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Gallo-Rodriguez C, Rodriguez JB. Organoselenium Compounds in Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400063. [PMID: 38778500 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The chemical and biological interest in this element and the molecules bearing selenium has been exponentially growing over the years. Selenium, formerly designated as a toxin, becomes a vital trace element for life that appears as selenocysteine and its dimeric form, selenocystine, in the active sites of selenoproteins, which catalyze a wide variety of reactions, including the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and modulation of redox activities. From the point of view of drug developments, organoselenium drugs are isosteres of sulfur-containing and oxygen-containing drugs with the advantage that the presence of the selenium atom confers antioxidant properties and high lipophilicity, which would increase cell membrane permeation leading to better oral bioavailability. This statement is the paramount relevance considering the big number of clinically employed compounds bearing sulfur or oxygen atoms in their structures including nucleosides and carbohydrates. Thus, in this article we have focused on the relevant features of the application of selenium in medicinal chemistry. With the increasing interest in selenium chemistry, we have attempted to highlight the most significant published data on this subject, mainly concentrating the analysis on the last years. In consequence, the recent advances of relevant pharmacological organoselenium compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Collins HM, Gullino LS, Ozdemir D, Lazarenco C, Sudarikova Y, Daly E, Pilar Cuéllar F, Pinacho R, Bannerman DM, Sharp T. Rebound activation of 5-HT neurons following SSRI discontinuation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1580-1589. [PMID: 38609530 PMCID: PMC11319583 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cessation of therapy with a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is often associated with an early onset and disabling discontinuation syndrome, the mechanism of which is surprisingly little investigated. Here we determined the effect on 5-HT neurochemistry of discontinuation from the SSRI paroxetine. Paroxetine was administered repeatedly to mice (once daily, 12 days versus saline controls) and then either continued or discontinued for up to 5 days. Whereas brain tissue levels of 5-HT and/or its metabolite 5-HIAA tended to decrease during continuous paroxetine, levels increased above controls after discontinuation, notably in hippocampus. In microdialysis experiments continuous paroxetine elevated hippocampal extracellular 5-HT and this effect fell to saline control levels on discontinuation. However, depolarisation (high potassium)-evoked 5-HT release was reduced by continuous paroxetine but increased above controls post-discontinuation. Extracellular hippocampal 5-HIAA also decreased during continuous paroxetine and increased above controls post-discontinuation. Next, immunohistochemistry experiments found that paroxetine discontinuation increased c-Fos expression in midbrain 5-HT (TPH2 positive) neurons, adding further evidence for a hyperexcitable 5-HT system. The latter effect was recapitulated by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist administration although gene expression analysis could not confirm altered expression of 5-HT1A autoreceptors following paroxetine discontinuation. Finally, in behavioural experiments paroxetine discontinuation increased anxiety-like behaviour, which partially correlated in time with the measures of increased 5-HT function. In summary, this study reports evidence that, across a range of experiments, SSRI discontinuation triggers a rebound activation of 5-HT neurons. This effect is reminiscent of neural changes associated with various psychotropic drug withdrawal states, suggesting a common unifying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Collins
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Dept. of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dersu Ozdemir
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Fuencisla Pilar Cuéllar
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain
| | - Raquel Pinacho
- Dept. of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Trevor Sharp
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Sakamoto E, Kitase Y, Fitt AJ, Zhu Z, Awad K, Brotto M, White KE, Welc SS, Bergwitz C, Bonewald LF. Both enantiomers of β-aminoisobutyric acid BAIBA regulate Fgf23 via MRGPRD receptor by activating distinct signaling pathways in osteocytes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114397. [PMID: 38935499 PMCID: PMC11350516 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
With exercise, muscle and bone produce factors with beneficial effects on brain, fat, and other organs. Exercise in mice increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), urine phosphate, and the muscle metabolite L-β-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA), suggesting that L-BAIBA may play a role in phosphate metabolism. Here, we show that L-BAIBA increases in serum with exercise and elevates Fgf23 in osteocytes. The D enantiomer, described to be elevated with exercise in humans, can also induce Fgf23 but through a delayed, indirect process via sclerostin. The two enantiomers both signal through the same receptor, Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor type D, but activate distinct signaling pathways; L-BAIBA increases Fgf23 through Gαs/cAMP/PKA/CBP/β-catenin and Gαq/PKC/CREB, whereas D-BAIBA increases Fgf23 indirectly through sclerostin via Gαi/NF-κB. In vivo, both enantiomers increased Fgf23 in bone in parallel with elevated urinary phosphate excretion. Thus, exercise-induced increases in BAIBA and FGF23 work together to maintain phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yukiko Kitase
