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Papapetropoulos A, Topouzis S, Alexander SPH, Cortese-Krott M, Kendall DA, Martemyanov KA, Mauro C, Nagercoil N, Panettieri RA, Patel HH, Schulz R, Stefanska B, Stephens GJ, Teixeira MM, Vergnolle N, Wang X, Ferdinandy P. Novel drugs approved by the EMA, the FDA, and the MHRA in 2023: A year in review. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1553-1575. [PMID: 38519837 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2023, seventy novel drugs received market authorization for the first time in either Europe (by the EMA and the MHRA) or in the United States (by the FDA). Confirming a steady recent trend, more than half of these drugs target rare diseases or intractable forms of cancer. Thirty drugs are categorized as "first-in-class" (FIC), illustrating the quality of research and innovation that drives new chemical entity discovery and development. We succinctly describe the mechanism of action of most of these FIC drugs and discuss the therapeutic areas covered, as well as the chemical category to which these drugs belong. The 2023 novel drug list also demonstrates an unabated emphasis on polypeptides (recombinant proteins and antibodies), Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (gene and cell therapies) and RNA therapeutics, including the first-ever approval of a CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-editing cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Topouzis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Miriam Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California/San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xin Wang
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Papapetropoulos A, Alexander SPH, Cortese-Krott M, Kendall DA, Martemyanov K, Mauro C, Panettieri RA, Patel HH, Schulz R, Stefanska B, Stephens GJ, Teixeira MM, Vergnolle N, Wang XJ, Ferdinandy P. Recent changes in the British Journal of Pharmacology: widening scope and improving author and editor experience. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2193-2195. [PMID: 37462063 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Miriam Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California/San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Izzo AA, Teixeira M, Alexander SPH, Cirino G, Docherty JR, George CH, Insel PA, Ji Y, Kendall DA, Panattieri RA, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Ahluwalia A. A practical guide for transparent reporting of research on natural products in the British Journal of Pharmacology: Reproducibility of natural product research. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2169-2178. [PMID: 32298474 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Stefanska
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Docherty JR, Stanford SC, Panattieri RA, Alexander SPH, Cirino G, George CH, Hoyer D, Izzo AA, Ji Y, Lilley E, Sobey CG, Stanley P, Stefanska B, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Ahluwalia A. Sex: A change in our guidelines to authors to ensure that this is no longer an ignored experimental variable. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4081-4086. [PMID: 31441038 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Hoyer
- The University of Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Elliot Lilley
- Research Animals Department, Science Group, RSPCA, West Sussex, UK
| | | | - Phil Stanley
- Preclinical Research Statistics, UCB Pharma, Slough, UK
| | | | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Alexander SPH, Roberts RE, Broughton BRS, Sobey CG, George CH, Stanford SC, Cirino G, Docherty JR, Giembycz MA, Hoyer D, Insel PA, Izzo AA, Ji Y, MacEwan DJ, Mangum J, Wonnacott S, Ahluwalia A. Goals and practicalities of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry: A guide for submission to the British Journal of Pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:407-411. [PMID: 29350411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Ji
- British Journal of Pharmacology, London, UK
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Berger JI, Coomber B, Hill S, Alexander SPH, Owen W, Palmer AR, Wallace MN. Effects of the cannabinoid CB 1 agonist ACEA on salicylate ototoxicity, hyperacusis and tinnitus in guinea pigs. Hear Res 2017; 356:51-62. [PMID: 29108871 PMCID: PMC5714060 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been suggested as a therapeutic target for a variety of brain disorders. Despite the presence of their receptors throughout the auditory system, little is known about how cannabinoids affect auditory function. We sought to determine whether administration of arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a highly-selective CB1 agonist, could attenuate a variety of auditory effects caused by prior administration of salicylate, and potentially treat tinnitus. We recorded cortical resting-state activity, auditory-evoked cortical activity