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Meyer UA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Insel PA. Introduction to the Theme "Pharmacological Individuality: New Insights and Strategies for Personalized and Precise Drug Treatment". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:27-31. [PMID: 37816308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-090123-010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 64 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology cover diverse topics. A common theme in many of the reviews is the interindividual variability in the clinical response to drugs. Highlighted areas include emerging developments in pharmacogenomics that can predict the personal risk for drug inefficacy and/or adverse drug reactions. Other reviews focus on the use of circulating biomarkers to define drug metabolism phenotypes and the effect of circadian regulation on drug response. Another emerging technology, digital twins that model individual patients, is used to generate computational simulations of drug effects and identify optimal personalized treatments. Another variable that may affect clinical outcomes, the nocebo response (an adverse reaction to a placebo), complicates clinical trials. These reviews further document that pharmacological individuality is an essential component of the concepts of personalized medicine and precision medicine and will likely have an important impact on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Huang DQ, Ajmera V, Tomaszewski C, LaFree A, Bettencourt R, Thompson WK, Smith DM, Malhotra A, Mehta RL, Tolia V, Yin J, Insel PA, Leachman S, Jung J, Collier S, Richards L, Woods K, Amangurbanova M, Bhatt A, Zhang X, Penciu OM, Zarich S, Retta T, Harkins MS, Teixeira JP, Chinnock B, Utay NS, Lake JE, Loomba R. Ramipril for the Treatment of COVID-19: RAMIC, a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Adv Ther 2023; 40:4805-4816. [PMID: 37615850 PMCID: PMC10709987 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retrospective studies report that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) may reduce the severity of COVID-19, but prospective data on de novo treatment with ACEIs are limited. The RAMIC trial was a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, allocation-concealed clinical trial to examine the efficacy of de novo ramipril versus placebo for the treatment of COVID-19. METHODS Eligible participants were aged 18 years and older with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, recruited from urgent care clinics, emergency departments, and hospital inpatient wards at eight sites in the USA. Participants were randomly assigned to daily ramipril 2.5 mg or placebo orally in a 2:1 ratio, using permuted block randomization. Analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or invasive mechanical ventilation by day 14. RESULTS Between 27 May 2020 and 19 April 2021, a total of 114 participants (51% female) were randomized to ramipril (n = 79) or placebo (n = 35). The overall mean (± SD) age and BMI were 45 (± 15) years and 33 (± 8) kg/m2. Two participants in the ramipril group required ICU admission and one died, compared with none in the placebo group. There were no significant differences between ramipril and placebo in the primary endpoint (ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or death) (3% versus 0%, p = 1.00) or adverse events (27% versus 29%, p = 0.82). The study was terminated early because of a low event rate and subsequent Emergency Use Authorization of therapies for COVID-19. CONCLUSION De novo ramipril was not different compared with placebo in improving or worsening clinical outcomes from COVID-19 but appeared safe in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04366050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Q Huang
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veeral Ajmera
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian Tomaszewski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego and the El Centro Regional Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew LaFree
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego and the El Centro Regional Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ricki Bettencourt
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vaishal Tolia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stone Leachman
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinho Jung
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Summer Collier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Woods
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maral Amangurbanova
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Archana Bhatt
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Stuart Zarich
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale New Haven Health Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Tamrat Retta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michelle S Harkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J Pedro Teixeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brian Chinnock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Netanya S Utay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jordan E Lake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Meyer UA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Insel PA. Introduction to the Theme "Pharmacological Individuality: New Insights and Strategies for Personalized and Precise Drug Treatment". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 64. [PMID: 37816308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-090123-010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 64 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology cover diverse topics. A common theme in many of the reviews is the interindividual variability in the clinical response to drugs. Highlighted areas include emerging developments in pharmacogenomics that can predict the personal risk for drug inefficacy and/or adverse drug reactions. Other reviews focus on the use of circulating biomarkers to define drug metabolism phenotypes and the effect of circadian regulation on drug response. Another emerging technology, digital twins that model individual patients, is used to generate computational simulations of drug effects and identify optimal personalized treatments. Another variable that may affect clinical outcomes, the nocebo response (an adverse reaction to a placebo), complicates clinical trials. These reviews further document that pharmacological individuality is an essential component of the concepts of personalized medicine and precision medicine and will likely have an important impact on patient care. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 64 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Stanford SC, Alexander S, Cirino G, George CH, Insel PA, Kendall D, Ji Y, Panettieri RA, Patel HH, Sobey CG, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Vergnolle N, Ferdinandy P, Ahluwalia A. Considering and reporting sex as an experimental variable II: An update on progress in the British Journal of Pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1191-1196. [PMID: 36876456 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Barbara Stefanska
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Di Nardo A, Chang YL, Alimohammadi S, Masuda-Kuroki K, Wang Z, Sriram K, Insel PA. Mast cell tolerance in the skin microenvironment to commensal bacteria is controlled by fibroblasts. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112453. [PMID: 37120813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation and degranulation of mast cells (MCs) is an essential aspect of innate and adaptive immunity. Skin MCs, the most exposed to the external environment, are at risk of quickly degranulating with potentially severe consequences. Here, we define how MCs assume a tolerant phenotype via crosstalk with dermal fibroblasts (dFBs) and how this phenotype reduces unnecessary inflammation when in contact with beneficial commensal bacteria. We explore the interaction of human MCs (HMCs) and dFBs in the human skin microenvironment and test how this interaction controls MC inflammatory response by inhibiting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. We show that the extracellular matrix hyaluronic acid, as the activator of the regulatory zinc finger (de)ubiquitinating enzyme A20/tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), is responsible for the reduced HMC response to commensal bacteria. The role of hyaluronic acid as an anti-inflammatory ligand on MCs opens new avenues for the potential treatment of inflammatory and allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yu-Ling Chang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shahrzad Alimohammadi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kana Masuda-Kuroki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Panettieri RA, Stanford SC, Alexander S, Cirino G, George CH, Insel PA, Kendall D, Ji Y, Patel HH, Sobey CG, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Vergnolle N, Ferdinandy P, Ahluwalia A. BJP recommendations for publishing research on tobacco smoke and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1537-1541. [PMID: 37092682 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of California/San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California/San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Ingrande J, Patel HH, Kendall D, Stefanska B, Alexander S, Bakhle M, Cirino G, Docherty JR, George CH, Insel PA, Ji Y, King BF, Lilley E, Panettieri RA, Ramage AG, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Vergnolle N, Ahluwalia A. Guidance for the use and reporting of anaesthetic agents in BJP manuscripts involving work with animals. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:255-263. [PMID: 36529953 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists who plan to publish in the British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP) should read this article before undertaking studies utilising anaesthetics in mammalian animals. This editorial identifies certain gaps in the reporting of details on the use of anaesthetics in animal research studies published in the BJP. The editorial also provides guidance, based upon current best practices, for performing in vivo experiments that require anaesthesia. In addition, mechanisms of action and physiological impact of specific anaesthetic agents are discussed. Our goal is to identify best practices and to provide guidance on the information required for manuscripts submitted to the BJP that involve the use of anaesthetic agents in studies with experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Ingrande