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Alexander J Fitt
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Zewu Zhu
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Kamal Awad
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kenneth E White
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Steven S Welc
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Ramli FF, Singh N, Emir UE, Villa LM, Waters S, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ, Godlewska BR. Effects of ebselen addition on emotional processing and brain neurochemistry in depressed patients unresponsive to antidepressant medication. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:200. [PMID: 38714646 PMCID: PMC11076504 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium is an effective augmenting agent for depressed patients with inadequate response to standard antidepressant therapy, but numerous adverse effects limit its use. We previously reported that a lithium-mimetic agent, ebselen, promoted a positive emotional bias-an indicator of potential antidepressant activity in healthy participants. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of short-term ebselen treatment on emotional processing and brain neurochemistry in depressed patients with inadequate response to standard antidepressants. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled 7-day experimental medicine study in 51 patients with major depressive disorder who were currently taking antidepressants but had an inadequate response to treatment. Participants received either ebselen 600 mg twice daily for seven days or identical matching placebo. An emotional testing battery, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and depression and anxiety rating scales were conducted at baseline and after seven days of treatment. Ebselen did not increase the recognition of positive facial expressions in the depressed patient group. However, ebselen increased the response bias towards fear emotion in the signal detection measurement. In the anterior cingulate cortex, ebselen significantly reduced the concentrations of inositol and Glx (glutamate+glutamine). We found no significant differences in depression and anxiety rating scales between visits. Our study did not find any positive shift in emotional bias in depressed patients with an inadequate response to antidepressant medication. We confirmed the ability of ebselen to lower inositol and Glx in the anterior cingulate cortex. These latter effects are probably mediated through inhibition of inositol monophosphatase and glutaminase respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Fareez Ramli
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzay E Emir
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luca M Villa
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- QYNAPSE SAS, 2-10 Rue d'Oradour-sur-Glane, Paris, France
| | - Shona Waters
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Beata R Godlewska
- Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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Ramli FF, Cowen PJ, Godlewska BR. The Potential Use of Ebselen in Treatment-Resistant Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:485. [PMID: 35455482 PMCID: PMC9030939 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is an organoselenium compound developed as an antioxidant and subsequently shown to be a glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimetic. Ebselen shows some efficacy in post-stroke neuroprotection and is currently in trial for the treatment and prevention of hearing loss, Meniere's Disease and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In vitro screening studies show that ebselen is also an effective inhibitor of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), which is a key target of the mood-stabilising drug lithium. Further, in animal experimental studies, ebselen produces effects on the serotonin system very similar to those of lithium and also decreases behavioural impulsivity. The antidepressant effects of lithium in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have been attributed to its ability to facilitate presynaptic serotonin activity; this suggests that ebselen might also have a therapeutic role in this condition. Human studies utilising magnetic resonance spectroscopy support the notion that ebselen, at therapeutic doses, inhibits IMPase in the human brain. Moreover, neuropsychological studies support an antidepressant profile for ebselen based on positive effects on emotional processing and reward seeking. Ebselen also lowers a human laboratory measure of impulsivity, a property that has been associated with lithium's anti-suicidal effects in patients with mood disorders. Current clinical studies are directed towards assessment of the neuropsychological effects of ebselen in TRD patients. It will also be important to ascertain whether ebselen is able to lower impulsivity and suicidal behaviour in clinical populations. The objective of this review is to summarise the developmental history, pre-clinical and clinical psychopharmacological properties of ebselen in psychiatric disorders and its potential application as a treatment for TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Fareez Ramli
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (F.F.R.); (P.J.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Philip J. Cowen
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (F.F.R.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Beata R. Godlewska
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (F.F.R.); (P.J.C.)