and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), from chronically-implanted awake guinea pigs, before and after salicylate + ACEA. Salicylate-induced reductions in click-evoked ABR amplitudes were smaller in the presence of ACEA, suggesting that the ototoxic effects of salicylate were less severe. ACEA also abolished salicylate-induced changes in cortical alpha band (6–10 Hz) oscillatory activity. However, salicylate-induced increases in cortical evoked activity (suggestive of the presence of hyperacusis) were still present with salicylate + ACEA. ACEA administered alone did not induce significant changes in either ABR amplitudes or oscillatory activity, but did increase cortical evoked potentials. Furthermore, in two separate groups of non-implanted animals, we found no evidence that ACEA could reverse behavioural identification of salicylate- or noise-induced tinnitus. Together, these data suggest that while ACEA may be potentially otoprotective, selective CB1 agonists are not effective in diminishing the presence of tinnitus or hyperacusis. CB1 agonist (ACEA) effects were assessed in awake guinea pigs following salicylate. Salicylate-induced decreases in brainstem response amplitudes were tempered by ACEA. Decreases in alpha band oscillations were not evident following salicylate + ACEA. ACEA did not eliminate salicylate-induced increases in cortical evoked potentials. ACEA failed to prevent or reverse salicylate- or noise-induced tinnitus behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel I Berger
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben Coomber
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Hill
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - William Owen
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Palmer
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark N Wallace
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Donovan J, Wong PS, Roberts RE, Garle MJ, Alexander SPH, Dunn WR, Ralevic V. A critical role for cystathionine-β-synthase in hydrogen sulfide-mediated hypoxic relaxation of the coronary artery. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 93-95:20-32. [PMID: 28552745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced coronary artery vasodilatation protects the heart by increasing blood flow under ischemic conditions, however its mechanism is not fully elucidated. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is reported to be an oxygen sensor/transducer in the vasculature. The present study aimed to identify and characterise the role of H2S in the hypoxic response of the coronary artery, and to define the H2S synthetic enzymes involved. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed expression of all three H2S-producing enzymes, cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), in porcine coronary artery. Artery segments were mounted for isometric tension recording; hypoxia caused a transient endothelium-dependent contraction followed by prolonged endothelium-independent relaxation. The CBS inhibitor amino-oxyacetate (AOAA) reduced both phases of the hypoxic response. The CSE inhibitor dl-propargylglycine (PPG) and aspartate (limits MPST) had no effect alone, but when applied together with AOAA the hypoxic relaxation response was further reduced. Exogenous H2S (Na2S and NaHS) produced concentration-dependent contraction followed by prolonged relaxation. Responses to both hypoxia and exogenous H2S were dependent on the endothelium, NO, cGMP, K+ channels and Cl-/HCO3- exchange. H2S production in coronary arteries was blocked by CBS inhibition (AOAA), but not by CSE inhibition (PPG). These data show that H2S is an endogenous mediator of the hypoxic response in coronary arteries. Of the three H2S-producing enzymes, CBS, expressed in the vascular smooth muscle, appears to be the most important for H2S generated during hypoxic relaxation of the coronary artery. A contribution from other H2S-producing enzymes only becomes apparent when CBS activity is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Donovan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P S Wong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R E Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M J Garle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - W R Dunn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - V Ralevic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Rashid S, Heer JK, Garle MJ, Alexander SPH, Roberts RE. Hydrogen sulphide-induced relaxation of porcine peripheral bronchioles. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1902-10. [PMID: 23215842 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter. Although it has been shown to elicit responses in vascular and other smooth muscle preparations, a role for endogenously produced H2S in mediating airway tone has yet to be demonstrated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether H2S is produced within the airways and to determine the functional effect on airway tone. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Small peripheral airways (<5 mm in diameter) from porcine lungs were set up in isolated tissue baths, pre-contracted with the muscarinic agonist carbachol, and then exposed to either the H2S donor sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), or the precursor L-cysteine. H2S production from L-cysteine or 3-mercaptopyruvate in tissue homogenates was measured by the methylene blue assay. Expression of the H2S-synthesizing enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (3-MST) were measured by Western blotting. KEY RESULTS NaHS caused a large relaxation of the airways, which was inhibited partially by pre-contraction with KCl or exposure to tetraethylammonium, but not glibenclamide, paxilline or 4-aminopyridine. L-cysteine also caused a relaxation of the airways which was inhibited by the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid. Tissue homogenates from airways exposed to L-cysteine or 3-mercaptopyruvate in vitro showed a significant production of H2S. Western blotting demonstrated immunoreactivity to CBS, CSE and 3-MST enzymes in the airways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data demonstrate that H2S can be produced endogenously within porcine airways causing relaxation. The mechanism of relaxation depends, in part, on K(+) channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rashid
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
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Alefishat E, Alexander SPH, Ralevic V. Antagonism of P2Y1-induced vasorelaxation by acyl CoA: a critical role for palmitate and 3'-phosphate. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1911-22. [PMID: 23215951 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acyl derivatives of CoA have been shown to act as antagonists at human platelet and recombinant P2Y1 receptors, but little is known about their effects in the cardiovascular system. This study evaluated the effect of these endogenous nucleotide derivatives at P2Y1 receptors natively expressed in rat and porcine blood vessels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Isometric tension recordings were used to evaluate the effects of CoA, acetyl CoA, palmitoyl CoA (PaCoA) and 3'-dephospho-palmitoyl-CoA on concentration relaxation-response curves to ADP and uridine triphosphate (UTP). A FlexStation monitored ADP- and UTP-evoked calcium responses in HEK293 cells. KEY RESULTS Acetyl CoA and PaCoA, but not CoA, inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations to ADP with apparent selectivity for P2Y1 receptors (over P2Y(2/4) receptors) in rat thoracic aorta; PaCoA was more potent than acetyl CoA (331-fold vs. fivefold shift of ADP response curve evoked by 10 μM PaCoA and acetyl CoA, respectively); the apparent pA2 value for PaCoA was 6.44. 3'-dephospho-palmitoyl-CoA (10 μM) was significantly less potent than PaCoA (20-fold shift). In porcine mesenteric arteries, PaCoA and the P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500 blocked ADP-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxations; in contrast, they were ineffective against ADP-mediated endothelium-independent relaxation in porcine coronary arteries (which does not involve P2Y1 receptors). Calcium responses evoked by ADP activation of endogenous P2Y1 receptors in HEK293 cells were inhibited in the presence of PaCoA, which failed to alter responses to UTP (acting at endogenous P2Y(2/4) receptors). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Acyl derivatives of CoA can act as endogenous selective antagonists of P2Y1 receptors in blood vessels, and this inhibitory effect critically depends on the palmitate and 3'-ribose phosphate substituents on CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alefishat
- Cardiovascular Research Group and Lipid Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
LINKED EDITORIALS This Editorial is part of a series. To view the other Editorials in this series, visit: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12956/abstract; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12954/abstract; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12955/abstract and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12856/abstract. VIDEO To view the video on the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qhy3q33VtRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Pawson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - J L Sharman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - S P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, UK