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Greenwald E, Posner C, Bharath A, Lyons A, Salmerón C, Sriram K, Wiley SZ, Insel PA, Zhang J. GPCR Signaling Measurement and Drug Profiling with an Automated Live-Cell Microscopy System. ACS Sens 2023; 8:19-27. [PMID: 36602887 PMCID: PMC9994309 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A major limitation of time-lapse microscopy combined with fluorescent biosensors, a powerful tool for quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling in single living cells, is low-experimental throughput. To overcome this limitation, we created a highly customizable, MATLAB-based platform: flexible automated liquid-handling combined microscope (FALCOscope) that coordinates an OpenTrons liquid handler and a fluorescence microscope to automate drug treatments, fluorescence imaging, and single-cell analysis. To test the feasibility of the FALCOscope, we quantified G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-stimulated Protein Kinase A activity and cAMP responses to GPCR agonists and antagonists. We also characterized cAMP dynamics induced by GPR68/OGR1, a proton-sensing GPCR, in response to variable extracellular pH values. GPR68-induced cAMP responses were more transient in acidic than neutral pH values, suggesting a pH-dependence for signal attenuation. Ogerin, a GPR68 positive allosteric modulator, enhanced cAMP response most strongly at pH 7.0 and sustained cAMP response for acidic pH values, thereby demonstrating the capability of the FALCOscope to capture allosteric modulation. At a high concentration, ogerin increased cAMP signaling independent of GPR68, likely via phosphodiesterase inhibition. The FALCOscope system thus enables enhanced throughput single-cell dynamic measurements and is a versatile system for interrogating spatiotemporal regulation of signaling molecules in living cells and for drug profiling and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Greenwald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Clara Posner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ananya Bharath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anne Lyons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Blaschke TF, Insel PA, Amara SG, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "Development of New Drugs: Moving from the Bench to Bedside and Improved Patient Care". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:15-18. [PMID: 36270297 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091222-022612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Investigations in pharmacology and toxicology range from molecular studies to clinical care. Studies in basic and clinical pharmacology and in preclinical and clinical toxicology are all essential in bringing new knowledge and new drugs into clinical use. The 30 reviews in Volume 63 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology explore topics across this spectrum. Examples include "Zebrafish as a Mainstream Model for In Vivo Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology" and "Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Lead-to-Candidate Decision-Making and Beyond." Other reviews discuss components important for drug discovery and development and the use of pharmaceuticals in a variety of diseases. Air pollution continues to increase globally; accordingly, "Air Pollution-Related Neurotoxicity Across the Life Span" is a timely and forward-thinking review. Volume 63 also explores the use of contemporary technologies such as electronic health records, pharmacogenetics, and new drug delivery systems that help enhance and improve the utility of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Curtis MJ, Alexander SPH, Cirino G, George CH, Kendall DA, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, Panettieri RA, Patel HH, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stanley P, Stefanska B, Stephens GJ, Teixeira MM, Vergnolle N, Ahluwalia A. Planning experiments: Updated guidance on experimental design and analysis and their reporting III. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3907-3913. [PMID: 35673806 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists who plan to publish in British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP) must read this article before undertaking a study. This editorial provides guidance for the design of experiments. We have published previously two guidance documents on experimental design and analysis (Curtis et al., 2015; Curtis et al., 2018). This update clarifies and simplifies the requirements on design and analysis for BJP manuscripts. This editorial also details updated requirements following an audit and discussion on best practice by the BJP editorial board. Explanations for the requirements are provided in the previous articles. Here, we address new issues that have arisen in the course of handling manuscripts and emphasise three aspects of design that continue to present the greatest challenge to authors: randomisation, blinded analysis and balance of group sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Hemal H Patel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Posner C, Greenwald E, Bharath A, Lyons A, Salmerón C, Smitham J, Insel PA, Zhang J. GPCR signaling measurement and drug profiling with an automated live‐cell microscopy system. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Posner
- BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCA
| | | | | | - Anne Lyons
- BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCA
| | | | | | | | - Jin Zhang
- PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCA
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12
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Chinn AM, Salmerón C, Lee J, Sriram K, Raz E, Insel PA. PDE4B Is a Homeostatic Regulator of Cyclic AMP in Dendritic Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:833832. [PMID: 35387344 PMCID: PMC8977838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.833832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic decreases in the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) occur in numerous settings, but how cells compensate for such decreases is unknown. We have used a unique system-murine dendritic cells (DCs) with a DC-selective depletion of the heterotrimeric GTP binding protein Gαs-to address this issue. These mice spontaneously develop Th2-allergic asthma and their DCs have persistently lower cAMP levels. We found that phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) is the primary phosphodiesterase expressed in DCs and that its expression is preferentially decreased in Gαs-depleted DCs. PDE4B expression is dynamic, falling and rising in a protein kinase A-dependent manner with decreased and increased cAMP concentrations, respectively. Treatment of DCs that drive enhanced Th2 immunity with a PDE4B inhibitor ameliorated DC-induced helper T cell response. We conclude that PDE4B is a homeostatic regulator of cellular cAMP concentrations in DCs and may be a target for treating Th2-allergic asthma and other settings with low cellular cAMP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Chinn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jihyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eyal Raz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Sriram K, Insel MB, Insel PA. Inhaled β2 Adrenergic Agonists and Other cAMP-Elevating Agents: Therapeutics for Alveolar Injury and Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome? Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:488-526. [PMID: 34795026 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled long-acting β-adrenergic agonists (LABAs) and short-acting β-adrenergic agonists are approved for the treatment of obstructive lung disease via actions mediated by β2 adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) that increase cellular cAMP synthesis. This review discusses the potential of β2-AR agonists, in particular LABAs, for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We emphasize ARDS induced by pneumonia and focus on the pathobiology of ARDS and actions of LABAs and cAMP on pulmonary and immune cell types. β2-AR agonists/cAMP have beneficial actions that include protection of epithelial and endothelial cells from injury, restoration of alveolar fluid clearance, and reduction of fibrotic remodeling. β2-AR agonists/cAMP also exert anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system by actions on several types of immune cells. Early administration is likely critical for optimizing efficacy of LABAs or other cAMP-elevating agents, such as agonists of other Gs-coupled G protein-coupled receptors or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Clinical studies that target lung injury early, prior to development of ARDS, are thus needed to further assess the use of inhaled LABAs, perhaps combined with inhaled corticosteroids and/or long-acting muscarinic cholinergic antagonists. Such agents may provide a multipronged, repurposing, and efficacious therapeutic approach while minimizing systemic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after pulmonary alveolar injury (e.g., certain viral infections) is associated with ∼40% mortality and in need of new therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the pathobiology of ARDS, focusing on contributions of pulmonary and immune cell types and potentially beneficial actions of β2 adrenergic receptors and cAMP. Early administration of inhaled β2 adrenergic agonists and perhaps other cAMP-elevating agents after alveolar injury may be a prophylactic approach to prevent development of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine (M.B.I.) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael B Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine (M.B.I.) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine (M.B.I.) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Salmeron C, Sriram K, Javadi-Paydar M, Insel PA. Abstract PO-091: Histamine receptor 1 (HRH1): A potentially novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and tumors. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca21-po-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A recent study reported that patients taking HRH1 antihistamines have decreased progression of various tumors, including PDAC; the authors inferred that this was an immune effect (Fritz et al., PMID: 33550204). We have initiated studies to test an alternative hypothesis: HRH1 expressed by PDAC cells may contribute to the malignant phenotype and if so, FDA-approved HRH1 antihistamines might be therapeutics to treat or perhaps prevent PDAC. We have undertaken bioinformatic and experimental approaches to test this hypothesis. Our bioinformatic analysis revealed that PDAC tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have >30-fold higher HRH1 expression than in normal pancreas (GTEx database) and is highly expressed in PDAC cell lines in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). HRH1 expression was selectively associated with markers of PDAC cells and not with markers of other cell types in the tumor microenvironment. Higher expression of HRH1 in TCGA-PDAC tumors negatively impacts on patient survival. Our experimental studies indicate that human and mouse PDAC cells express HRH1 mRNA, protein and signaling and that HRH1 is present on the surface of PDAC cells. We found that histamine prominently increases calcium [Ca2+] in multiple human PDAC cell lines with EC50 values comparable to that in other cell types. The histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+] occurs via a Gq/11 (heterotrimeric GTP binding protein)-dependent mechanism and is blocked by multiple FDA-approved HRH1 antihistamines (with pKi values similar to those of HRH1 inhibition of other cell types). HRH1 activation by histamine increases PDAC cell migration. Histamine also increases the production of numerous cytokines (including VEGF) from PDAC cells, and in preliminary studies, stimulates growth of multiple PDAC cell lines at low concentrations (1-10 nM). Together with published data indicating that mast cells (which synthesize and release histamine) in PDAC tumors are associated with PDAC cell growth/invasion, angiogenesis and worse prognosis, our findings suggest that independent of immune cells, a "mast cell-histamine-PDAC cell HRH1 axis" may contribute to the malignant phenotype of PDAC tumors. Importantly, HRH1 on PDAC cells could be targeted by repurposing approved HRH1 antihistamines as a novel therapeutic approach for PDAC tumors. Supported by grants from the University of California Cancer Research Coordinating Committee and Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program.
Citation Format: Cristina Salmeron, Krishna Sriram, Mehrak Javadi-Paydar, Paul A. Insel. Histamine receptor 1 (HRH1): A potentially novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-091.
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Insel PA, Blaschke TF, Amara SG, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "New Insights, Strategies, and Therapeutics for Common Diseases". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:19-24. [PMID: 34606327 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091421-094627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 62 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (ARPT) cover a diverse range of topics. A theme that encompasses many of these reviews is their relevance to common diseases and disorders, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure, cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and Down syndrome. Other reviews highlight important aspects of therapeutics, including placebos and patient-centric approaches to drug formulation. The reviews with this thematic focus, as well as other reviews in this volume, emphasize new mechanistic insights, experimental and therapeutic strategies, and novel insights regarding topics in the disciplines of pharmacology and toxicology. As the editors of ARPT, we believe that these reviews help advance those disciplines and, even more importantly, have the potential to improve the health care of the world's population. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | | | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The theme of Volume 61 is "Old and New Toxicology: Interfaces with Pharmacology." Old toxicology is exemplified by the authors of the autobiographical articles: B.M. Olivera's work on toxins and venoms from cone snails and P. Taylor's studies of acetylcholinesterase and the nicotinic cholinergic receptor, which serve as sites of action for numerous pesticides and venoms. Other articles in this volume focus on new understanding and new types of toxicology, including (a) arsenic toxicity, which is an ancient poison that, through evolution, has caused most multicellular organisms to express an active arsenic methyltransferase to methylate arsenite, which accelerates the excretion of arsenic from the body; (b) small molecules that react with lipid dicarbonyls, which are now considered the most toxic oxidative stress end products; (c) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have revolutionized cancer therapy but have numerous immune-related adverse events, including cardiovascular complications; (d) autoimmunity caused by the environment; (e) idiosyncratic drug-induced liver disease, which together with the toxicity of ICIs represents new toxicology interfacing with pharmacology; and (f) sex differences in the development of cardiovascular disease, with men more susceptible than women to vascular inflammation that initiates and perpetuates disease. These articles and others in Volume 61 reflect the interface and close integration of pharmacology and toxicology that began long ago but continues today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA;
| | | | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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George CH, Alexander SPH, Cirino G, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, Kendall DA, Panettieri RA, Patel HH, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Ahluwalia A. Editorial policy regarding the citation of preprints in the British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP). Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3605-3610. [PMID: 34328225 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Hemal H Patel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ajmera V, Thompson WK, Smith DM, Malhotra A, Mehta RL, Tolia V, Yin J, Sriram K, Insel PA, Collier S, Richards L, Loomba R. RAMIC: Design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of ramipril in patients with COVID-19. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 103:106330. [PMID: 33631357 PMCID: PMC7899027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Retrospective studies have shown that angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are associated with a reduced risk of complications and mortality in persons with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, we aimed to examine the efficacy of ramipril, an ACE-inhibitor, in preventing ICU admission, mechanical ventilation and/or mortality while also minimizing the risk of transmission and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS RAMIC is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, allocation-concealed, placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy of treatment with ramipril 2.5 mg orally daily compared to placebo for 14 days. The study population includes adult patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to a hospital or assessed in an emergency department or ambulatory clinic. Key exclusion criteria include ICU admission or need for mechanical ventilation at screening, use of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor-II blocker within 7 days, glomerular filtration rate < 40 mL/min or a systolic blood pressure (BP) < 100 mmHg or diastolic BP < 65 mmHg. Patients are randomized 2:1 to receive ramipril (2.5 mg) or placebo daily. Informed consent and study visits occur virtually to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and preserve PPE. The primary composite endpoint of ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation and death are adjudicated virtually. CONCLUSIONS RAMIC is designed to assess the efficacy of treatment with ramipril for 14 days to decrease ICU admission, mechanical ventilator use and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and leverages virtual study visits and endpoint adjudication to mitigate risk of infection and to preserve PPE (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04366050).