172 DOI: 10.3390/v13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children up to 5 years of age, contributing substantially to health burden. The worldwide economic and social impact of this virus is significant and must be addressed. The structural components of hMPV (either proteins or genetic material) can be detected by several receptors expressed by host cells through the engagement of pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of the structural components of hMPV can promote the signaling of the immune response to clear the infection, leading to the activation of several pathways, such as those related to the interferon response. Even so, several intrinsic factors are capable of modulating the immune response or directly inhibiting the replication of hMPV. This article will discuss the current knowledge regarding the innate and adaptive immune response during hMPV infections. Accordingly, the host intrinsic components capable of modulating the immune response and the elements capable of restricting viral replication during hMPV infections will be examined.
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9
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Aliter KF, Al-Horani RA. Thrombin Inhibition by Argatroban: Potential Therapeutic Benefits in COVID-19. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:195-203. [PMID: 32870433 PMCID: PMC7459262 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease with multiple physiological functions. Its role in coagulation and thrombosis is well-established. Nevertheless, thrombin also plays a major role in inflammation by activating protease-activated receptors. In addition, thrombin is also involved in angiogenesis, fibrosis, and viral infections. Considering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 pandemic, thrombin inhibitors may exert multiple potential therapeutic benefits including antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In this review, we describe the clinical features of COVID-19, the thrombin’s roles in various pathologies, and the potential of argatroban in COVID-19 patients. Argatroban is a synthetic, small molecule, direct, competitive, and selective inhibitor of thrombin. It is approved to parenterally prevent and/or treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in addition to other thrombotic conditions. Argatroban also possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities and has a well-established pharmacokinetics profile. It also appears to lack a significant risk of drug–drug interactions with therapeutics currently being evaluated for COVID-19. Thus, argatroban presents a substantial promise in treating severe cases of COVID-19; however, this promise is yet to be established in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud F Aliter
- Department of Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125-1089, USA.
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10
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Sriram K, Insel PA. Proteinase-activated receptor 1: A target for repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4971-4974. [PMID: 32639031 PMCID: PMC7361899 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search to rapidly identify effective therapies that will mitigate the morbidity and mortality of COVID‐19, attention has been directed towards the repurposing of existing drugs. Candidates for repurposing include drugs that target COVID‐19 pathobiology, including agents that alter angiotensin signalling. Recent data indicate that key findings in COVID‐19 patients include thrombosis and endotheliitis. Activation of proteinase‐activated receptor 1 (PAR1), in particular by the serine protease thrombin, is a critical element in platelet aggregation and coagulation. PAR1 activation also impacts on the actions of other cell types involved in COVID‐19 pathobiology, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Vorapaxar is an approved inhibitor of PAR1, used for treatment of patients with myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial disease. We discuss evidence for a possible beneficial role for vorapaxar in the treatment of COVID‐19 patients and other as‐yet non‐approved antagonists of PAR1 and proteinase‐activated receptor 4 (PAR4). Linked Articles This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID‐19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- From the Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.J.P., H.M.S.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.J.P., H.M.S.).,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.J.P., H.M.S.)
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (S.P.G., Y.H., N.M.)
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (S.P.G., Y.H., N.M.)
| | - A Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (A.P.O.)
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (S.A.)
| | - Henri M Spronk
- From the Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.J.P., H.M.S.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.J.P., H.M.S.).,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.J.P., H.M.S.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (S.P.G., Y.H., N.M.)