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Alefishat E, Alexander SPH, Ralevic V. Effects of NAD at purine receptors in isolated blood vessels. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:47-57. [PMID: 25315718 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) belongs to the family of naturally occurring adenine dinucleotides, best known for their various intracellular roles. However, there is evidence that they can also be released from cells to act as novel extracellular signalling molecules. Relatively little is known about the extracellular actions of NAD, especially in the cardiovascular system. The present study investigated the actions of NAD in the rat thoracic aorta, porcine coronary artery and porcine mesenteric arteries, mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording. In the rat thoracic aorta and porcine coronary artery, NAD caused endothelium-independent concentration-dependent vasorelaxations which were unaffected by palmitoylCoA, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist, but which were blocked by CGS15943, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. In the porcine coronary artery, NAD-evoked relaxations were abolished by SCH58261, a selective A2A receptor antagonist. In the rat thoracic aorta, NAD-evoked relaxations were attenuated by A2A receptor antagonism with SCH58261 but were unaffected by an A2B receptor antagonist, MRS1754. In contrast, in the porcine mesenteric artery, NAD-evoked endothelium-independent contractions, which were unaffected by a P2 receptor antagonist, suramin, or by NF449, a P2X1 receptor antagonist, but were attenuated following P2X receptor desensitisation with αβ-meATP. In conclusion, the present results show that NAD can alter vascular tone through actions at purine receptors in three different arteries from two species; its molecular targets differ according to the type of blood vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alefishat
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Woodhams SG, Wong A, Barrett DA, Bennett AJ, Chapman V, Alexander SPH. Spinal administration of the monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 produces robust inhibitory effects on nociceptive processing and the development of central sensitization in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1609-19. [PMID: 22924700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid receptor-mediated analgesic effects of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are limited by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). 4-nitrophenyl 4-[bis (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl) (hydroxy) methyl] piperidine-1-carboxylate (JZL184) is a potent inhibitor of MAGL in the mouse, though potency is reportedly reduced in the rat. Here we have assessed the effects of spinal inhibition of MAGL with JZL184 on nociceptive processing in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vivo spinal electrophysiological assays in anaesthetized rats were used to determine the effects of spinal administration of JZL184 on spinal nociceptive processing in the presence and absence of hindpaw inflammation. Contributions of CB(1) receptors to these effects was assessed with AM251. Inhibition of 2-oleoylglycerol hydrolytic activity and alterations of 2-AG in the spinal cord after JZL 184 were also assessed. KEY RESULTS Spinal JZL184 dose-dependently inhibited mechanically evoked responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurones in naïve anaesthetized rats, in part via the CB(1) receptor. A single spinal administration of JZL184 abolished inflammation-induced expansion of the receptive fields of spinal WDR neurones. However, neither spinal nor systemic JZL184 altered levels of 2-AG, or 2-oleoylglycerol hydrolytic activity in the spinal cord, although JZL184 displayed robust inhibition of MAGL when incubated with spinal cord tissue in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS JZL184 exerted robust anti-nociceptive effects at the level of the spinal cord in vivo and inhibited rat spinal cord MAGL activity in vitro. The discordance between in vivo and in vitro assays suggests that localized sites of action of JZL184 produce these profound functional inhibitory effects. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Woodhams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
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Salter E, Zeissler ML, Alexander SPH, Hanemann CO, Zajicek JP, Carroll CB. ENDOCANNABINOID TOXICITY IN A CELL CULTURE MODEL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304200a.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
The further characterization of the orphan GPCR GPR18 conducted by McHugh et al. in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology has generated a pharmacological profile that raises some interesting questions about the nomenclature of this receptor and may also prompt some questions about the pharmacological definition of the classical cannabinoid receptors, CB(1) and CB(2) . LINKED ARTICLES This article is a commentary on McHugh et al., pp. 2414-2424 of this issue and is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view McHugh et al. visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01497.x. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK.