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeral Ajmera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America; NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Davey M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vaishal Tolia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Summer Collier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America; NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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Sriram K, Salmerón C, Di Nardo A, Insel PA. Detection of GPCR mRNA Expression in Primary Cells Via qPCR, Microarrays, and RNA-Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2268:21-42. [PMID: 34085259 PMCID: PMC9867911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1221-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A workflow is described for assaying the expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in cultured cells, using a combination of methods that assess GPCR mRNAs. Beginning from the isolation of cDNA and preparation of mRNA, we provide protocols for designing and testing qPCR primers, assaying mRNA expression using qPCR and high-throughput analysis of GPCR mRNA expression via TaqMan qPCR-based, GPCR-selective arrays. We also provide a workflow for analysis of expression from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) assays, which can be queried to yield expression of GPCRs and related genes in samples of interest, as well as to test changes in expression between groups, such as in cells treated with drugs or from healthy and diseased subjects. We place priority on optimized protocols that distinguish signal from noise, as GPCR mRNAs are typically present in low abundance, necessitating techniques that maximize sensitivity while minimizing noise. These methods may also be applicable for assessing the expression of members of families of other low abundance genes via high-throughput analyses of mRNAs, followed by independent confirmation and validation of results via qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sriram K, Loomba R, Insel PA. Targeting the renin-angiotensin signaling pathway in COVID-19: Unanswered questions, opportunities, and challenges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29274-29282. [PMID: 33203679 PMCID: PMC7703541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009875117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the renin-angiotensin signaling (RAS) pathway in COVID-19 has received much attention. A central mechanism for COVID-19 pathophysiology has been proposed: imbalance of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)1 and ACE2 (ACE2 being the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] virus "receptor") that results in tissue injury from angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated signaling. This mechanism provides a rationale for multiple therapeutic approaches. In parallel, clinical data from retrospective analysis of COVID-19 cohorts has revealed that ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be beneficial in COVID-19. These findings have led to the initiation of clinical trials using approved drugs that target the generation (ACEIs) and actions (ARBs) of Ang II. However, treatment of COVID-19 with ACEIs/ARBs poses several challenges. These include choosing appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, dose optimization, risk of adverse effects and drug interactions, and verification of target engagement. Other approaches related to the RAS pathway might be considered, for example, inhalational administration of ACEIs/ARBs (to deliver drugs directly to the lungs) and use of compounds with other actions (e.g., activation of ACE2, agonism of MAS1 receptors, β-arrestin-based Angiotensin receptor agonists, and administration of soluble ACE2 or ACE2 peptides). Studies with animal models could test such approaches and assess therapeutic benefit. This Perspective highlights questions whose answers could advance RAS-targeting agents as mechanism-driven ways to blunt tissue injury, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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21
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Abstract
"Ion Channels and Neuropharmacology: From the Past to the Future" is the main theme of articles in Volume 60 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Reviews in this volume discuss a wide spectrum of therapeutically relevant ion channels and GPCRs with a particular emphasis on structural studies that elucidate drug binding sites and mechanisms of action. The regulation of ion channels by second messengers, including Ca2+ and cyclic AMP, and lipid mediators is also highly relevant to several of the ion channels discussed, including KCNQ channels, HCN channels, L-type Ca2+ channels, and AMPA receptors, as well as the aquaporin channels. Molecular identification of exactly where drugs bind in the structure not only elucidates their mechanism of action but also aids future structure-based drug discovery efforts to focus on relevant pharmacophores. The ion channels discussed here are targets for multiple nervous system diseases, including epilepsy and neuropathic pain. This theme complements several previous themes, including "New Therapeutic Targets," "New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development," and "New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Dolphin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Terrence F Blaschke
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 is the cell surface binding site for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. We propose that an imbalance in the action of ACE1- and ACE2-derived peptides, thereby enhancing angiotensin II (Ang II) signalling is primary driver of COVID-19 pathobiology. ACE1/ACE2 imbalance occurs due to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, reducing ACE2-mediated conversion of Ang II to Ang peptides that counteract pathophysiological effects of ACE1-generated ANG II. This hypothesis suggests several approaches to treat COVID-19 by restoring ACE1/ACE2 balance: (a) AT receptor antagonists; (b) ACE1 inhibitors (ACEIs); (iii) agonists of receptors activated by ACE2-derived peptides (e.g. Ang (1-7), which activates MAS1); (d) recombinant human ACE2 or ACE2 peptides as decoys for the virus. Reducing ACE1/ACE2 imbalance is predicted to blunt COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable patients. Importantly, approved AT antagonists and ACEIs can be rapidly repurposed to test their efficacy in treating COVID-19. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sriram K, Insel PA. Inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 pathophysiology: proteinase-activated and purinergic receptors as drivers and candidate therapeutic targets. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:545-567. [PMID: 33124941 PMCID: PMC8238137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving information has identified disease mechanisms and dysregulation of host biology that might be targeted therapeutically in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thrombosis and coagulopathy, associated with pulmonary injury and inflammation, are emerging clinical features of COVID-19. We present a framework for mechanisms of thrombosis in COVID-19 that initially derive from interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2, resulting in dysregulation of angiotensin signaling and subsequent inflammation and tissue injury. These responses result in increased signaling by thrombin (proteinase-activated) and purinergic receptors, which promote platelet activation and exert pathological effects on other cell types (e.g., endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts), further enhancing inflammation and injury. Inhibitors of thrombin and purinergic receptors may, thus, have therapeutic effects by blunting platelet-mediated thromboinflammation and dysfunction in other cell types. Such inhibitors include agents (e.g., anti-platelet drugs) approved for other indications, and that could be repurposed to treat, and potentially improve the outcome of, COVID-19 patients. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, drives dysregulation of angiotensin signaling, which, in turn, increases thrombin-mediated and purinergic-mediated activation of platelets and increase in inflammation. This thromboinflammation impacts the lungs and can also have systemic effects. Inhibitors of receptors that drive platelet activation or inhibitors of the coagulation cascade provide opportunities to treat COVID-19 thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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George CH, Alexander SPH, Cirino G, Docherty JR, Hoyer D, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, Panettieri RA, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Ahluwalia A. The BJP expects authors to share data. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 176:4595-4598. [PMID: 31950490 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Hoyer
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Stefanska
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Salmerón C, Sriram K, Baird A, Insel PA. Abstract 5160: A GPCR candidate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A potential repurposing opportunity. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The 5-year survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer (90%), is very low (~9% all stages). PDAC thus requires new, effective and safe therapies. By comparing transcriptomic data for PDAC (in The Cancer Genome Atlas) with that of normal pancreas (in the GTEx database), we discovered that many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are increased in expression in PDAC. One such GPCR is the histamine receptor H1 (HRH1). GPCRs regulate metabolism, growth/death and functional activities of normal and cancer cells, including features of the malignant phenotype. GPCRs are the largest family of targets of approved drugs but have been largely ignored in cancer therapy. We found that HRH1 is prominently (~32-fold) overexpressed in PDAC tumors compared to normal pancreatic tissue and that high HRH1 expression is an unfavorable prognostic marker for PDAC patients. HRH1 mRNA is also highly expressed in multiple human PDAC cell lines. Studies with such cell lines revealed that histamine, acting via HRH1, increases intracellular Ca2+, cell proliferation and migration, effects blocked by multiple FDA-approved HRH1 antihistamines. PDAC tumors and cancer cells isolated from KPC mice also have high HRH1 expression compared to normal mouse pancreas. Similar to human PDAC cells, the KPC cells showed histamine/HRH1-promoted increase in intracellular Ca2+. Altogether, our findings identify HRH1 as a prominently overexpressed, functional GPCR in human and mouse PDAC tumors and cells. HRH1 may thus be a novel therapeutic target; its blockade by FDA-approved antihistamines represents a novel potential repurposing approach for the treatment of PDAC.