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Orian L, Flohé L. Selenium-Catalyzed Reduction of Hydroperoxides in Chemistry and Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1560. [PMID: 34679695 PMCID: PMC8533274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the chalcogens, selenium is the key element for catalyzed H2O2 reduction. In organic synthesis, catalytic amounts of organo mono- and di-selenides are largely used in different classes of oxidations, in which H2O2 alone is poorly efficient. Biological hydroperoxide metabolism is dominated by peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, which balance hydroperoxide challenge and contribute to redox regulation. When their selenocysteine is replaced by cysteine, the cellular antioxidant defense system is impaired. Finally, classes of organoselenides have been synthesized with the aim of mimicking the biological strategy of glutathione peroxidases, but their therapeutic application has so far been limited. Moreover, their therapeutic use may be doubted, because H2O2 is not only toxic but also serves as an important messenger. Therefore, over-optimization of H2O2 reduction may lead to unexpected disturbances of metabolic regulation. Common to all these systems is the nucleophilic attack of selenium to one oxygen of the peroxide bond promoting its disruption. In this contribution, we revisit selected examples from chemistry and biology, and, by using results from accurate quantum mechanical modelling, we provide an accurate unified picture of selenium's capacity of reducing hydroperoxides. There is clear evidence that the selenoenzymes remain superior in terms of catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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Abstract
Abstract
Ebselen is a well-known synthetic compound mimicking glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyses some vital reactions that protect against oxidative damage. Based on a large number of in vivo and in vitro studies, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain its actions on multiple targets. It targets thiol-related compounds, including cysteine, glutathione, and thiol proteins (e.g., thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase). Owing to this, ebselen is a unique multifunctional agent with important effects on inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, immune regulation and neurodegenerative disease, with anti-microbial, detoxifying and anti-tumour activity. This review summarises the current understanding of the multiple biological processes and molecules targeted by ebselen, and its pharmacological applications.
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Santi C, Scimmi C, Sancineto L. Ebselen and Analogues: Pharmacological Properties and Synthetic Strategies for Their Preparation. Molecules 2021; 26:4230. [PMID: 34299505 PMCID: PMC8306772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is the leader of selenorganic compounds, and starting from its identification as mimetic of the key antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, several papers have appeared in literature claiming its biological activities. It was the subject of several clinical trials and it is currently in clinical evaluation for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Given our interest in the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of selenorganic derivatives with this review, we aimed to collect all the papers focused on the biological evaluation of ebselen and its close analogues, covering the timeline between 2016 and most of 2021. Our analysis evidences that, even if it lacks specificity when tested in vitro, being able to bind to every reactive cysteine, it proved to be always well tolerated in vivo, exerting no sign of toxicity whatever the administered doses. Besides, looking at the literature, we realized that no review article dealing with the synthetic approaches for the construction of the benzo[d][1,2]-selenazol-3(2H)-one scaffold is available; thus, a section of the present review article is completely devoted to this specific topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Sancineto
- Group of Catalysis and Green Organic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.)
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Nogueira CW, Barbosa NV, Rocha JBT. Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Nilda V Barbosa
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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Grollier K, Taponard A, De Zordo-Banliat A, Magnier E, Billard T. Metal-free nucleophilic trifluoromethylselenolation via an iodide-mediated umpolung reactivity of trifluoromethylselenotoluenesulfonate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:3032-3037. [PMID: 33363671 PMCID: PMC7736694 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a practical method to generate CF3Se- (and RFSe-) anions from shelf-stable reagents under iodide activation. Metal-free nucleophilic trifluoromethylselenolations have been then performed with this in situ-generated anion. Perfluoroalkylselenolations have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Grollier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexis Taponard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud De Zordo-Banliat
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Billard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.,CERMEP-In vivo imaging, Groupement Hospitalier Est, 59 Bd Pinel, 69677 Lyon, France
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Abstract
Ebselen is a synthetic organoselenium radical scavenger compound that possesses glutathione peroxidase-like activity and its own unique bioactivity by reacting with thiols, hydroperoxides and peroxynitrites. Owing to its high affinity toward several essential reactions, ebselen protects cellular components from oxidative and free radical damage, and it has been employed as a useful tool for studying redox-related mechanisms. Based on numerous in vitro and in vivo research, mechanisms are proposed to understand the biomedical and molecular actions of ebselen in health and disease, and it is currently under clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various human disorders. Based on these outstanding discoveries, this review summarizes the current understanding of the biochemical and molecular characteristics, pharmacological applications and future directions of ebselen.