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12
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Human metapneumovirus activates NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome via its small hydrophobic protein which plays a detrimental role during infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007689. [PMID: 30964929 PMCID: PMC6474638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation triggers caspase-1 activation-induced maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and therefore is important for the development of the host defense against various RNA viral diseases. However, the implication of this protein complex in human metapneumovirus (HMPV) disease has not been fully studied. Herein, we report that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a detrimental role during HMPV infection because NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition protected mice from mortality and reduced weight loss and inflammation without impacting viral replication. We also demonstrate that NLRP3 inflammasome exerts its deleterious effect via IL-1β production since we observed reduced mortality, weight loss and inflammation in IL-1β-deficient (IL-1β-/-) mice, as compared to wild-type animals during HMPV infection. Moreover, the effect on these evaluated parameters was not different in IL-1β-/- and wild-type mice treated with an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. The production of IL-1β was also abrogated in bone marrow derived macrophages deficient for NLRP3. Finally, we show that small hydrophobic protein-deleted recombinant HMPV (HMPV ΔSH) failed to activate caspase-1, which is responsible for IL-1β cleavage and maturation. Furthermore, HMPV ΔSH-infected mice had less weight loss, showed no mortality and reduced inflammation, as compared to wild-type HMPV-infected mice. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome activation seems to be triggered by HMPV SH protein in HMPV disease. In summary, once activated by the HMPV SH protein, NLRP3 inflammasome promotes the maturation of IL-1β, which exacerbates HMPV-induced inflammation. Therefore, the blockade of IL-1β production by using NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors might be a novel potential strategy for the therapy and prevention of HMPV infection. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a negative-stranded, enveloped RNA virus, is recognized as one of the leading causes of acute respiratory disease in children since its discovery in 2001. Nevertheless, there is currently no licensed vaccine for the prevention of HMPV infection and treatment modalities are limited to the use of ribavirin, a weak antiviral agent or immunoglobulins. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several RNA viral diseases but its role during HMPV infection has not been fully studied. Here, we report for the first time that NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by the small hydrophobic protein of HMPV, leading to the release of IL-1β, which has the potential to exacerbate inflammation. However, NLRP3 inflammasome has no direct influence on viral replication. Thus, IL-1β-mediated inflammatory process plays an important role during HMPV infection and, therefore, anti-IL-1β strategies such as the use of NLRP3 inhibitors may be a novel potential approach for the prevention and therapy of HMPV disease.
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13
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Lê BV, Jandrot-Perrus M, Couture C, Checkmahomed L, Venable MC, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Evaluation of anticoagulant agents for the treatment of human metapneumovirus infection in mice. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1367-1380. [PMID: 30102144 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin has been demonstrated to be involved in several viral diseases including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. We previously showed that immediate administration of thrombin inhibitor argatroban post-infection protected mice against hMPV disease. This current work aims at determining whether warfarin and heparin, two other anticoagulants inhibiting thrombin formation and activities, may also be used for treatment against hMPV in vivo. We found that immediate injections of argatroban, warfarin or heparin after virus challenge protected mice against hMPV infection, as evidenced by decreased or no mortality, less weight loss, reduced viral load and attenuated inflammation. However, delayed treatments starting 1 day post-infection with argatroban or warfarin almost did not impact the survival whereas delayed treatment with heparin induced an increased mortality during infection. Moreover, these treatments also did not reduce weight loss, viral replication and inflammation. In agreement with these results, thrombin generation was decreased upon immediate anticoagulant treatments but was unaltered upon delayed treatments. Thus, thrombin generation occurs at the onset of hMPV infection and thrombin inhibition may be only useful for the treatment of this disease when initiated in the early stage. In this case, heparin is not recommended because of its reduced efficacy on mortality in infected mice whereas argatroban and warfarin appear as safe and effective drugs for the treatment of hMPV disease. The antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of argatroban occur via thrombin-dependent pathways whereas the mechanisms by which warfarin exerts its beneficial effects against hMPV infection were not elucidated and need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Vuong Lê
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Christian Couture
- 3Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liva Checkmahomed
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Lê VB, Riteau B, Alessi MC, Couture C, Jandrot-Perrus M, Rhéaume C, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Protease-activated receptor 1 inhibition protects mice against thrombin-dependent respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:388-403. [PMID: 29105740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. However, its role remains controversial. The goal of our study was to investigate the contribution of PAR1 to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the role of PAR1 during RSV and hMPV infection, in vitro using epithelial A549 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of virus infection. KEY RESULTS In vitro, the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-56110 reduced the replication of RSV and hMPV in A549 cells. In agreement with these results, RWJ-56110-treated mice were protected against RSV and hMPV infections, as indicated by less weight loss and mortality. This protective effect in mice correlated with decreased lung viral replication and inflammation. In contrast, hMPV-infected mice treated with the PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 showed increased mortality, as compared to infected mice, which were left untreated. Thrombin generation was shown to occur downstream of PAR1 activation in infected mice via tissue factor exposure as part of the inflammatory response, and thrombin inhibition by argatroban reduced the pathogenicity of the infection with no additive effect to that induced by PAR1 inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data show that PAR1 plays a detrimental role during RSV and hMPV infections in mice via, at least, a thrombin-dependent mechanism. Thus, the use of PAR1 antagonists and thrombin inhibitors may have potential as a novel approach for the treatment of RSV and hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Ba Lê
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Béatrice Riteau
- UMR INSERM U1062/INRA 1260/AMU, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomy-Pathology, Laval University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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