Citation Format: Cristina Salmerón, Krishna Sriram, Alyssa Baird, Paul A. Insel. A GPCR candidate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A potential repurposing opportunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5160.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alyssa Baird
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Lilley E, Stanford SC, Kendall DE, Alexander SP, Cirino G, Docherty JR, George CH, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, Panettieri RA, Sobey CG, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Ahluwalia A. ARRIVE 2.0 and the British Journal of Pharmacology: Updated guidance for 2020. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3611-3616. [PMID: 32662875 PMCID: PMC7393193 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Lilley
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to AnimalsUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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Sriram K, Insel PA. Proteinase-activated receptor 1: A target for repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4971-4974. [PMID: 32639031 PMCID: PMC7361899 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search to rapidly identify effective therapies that will mitigate the morbidity and mortality of COVID‐19, attention has been directed towards the repurposing of existing drugs. Candidates for repurposing include drugs that target COVID‐19 pathobiology, including agents that alter angiotensin signalling. Recent data indicate that key findings in COVID‐19 patients include thrombosis and endotheliitis. Activation of proteinase‐activated receptor 1 (PAR1), in particular by the serine protease thrombin, is a critical element in platelet aggregation and coagulation. PAR1 activation also impacts on the actions of other cell types involved in COVID‐19 pathobiology, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Vorapaxar is an approved inhibitor of PAR1, used for treatment of patients with myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial disease. We discuss evidence for a possible beneficial role for vorapaxar in the treatment of COVID‐19 patients and other as‐yet non‐approved antagonists of PAR1 and proteinase‐activated receptor 4 (PAR4). Linked Articles This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID‐19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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29
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Chinn AM, Insel PA. Cyclic AMP in dendritic cells: A novel potential target for disease-modifying agents in asthma and other allergic disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3363-3377. [PMID: 32372523 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are immune disorders that are a global health problem, affecting a large portion of the world's population. Allergic asthma is a heterogeneous disease that alters the biology of the airway. A substantial portion of patients with asthma do not respond to conventional therapies; thus, new and effective therapeutics are needed. Dendritic cells (DCs), antigen presenting cells that regulate helper T cell differentiation, are key drivers of allergic inflammation but are not the target of current therapies. Here we review the role of dendritic cells in allergic conditions and propose a disease-modifying strategy for treating allergic asthma: cAMP-mediated inhibition of dendritic cells to blunt allergic inflammation. This approach contrasts with current treatments that focus on treating clinical manifestations of airway inflammation. Disease-modifying agents that target cAMP and its signalling pathway in dendritic cells may provide a novel means to treat asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Chinn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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30
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Sriram K, Insel PA. A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID-19: The centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4825-4844. [PMID: 32333398 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 is the cell surface binding site for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. We propose that an imbalance in the action of ACE1- and ACE2-derived peptides, thereby enhancing angiotensin II (Ang II) signalling is primary driver of COVID-19 pathobiology. ACE1/ACE2 imbalance occurs due to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, reducing ACE2-mediated conversion of Ang II to Ang peptides that counteract pathophysiological effects of ACE1-generated ANG II. This hypothesis suggests several approaches to treat COVID-19 by restoring ACE1/ACE2 balance: (a) AT receptor antagonists; (b) ACE1 inhibitors (ACEIs); (iii) agonists of receptors activated by ACE2-derived peptides (e.g. Ang (1-7), which activates MAS1); (d) recombinant human ACE2 or ACE2 peptides as decoys for the virus. Reducing ACE1/ACE2 imbalance is predicted to blunt COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable patients. Importantly, approved AT antagonists and ACEIs can be rapidly repurposed to test their efficacy in treating COVID-19. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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31
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Gorr MW, Sriram K, Muthusamy A, Insel PA. Transcriptomic analysis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells identifies new potential therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3505-3518. [PMID: 32337710 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, type 1 pulmonary hypertension) has a 3-year survival of ~50% and is in need of new, effective therapies. In PAH, remodelling of the pulmonary artery (PA) increases pulmonary vascular resistance and can result in right heart dysfunction and failure. Genetic mutations can cause PAH but it can also be idiopathic (IPAH). Enhanced contractility and proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are key contributors to the pathophysiology of PAH, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We utilized RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of IPAH and control patient-derived PASMCs as an unbiased approach to define differentially expressed (DE) genes that may identify new biology and potential therapeutic targets. KEY RESULTS Analysis of DE genes for shared gene pathways revealed increases in genes involved in cell proliferation and mitosis and decreases in a variety of gene sets, including response to cytokine signalling. ADGRG6/GPR126, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), was increased in IPAH-PASMCs compared to control-PASMCs. Increased expression of this GPCR in control-PASMCs decreased their proliferation; siRNA knockdown of ADGRG6/GPR126 in IPAH-PASMCs tended to increase proliferation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data provide insights regarding the expression of current and experimental PAH drug targets, GPCRs and GPCR-related genes as potentially new therapeutic targets in PAH-PASMCs. Overall, the findings identify genes and pathways that may contribute to IPAH-PASMC function and suggest that ADGRG6/GPR126 is a novel therapeutic target for IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Gorr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Abinaya Muthusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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32
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Sriram K, Insel PA. Risks of ACE Inhibitor and ARB Usage in COVID-19: Evaluating the Evidence. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:236-241. [PMID: 32320478 PMCID: PMC7264499 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19), based on the hypothesis that such medications may raise expression of ACE2, the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). We conducted a literature review of studies (n = 12) in experimental animals and human subjects (n = 12) and evaluated the evidence regarding the impact of administration of ACEIs and ARBs on ACE2 expression. We prioritized studies that assessed ACE2 protein expression data, measured directly or inferred from ACE2 activity assays. The findings in animals are inconsistent with respect to an increase in ACE2 expression in response to treatment with ACEIs or ARBs. Control/sham animals show little to no effect in the plurality of studies. Those studies that report increases in ACE2 expression tend to involve acute injury models and/or higher doses of ACEIs or ARBs than are typically administered to patients. Data from human studies overwhelmingly imply that administration of ACEIs/ARBs does not increase ACE2 expression. Available evidence, in particular, data from human studies, does not support the hypothesis that ACEI/ARB use increases ACE2 expression and the risk of complications from COVID‐19. We conclude that patients being treated with ACEIs and ARBs should continue their use for approved indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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33