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. NUCLEAR RECEPTORS. Br J Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01649_6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Pertwee RG, Howlett AC, Abood ME, Alexander SPH, Di Marzo V, Elphick MR, Greasley PJ, Hansen HS, Kunos G, Mackie K, Mechoulam R, Ross RA. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB₁ and CB₂. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:588-631. [PMID: 21079038 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1164] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptors (CB(1) and CB(2)). Ligands activating these G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) include the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, numerous synthetic compounds, and endogenous compounds known as endocannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have also been developed. Some of these ligands activate or block one type of cannabinoid receptor more potently than the other type. This review summarizes current data indicating the extent to which cannabinoid receptor ligands undergo orthosteric or allosteric interactions with non-CB(1), non-CB(2) established GPCRs, deorphanized receptors such as GPR55, ligand-gated ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and other ion channels or peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors. From these data, it is clear that some ligands that interact similarly with CB(1) and/or CB(2) receptors are likely to display significantly different pharmacological profiles. The review also lists some criteria that any novel "CB(3)" cannabinoid receptor or channel should fulfil and concludes that these criteria are not currently met by any non-CB(1), non-CB(2) pharmacological receptor or channel. However, it does identify certain pharmacological targets that should be investigated further as potential CB(3) receptors or channels. These include TRP vanilloid 1, which possibly functions as an ionotropic cannabinoid receptor under physiological and/or pathological conditions, and some deorphanized GPCRs. Also discussed are 1) the ability of CB(1) receptors to form heteromeric complexes with certain other GPCRs, 2) phylogenetic relationships that exist between CB(1)/CB(2) receptors and other GPCRs, 3) evidence for the existence of several as-yet-uncharacterized non-CB(1), non-CB(2) cannabinoid receptors; and 4) current cannabinoid receptor nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Wheal AJ, Alexander SPH, Randall MD. Vasorelaxation to N-oleoylethanolamine in rat isolated arteries: mechanisms of action and modulation via cyclooxygenase activity. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:701-11. [PMID: 20590573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid-like molecule N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) is found in the small intestine and regulates food intake and promotes weight loss. The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate the vascular effects of OEA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Perfused isolated mesenteric arterial beds were pre-contracted with methoxamine or high potassium buffers and concentration-response curves to OEA were constructed. Combinations of inhibitors to block nitric oxide production, sensory nerve activity, cyclooxygenase activity, potassium channels, chloride channels and gap junctions, and a cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, were used during these experiments. The effects of OEA on caffeine-induced contractions in calcium-free buffer were also assessed. Isolated thoracic aortic rings were used as a comparison. KEY RESULTS OEA caused concentration-dependent vasorelaxation in rat isolated mesenteric arterial beds and thoracic aortic rings, with a greater maximal response in mesenteric vessels. This relaxation was sensitive to inhibition of sensory nerve activity and endothelial removal in both preparations. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin reversed the effects of capsaicin pre-treatment in perfused mesenteric arterial beds and indomethacin alone enhanced vasorelaxation to OEA. The OEA-induced vasorelaxation was inhibited by a CB(1) receptor antagonist only in aortic rings. In mesenteric arteries, OEA suppressed caffeine-induced contractions in calcium-free buffer. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The vasorelaxant effects of OEA are partly dependent on sensory nerve activity and a functional endothelium in the vasculature. In addition, vasorelaxation to OEA is enhanced following cyclooxygenase inhibition. OEA may also interfere with the release of intracellular calcium in arterial preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wheal
- Smooth Muscle Pharmacology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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Uhiara CO, Alexander SPH, Roberts RE. Effect of inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase on relaxations to beta-adrenoceptor agonists in porcine isolated blood vessels. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1713-9. [PMID: 19912229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stimulation of vascular beta-adrenoceptors causes vasodilatation through activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and plasma membrane potassium channels, and beta-adrenoceptors have been linked to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase in various cell lines. However, how these findings relate to functional responses in intact tissues is largely unknown. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the role of ERK in beta-adrenoceptor-induced vasodilatation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Segments of porcine coronary artery were mounted in a Mulvany wire myograph and bathed in Krebs-Henseleit buffer gassed with 95% O(2)/5% CO(2) and maintained at 37 degrees C. Tissues were pre-contracted with the thromboxane mimetic U46619, endothelin-1 or KCl. Cumulative concentration-response curves to beta-adrenoceptor agonists or forskolin were then carried out in the absence or presence of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 (10 or 50 microM) or U0126 (10 microM). KEY RESULTS PD98059 caused a concentration-dependent leftward shift in response to isoprenaline (pEC(50) control, 7.5 +/- 0.1; 50 microM PD98059, 8.1 +/- 0.1: P < 0.05). Inhibition of MEK also enhanced the maximum relaxation seen with salbutamol, but not the responses to the beta(1)-adrenoceptor selective agonist xamoterol or the AC activator forskolin. There was no enhancement of the relaxations to beta-adrenoceptor agonists after inhibition of ERK activation in tissues pre-contracted with KCl or treated with the K(+) channel blocker tetraethylammonium. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data indicate that ERK inhibits beta(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilatation through a mechanism which may involve inactivation of plasma membrane potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Uhiara
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Nottingham, UK
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. A Key to the Tables. Br J Pharmacol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Buyer's Guide. Br J Pharmacol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Kendall DA. The complications of promiscuity: endocannabinoid action and metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:602-23. [PMID: 17876303 PMCID: PMC2190010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present our understanding of the action and metabolism of endocannabinoids and related endogenous molecules. It is clear that the interactions between the multiple endocannabinoid-like molecules (ECLs) are highly complex, both at the level of signal transduction and metabolism. Thus, ECLs are a group of ligands active at 7-transmembrane and nuclear receptors, as well as transmitter-gated and ion channels. ECLs and their metabolites can converge on common endpoints (either metabolic or signalling) through contradictory or reinforcing pathways. We highlight the complexity of the endocannabinoid system, based on the promiscuous nature of ECLs and their metabolites, as well as the synthetic modulators of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 7LP, UK.
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Cordeaux Y, Briddon SJ, Alexander SPH, Kellam B, Hill SJ. Agonist-occupied A3 adenosine receptors exist within heterogeneous complexes in membrane microdomains of individual living cells. FASEB J 2007; 22:850-60. [PMID: 17959910 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8180com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are known to be organized within different membrane compartments or microdomains of individual cells. Here, we have used a fluorescent A3 adenosine receptor (A3-AR) agonist, ABEA-X-BY630, and the technique of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to investigate the diffusional characteristics of functional agonist-occupied A3-AR complexes in single living cells. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human A3-AR, the fluorescent A3-AR agonist was able to inhibit forskolin-stimulated [3H]cAMP production (pEC50=8.57), and this was antagonized by the A3-selective antagonist MRS1220 (pK(B)=9.32). The fluorescent ligand also stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis (pEC50=7.34). Ligand binding to the A3-AR on the membranes of single cells and subsequent increases in single cell [Ca2+]i were monitored simultaneously in real time using confocal microscopy. FCS measurements in small-membrane microdomains (approximately 0.2 microm2) revealed two agonist-occupied A3-AR components with differing diffusion characteristics (diffusion coefficients=2.65x10(-8) and 1.19x10(-9) cm2/s, respectively). The binding of ligand to these two components was reduced from 5.1 and 14.9 to 2.6 and 3.3 receptors/microm2, respectively, by MRS1220 (100 nM). These data provide direct evidence for at least two populations of agonist-occupied A3-receptor complexes, showing different motilities within the membrane of single living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cordeaux
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Sun Y, Alexander SPH, Garle MJ, Gibson CL, Hewitt K, Murphy SP, Kendall DA, Bennett AJ. Cannabinoid activation of PPAR alpha; a novel neuroprotective mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:734-43. [PMID: 17906680 PMCID: PMC2190030 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although CB(1) receptor activation evokes neuroprotection in response to cannabinoids, some cannabinoids have been reported to be peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) ligands, offering an alternative protective mechanism. We have, therefore, investigated the ability of a range of cannabinoids to activate PPAR alpha and for N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), an endogenous cannabinoid-like compound (ECL), to evoke neuroprotection. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Assays of PPAR alpha occupancy and gene transactivation potential were conducted in cell-free and transfected HeLa cell preparations, respectively. In vivo estimates of PPAR alpha activation through fat mobilization and gene transcription were conducted in mice. Neuroprotection in vivo was investigated in wild-type and PPAR alpha gene-disrupted mice. KEY RESULTS The ECLs OEA, anandamide, noladin ether and virodhamine were found to bind to the purified PPAR alpha ligand binding domain and to increase PPAR alpha-driven transcriptional activity. The high affinity synthetic CB(1/2) cannabinoid agonist WIN 55212-2 bound to PPAR alpha equipotently with the PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate, and stimulated PPARalpha-mediated gene transcription. The phytocannabinoid delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol was without effect. OEA and WIN 55212-2 induced lipolysis in vivo, while OEA pre-treatment reduced infarct volume from middle cerebral artery occlusion in wild-type, but not in PPAR alpha-null mice. OEA treatment also led to increased expression of the NFkappa B-inhibitory protein, Ikappa B, in mouse cerebral cortex, while expression of the NFkappa B-regulated protein COX-2 was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data demonstrate the potential for a range of cannabinoid compounds, of diverse structures, to activate PPAR alpha and suggest that at least some of the neuroprotective properties of these agents could be mediated by nuclear receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - M J Garle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - C L Gibson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - K Hewitt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - S P Murphy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - D A Kendall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
| | - A J Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Abstract
Cannabinoids have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, which were proposed to occur mainly via activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor CB(1) (cannabinoid receptor 1). Recently, certain cannabinoids have been reported to be ligands for members of the nuclear receptor transcription factor superfamily known as PPARs (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors). This review summarizes the evidence for cannabinoid activation of PPARs and identifies a new intracellular target for cannabinoids as therapeutic agents for neuroprotective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Rayment SJ, Latif ML, Ralevic V, Alexander SPH. Evidence for the expression of multiple uracil nucleotide-stimulated P2 receptors coupled to smooth muscle contraction in porcine isolated arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:604-12. [PMID: 17262017 PMCID: PMC2189772 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The uracil nucleotides UDP and UTP have been reported to activate P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors to cause vasoconstriction. We have performed a comparative analysis of these receptors in endothelium-denuded smooth muscle from porcine isolated coronary and ear arteries, using pharmacological and molecular tools. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Tissue segments were used to construct non-cumulative concentration response curves for UTP and UDP, in the absence and presence of the P2 receptor antagonists PPADS or suramin. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were employed to define gene expression and immunoreactivity for P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors. KEY RESULTS In the coronary artery, UTP-evoked contractile responses were reduced in the presence of suramin, but not PPADS, while the smaller responses to UDP were unaffected by either antagonist. In the ear artery, contractile responses to UDP were much smaller than those to UTP; responses to UTP were inhibited by both PPADS and suramin. RT-PCR suggested predominant expression of P2Y2 receptors in the coronary artery, while P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptor gene expression appeared equivalent in both tissues. Immunoblot analyses provided evidence for P2Y6 receptors in both tissues, with equivocal evidence of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptor immunoreactivities. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that UTP-evoked contraction of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle appears to be predominantly P2Y2-mediated, while the ear artery appears to express a uracil nucleotide-sensitive P2 receptor(s) which fails to fit readily into the current classification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ear/blood supply
- Gene Expression
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists
- Pyridoxal Phosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Pyridoxal Phosphate/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Suramin/pharmacology
- Swine
- Uracil Nucleotides/metabolism
- Uracil Nucleotides/pharmacology
- Uridine Diphosphate/metabolism
- Uridine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rayment
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham, UK
| | - M L Latif
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham, UK
| | - V Ralevic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham, UK
| | - S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, UK.
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Phosphodiesterases, 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide (E.C.3.1.4.17). Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Anaphylatoxin and chemotactic peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Neuropeptides B and W. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Glutamate, metabotropic. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Urotensin-II. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Angiotensin. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Lipoxygenases (E.C. 1.13.11.−). Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. P2Y. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. 5-Hydroxytryptamine3. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Trace amine-associated. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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