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Izzo AA, Teixeira M, Alexander SPH, Cirino G, Docherty JR, George CH, Insel PA, Ji Y, Kendall DA, Panattieri RA, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Ahluwalia A. A practical guide for transparent reporting of research on natural products in the British Journal of Pharmacology: Reproducibility of natural product research. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2169-2178. [PMID: 32298474 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Stefanska
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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34
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Sriram K, Salmerón C, Wiley SZ, Insel PA. GPCRs in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Contributors to tumour biology and novel therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2434-2455. [PMID: 32060895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates (5-year survival ~9%) among cancers. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is the most common (>80%) and the most lethal type of pancreatic cancer. A need exists for new approaches to treat pancreatic adenocarcinoma. GPCRs, the largest family of cell-surface receptors and drug targets, account for ~35% of approved drugs. Recent studies have revealed roles for GPCRs in PAAD cells and cells in the tumour micro-environment. This review assesses current information regarding GPCRs in PAAD by summarizing omics data for GPCRs expression in PAAD. The PAAD "GPCRome" includes GPCRs with approved agents, thereby offering potential for their repurposing/repositioning. We then reviewed the evidence for functional roles of specific GPCRs in PAAD. We also highlight gaps in understanding the contribution of GPCRs to PAAD biology and identify several GPCRs that may be novel therapeutic targets for future work in search of GPCR-targeted drugs to treat PAAD tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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35
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Sriram K, Moyung K, Insel PA. New insights from The Cancer Genome Atlas: Implications for GPCR expression in cell compartments in solid tumors. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Lee J, Zhang J, Chung YJ, Kim JH, Kook CM, González-Navajas JM, Herdman DS, Nürnberg B, Insel PA, Corr M, Mo JH, Tao A, Yasuda K, Rifkin IR, Broide DH, Sciammas R, Webster NJG, Raz E. Inhibition of IRF4 in dendritic cells by PRR-independent and -dependent signals inhibit Th2 and promote Th17 responses. eLife 2020; 9:e49416. [PMID: 32014112 PMCID: PMC7000221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many biological processes but little is known regarding its role in shaping immunity. Here we show that cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling (a pattern recognition receptor [PRR]-independent mechanism) regulates conventional type-2 Dendritic Cells (cDC2s) in mice and reprograms their Th17-inducing properties via repression of IRF4 and KLF4, transcription factors essential for cDC2-mediated Th2 induction. In mice, genetic loss of IRF4 phenocopies the effects of cAMP on Th17 induction and restoration of IRF4 prevents the cAMP effect. Moreover, curdlan, a PRR-dependent microbial product, activates CREB and represses IRF4 and KLF4, resulting in a pro-Th17 phenotype of cDC2s. These in vitro and in vivo results define a novel signaling pathway by which cDC2s display plasticity and provide a new molecular basis for the classification of novel cDC2 and cDC17 subsets. The findings also reveal that repressing IRF4 and KLF4 pathway can be harnessed for immuno-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyung Lee
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (GMU), The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical ImmunologyGuangzhouChina
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
| | - Young-Jun Chung
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryDankook University College of MedicineChungnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwan Kim
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Chae Min Kook
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - José M González-Navajas
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL - FISABIO)AlicanteSpain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd)Institute of Health Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - David S Herdman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryDankook University College of MedicineChungnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (GMU), The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical ImmunologyGuangzhouChina
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
| | - Kei Yasuda
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Ian R Rifkin
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
- VA Boston Healthcare SystemBostonUnited States
| | - David H Broide
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Nicholas JG Webster
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Eyal Raz
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
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Abstract
Chronic hypoxia from diseases in the lung, such as pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, can increase pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in hypertrophy and dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV). In order to obtain insight into RV biology and perhaps uncover potentially novel therapeutic approaches for RV dysfunction, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of RV and LV tissue from rats in normal ambient conditions or subjected to hypoxia (10% O2 ) for 2 weeks. Gene ontology and pathway analysis of the RV and LV revealed multiple transcriptomic differences, in particular increased expression in the RV of genes related to immune function in both normoxia and hypoxia. Immune cell profiling by flow cytometry of cardiac digests revealed that in both conditions, the RV had a larger percentage than the LV of double-positive CD45+ /CD11b/c+ cells (which are predominantly macrophages and dendritic cells). Analysis of gene expression changes under hypoxic conditions identified multiple pathways that may contribute to hypoxia-induced changes in the RV, including increased expression of genes related to cell mitosis/proliferation and decreased expression of genes related to metabolic processes. Together, the findings indicate that the RV differs from the LV with respect to content of immune cells and expression of certain genes, thus suggesting the two ventricles differ in aspects of pathophysiology and in potential therapeutic targets for RV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Gorr
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteCollege of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- College of NursingThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Amy M. Chinn
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Abinaya Muthusamy
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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38
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Sriram K, Moyung K, Corriden R, Carter H, Insel PA. GPCRs show widespread differential mRNA expression and frequent mutation and copy number variation in solid tumors. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000434. [PMID: 31765370 PMCID: PMC6901242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most widely targeted gene family for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. To assess possible roles for GPCRs in cancer, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data for mRNA expression, mutations, and copy number variation (CNV) in 20 categories and 45 subtypes of solid tumors and quantified differential expression (DE) of GPCRs by comparing tumors against normal tissue from the Gene Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) database. GPCRs are overrepresented among coding genes with elevated expression in solid tumors. This analysis reveals that most tumor types differentially express >50 GPCRs, including many targets for approved drugs, hitherto largely unrecognized as targets of interest in cancer. GPCR mRNA signatures characterize specific tumor types and correlate with expression of cancer-related pathways. Tumor GPCR mRNA signatures have prognostic relevance for survival and correlate with expression of numerous cancer-related genes and pathways. GPCR expression in tumors is largely independent of staging, grading, metastasis, and/or driver mutations. GPCRs expressed in cancer cell lines largely parallel GPCR expression in tumors. Certain GPCRs are frequently mutated and appear to be hotspots, serving as bellwethers of accumulated genomic damage. CNV of GPCRs is common but does not generally correlate with mRNA expression. Our results suggest a previously underappreciated role for GPCRs in cancer, perhaps as functional oncogenes, biomarkers, surface antigens, and pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Moyung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ross Corriden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
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39
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Sriram K, Wiley SZ, Moyung K, Gorr MW, Salmerón C, Marucut J, French RP, Lowy AM, Insel PA. Detection and Quantification of GPCR mRNA: An Assessment and Implications of Data from High-Content Methods. ACS Omega 2019; 4:17048-17059. [PMID: 31646252 PMCID: PMC6796235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and targets for approved drugs. The analysis of GPCR expression is, thus, important for drug discovery and typically involves messenger RNA (mRNA)-based methods. We compared transcriptomic complementary DNA (cDNA) (Affymetrix) microarrays, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based TaqMan arrays for their ability to detect and quantify expression of endoGPCRs (nonchemosensory GPCRs with endogenous agonists). In human pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts, RNA-seq and TaqMan arrays yielded closely correlated values for GPCR number (∼100) and expression levels, as validated by independent qPCR. By contrast, the microarrays failed to identify ∼30 such GPCRs and generated data poorly correlated with results from those methods. RNA-seq and TaqMan arrays also yielded comparable results for GPCRs in human cardiac fibroblasts, pancreatic stellate cells, cancer cell lines, and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. The magnitude of mRNA expression for several Gq/11-coupled GPCRs predicted cytosolic calcium increase and cell migration by cognate agonists. RNA-seq also revealed splice variants for endoGPCRs. Thus, RNA-seq and qPCR-based arrays are much better suited than transcriptomic cDNA microarrays for assessing GPCR expression and can yield results predictive of functional responses, findings that have implications for GPCR biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Shu Z. Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Kevin Moyung
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Matthew W. Gorr
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Jordin Marucut
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Randall P. French
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, and Department of
Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, United States
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40
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Wiley SZ, Sriram K, Salmeron-Salvador C, Nishihara H, French R, Lowy AM, Insel PA. Abstract 118: GPR68, a proton-sensing GPCR that mediates interaction of pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts and cancer cells, is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma (desmoplasia) that is generated by pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts (PCAFs) derived from pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and pancreatic fibroblasts (PFs). We discovered that GPR68, a proton-sensing GPCR, has much higher expression in PCAFs compared to either PFs or PSCs. GPR68 activation in PCAFs enhances interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression via a cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. GPR68 knockdown with siRNA decreased low pH-induced IL-6 production by PCAFs and increased the proliferation of PDAC cells by PCAF conditioned media. Ogerin, a GPR68 positive allosteric modulator, enhanced the pH-dependent increase in cAMP in PCAFs. A pilot screening of 96 GPCR-specific compounds tested with GPR68-overexpressing HEK293 cells identified two compounds (C1 and C2) that decrease intracellular cAMP at pH6.4, but not isoproterenol (β-adrenergic receptor)-induced cAMP, implying their selective antagonism of GPR68. Furthermore, compound C2 decreased low pH-induced IL-6 levels in the conditioned media of GPR68-overexpressing HEK293 cells We conclude that GPR68 in PCAFs detects low pH, contributes to PDAC cell-PCAF interaction and may be a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Shu Z. Wiley, Krishna Sriram, Cristina Salmeron-Salvador, Hiroshi Nishihara, Randall French, Andrew M. Lowy, Paul A. Insel. GPR68, a proton-sensing GPCR that mediates interaction of pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts and cancer cells, is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Z. Wiley
- 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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41
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Insel PA, Sriram K, Gorr MW, Wiley SZ, Michkov A, Salmerón C, Chinn AM. GPCRomics: An Approach to Discover GPCR Drug Targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:378-387. [PMID: 31078319 PMCID: PMC6604616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for ∼35% of approved drugs but only ∼15% of the ∼800 human GPCRs are currently such targets. GPCRomics, the use of unbiased, hypothesis-generating methods [e.g., RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)], with tissues and cell types to identify and quantify GPCR expression, has led to the discovery of previously unrecognized GPCRs that contribute to functional responses and pathophysiology and that may be therapeutic targets. The combination of GPCR expression data with validation studies (e.g., signaling and functional activities) provides opportunities for the discovery of disease-relevant GPCR targets and therapeutics. Here, we review insights from GPCRomic approaches, gaps in knowledge, and future directions by which GPCRomics can advance GPCR biology and the discovery of new GPCR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew W Gorr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander Michkov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amy M Chinn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Curtis MJ, Alexander S, Cirino G, Docherty JR, George CH, Giembycz MA, Hoyer D, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, MacEwan DJ, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Teixeira MM, Wonnacott S, Ahluwalia A. Experimental design and analysis and their reporting II: updated and simplified guidance for authors and peer reviewers. Br J Pharmacol 2019. [PMID: 29520785 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1078] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article updates the guidance published in 2015 for authors submitting papers to British Journal of Pharmacology (Curtis et al., 2015) and is intended to provide the rubric for peer review. Thus, it is directed towards authors, reviewers and editors. Explanations for many of the requirements were outlined previously and are not restated here. The new guidelines are intended to replace those published previously. The guidelines have been simplified for ease of understanding by authors, to make it more straightforward for peer reviewers to check compliance and to facilitate the curation of the journal's efforts to improve standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Hoyer
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Gorr MW, Sriram K, Muthusamy A, Chinn AM, Insel PA. The right ventricle has more resident immune cells than the left ventricle. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.836.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Gorr
- PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Krishna Sriram
- PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | - Amy M Chinn
- PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Paul A Insel
- PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
- MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
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Mukherjee S, Sheng W, Michkov A, Sriarm K, Sun R, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Insel PA, Janssen LJ. Prostaglandin E 2 inhibits profibrotic function of human pulmonary fibroblasts by disrupting Ca 2+ signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L810-L821. [PMID: 30758990 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00403.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that calcium (Ca2+) oscillations in human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPFs) contribute to profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and that disruption of these oscillations blunts features of pulmonary fibrosis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exerts antifibrotic effects in the lung, but the mechanisms for this action are not well defined. We thus sought to explore interactions between PGE2 and the profibrotic agent TGF-β in pulmonary fibroblasts (PFs) isolated from patients with or without idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). PGE2 inhibited TGF-β-promoted [Ca2+] oscillations and prevented the activation of Akt and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMK-II) but did not prevent activation of Smad-2 or ERK. PGE2 also eliminated TGF-β-stimulated expression of collagen A1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin and reduced stress fiber formation in the HPFs. RNA sequencing revealed that HPFs preferentially express EP2 receptors relative to other prostanoid receptor subtypes: EP2 expression is ~10-fold higher than that of EP4 receptors; EP1 and EP3 receptors are barely detectable; and EP2-receptor expression is ~3.5-fold lower in PFs from IPF patients than in normal HPFs. The inhibitory effects of PGE2 on synthetic function and stress fiber formation were blocked by selective EP2 or EP4 antagonists and mimicked by selective EP2 or EP4 agonists, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine and forskolin, all of which elevate cellular cAMP concentrations. We conclude that PGE2, likely predominantly via EP2 receptors, interferes with Ca2+ signaling, CaMK-II activation, and Akt activation in IPF-HPFs and HPFs treated with TGF-β. Moreover, a decreased expression of EP2 receptors in pulmonary fibroblasts from IPF patients may contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Wei Sheng
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Alexander Michkov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Krishna Sriarm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rui Sun
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Luke J Janssen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
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Abstract
GPR68 (or ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1, OGR1) is a proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to extracellular acidity and regulates a variety of cellular functions. Acidosis is considered a defining hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME). GPR68 expression is highly upregulated in numerous types of cancer. Emerging evidence has revealed that GPR68 may play crucial roles in tumor biology, including tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding GPR68-its expression, regulation, signaling pathways, physiological roles, and functions it regulates in human cancers (including prostate, colon and pancreatic cancer, melanoma, medulloblastoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome). The findings provide evidence for GPR68 as a potentially novel therapeutic target but in addition, we note challenges in developing drugs that target GPR68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Insel PA, Amara SG, Blaschke TF, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme “New Therapeutic Targets”. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:15-20. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101018-112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
“New Therapeutic Targets” is the theme of articles in the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 59. Reviews in this volume discuss targets for a variety of conditions in need of new therapies, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, obesity, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, tinnitus, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, pain, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle wasting diseases, cancer, and anemia associated with chronic renal disease. Numerous articles in this volume focus on the identification, validation, and utility of novel therapeutic targets, in particular, ones that involve new or unexpected molecular entities. This theme complements several previous themes, including “New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development,” “Precision Medicine and Prediction in Pharmacology,” and “New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Susan G. Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Terrence F. Blaschke
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Urs A. Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Alexander SPH, Roberts RE, Broughton BRS, Sobey CG, George CH, Stanford SC, Cirino G, Docherty JR, Giembycz MA, Hoyer D, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, MacEwan DJ, Mangum J, Wonnacott S, Ahluwalia A. Goals and practicalities of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry: A guide for submission to the British Journal of Pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:407-411. [PMID: 29350411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Ji
- British Journal of Pharmacology, London, UK
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Insel PA, Sriram K, Wiley SZ, Wilderman A, Katakia T, McCann T, Yokouchi H, Zhang L, Corriden R, Liu D, Feigin ME, French RP, Lowy AM, Murray F. GPCRomics: GPCR Expression in Cancer Cells and Tumors Identifies New, Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29872392 PMCID: PMC5972277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of targets for approved drugs, are rarely targeted for cancer treatment, except for certain endocrine and hormone-responsive tumors. Limited knowledge regarding GPCR expression in cancer cells likely has contributed to this lack of use of GPCR-targeted drugs as cancer therapeutics. We thus undertook GPCRomic studies to define the expression of endoGPCRs (which respond to endogenous molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolites) in multiple types of cancer cells. Using TaqMan qPCR arrays to quantify the mRNA expression of ∼340 such GPCRs, we found that human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells/stromal cells associated with CLL, breast cancer cell lines, colon cancer cell lines, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and PDAC tumors express 50 to >100 GPCRs, including many orphan GPCRs (which lack known physiologic agonists). Limited prior data exist regarding the expression or function of most of the highly expressed GPCRs in these cancer cells and tumors. Independent results from public cancer gene expression databases confirm the expression of such GPCRs. We propose that highly expressed GPCRs in cancer cells (for example, GPRC5A in PDAC and colon cancer cells and GPR68 in PDAC CAFs) may contribute to the malignant phenotype, serve as biomarkers and/or may be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shu Z. Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Wilderman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Trishna Katakia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thalia McCann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yokouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ross Corriden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dongling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Randall P. French
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Chinn AM, Lee J, Raz E, Insel PA. Cellular Compensation for Chronic Decreases in Cyclic AMP Concentration: Gαs‐Deficient Dendritic Cells as a Model and Implications for Allergic Disorder Therapeutics. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.686.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Chinn
- PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Jihyung Lee
- MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Eyal Raz
- MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Paul A. Insel
- PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
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Sriram K, Insel PA. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Targets for Approved Drugs: How Many Targets and How Many Drugs? Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:251-258. [PMID: 29298813 PMCID: PMC5820538 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates vary regarding the number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of membrane receptors that are targeted by approved drugs, and the number of such drugs that target GPCRs. We review current knowledge regarding GPCRs as drug targets by integrating data from public databases (ChEMBL, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, and DrugBank) and from the Broad Institute Drug Repurposing Hub. To account for discrepancies among these sources, we curated a list of GPCRs currently targeted by approved drugs. As of November 2017, 134 GPCRs are targets for drugs approved in the United States or European Union; 128 GPCRs are targets for drugs listed in the Food and Drug Administration Orange Book. We estimate that ∼700 approved drugs target GPCRs, implying that approximately 35% of approved drugs target GPCRs. GPCRs and GPCR-related proteins, i.e., those upstream of or downstream from GPCRs, represent ∼17% of all protein targets for approved drugs, with GPCRs themselves accounting for ∼12%. As such, GPCRs constitute the largest family of proteins targeted by approved drugs. Drugs that currently target GPCRs and GPCR-related proteins are primarily small molecules and peptides. Since ∼100 of the ∼360 human endo-GPCRs (other than olfactory, taste, and visual GPCRs) are orphan receptors (lacking known physiologic agonists), the number of GPCR targets, the number of GPCR-targeted drugs, and perhaps the types of drugs will likely increase, thus further expanding this GPCR repertoire and the many roles of GPCR drugs in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.S., P.A.I.) and Medicine (P.A.I.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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