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12
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Grollier K, Taponard A, Ghiazza C, Magnier E, Billard T. Environmentally Compatible Access to α‐Trifluoromethylseleno‐Enones. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Grollier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Alexis Taponard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Clément Ghiazza
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Université Paris-Saclay UVSQ CNRS UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, FR- 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Thierry Billard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS, CPE, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
- CERMEP−In vivo imaging, Groupement Hospitalier Est 59 Bd Pinel FR-69677 Lyon France
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13
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Singh N, Serres F, Toker L, Sade Y, Blackburn V, Batra AS, Saiardi A, Agam G, Belmaker RH, Sharp T, Vasudevan SR, Churchill GC. Effects of the putative lithium mimetic ebselen on pilocarpine-induced neural activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173377. [PMID: 32687920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, potentiates the ability of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine to induce seizures in rodents. As this potentiation by lithium is reversed by the administration of myo-inositol, the potentiation may be mediated by inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), a known target of lithium. Recently, we demonstrated that ebselen is a 'lithium mimetic' in regard to behaviours in both mice and man. Ebselen inhibits IMPase in vitro and lowers myo-inositol in vivo in the brains of mice and men, making ebselen the only known inhibitor of IMPase, other than lithium, that penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Our objective was to determine the effects of ebselen on sensitization to pilocarpine-induced seizures and neural activity. We administered ebselen at different doses and time intervals to mice, followed by injection of a sub-seizure dose of pilocarpine. We assessed seizure and neural activity by a subjective seizure rating scale, by monitoring tremors, and by induction of the immediate early gene c-fos. In contrast to lithium, ebselen did not potentiate the ability of pilocarpine to induce seizures. Unexpectedly, ebselen inhibited pilocarpine-induced tremor as well as pilocarpine-induced increases in c-fos mRNA levels. Both lithium and ebselen inhibit a common target, IMPase, but only lithium potentiates pilocarpine-induced seizures, consistent with their polypharmacology at diverse molecular targets. We conclude that ebselen does not potentiate pilocarpine-induced seizures and instead, reduces pilocarpine-mediated neural activation. This lack of potentiation of muscarinic sensitization may be one reason for the lack of side-effects observed with ebselen treatment clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Florence Serres
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lilah Toker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Mental Health Centre, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yeala Sade
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Mental Health Centre, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Mental Health Centre, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Robert H Belmaker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Mental Health Centre, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Trevor Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Sharp T, Barnes NM. Central 5-HT receptors and their function; present and future. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108155. [PMID: 32522572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since our review of central 5-HT receptors and their function twenty years ago, no new 5-HT receptor has been discovered and there is little evidence that this situation will change in the near future. Nevertheless, over this time significant progress has been made in our understanding of the properties of these receptors and in the clinical translation of this information, and some of these developments are highlighted herein. Such highlights include extensive mapping of 5-HT receptors in both animal and human brain, culminating in readily-accessible brain atlases of 5-HT receptor distribution, as well as emerging data on how 5-HT receptors are distributed within complex neural circuits. Also, a range of important pharmacological and genetic tools have been developed that allow selective 5-HT receptor manipulation, in cells through to whole organism models. Moreover, unexpected complexity in 5-HT receptor function has been identified including agonist-dependent signalling that goes beyond the pharmacology of canonical 5-HT receptor signalling pathways set down in the 1980s and 1990s. This new knowledge of 5-HT signalling has been extended by the discovery of combined signalling of 5-HT and co-released neurotransmitters, especially glutamate. Another important advance has been the progression of a large number of 5-HT ligands through to experimental medicine studies and clinical trials, and some such agents have already become prescribed therapeutic drugs. Much more needs to be discovered and understood by 5-HT neuropharmacologists, not least how the diverse signalling effects of so many 5-HT receptor types interact with complex neural circuits to generate neurophysiological changes which ultimately lead to altered cognitions and behaviour. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Sharp
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Jupp B, Sawiak SJ, van der Veen B, Lemstra S, Toschi C, Barlow RL, Pekcec A, Bretschneider T, Nicholson JR, Robbins TW, Dalley JW. Diminished Myoinositol in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates the Endophenotype of Impulsivity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3392-3402. [PMID: 31897490 PMCID: PMC7197196 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive impulsivity manifests in a variety of disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and substance use disorder. However, the etiological mechanisms of impulsivity remain poorly understood. In the present study, we used in-vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to investigate neurometabolite content in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum of rats exhibiting low- versus high-impulsive (LI, HI) behavior on a visual attentional task. We validated our 1H-MRS findings using regionally resolved ex-vivo mass spectroscopy, transcriptomics, and site-directed RNA interference in the ventromedial PFC. We report a significant reduction in myoinositol levels in the PFC but not the striatum of HI rats compared with LI rats. Reduced myoinositol content was localized to the infralimbic (IL) cortex, where significant reductions in transcript levels of key proteins involved in the synthesis and recycling of myoinositol (IMPase1) were also present. Knockdown of IMPase1in the IL cortex increased impulsivity in nonimpulsive rats when the demand on inhibitory response control was increased. We conclude that diminished myoinositol levels in ventromedial PFC causally mediate a specific form of impulsivity linked to vulnerability for stimulant addiction in rodents. Myoinositol and related signaling substrates may thus offer novel opportunities for treating neuropsychiatric disorders comorbid with impulsive symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Steve J Sawiak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Lemstra
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Chiara Toschi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Rebecca L Barlow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Janet R Nicholson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK,Address correspondence to Professor Jeffrey W. Dalley, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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16
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Ruberte AC, Sanmartin C, Aydillo C, Sharma AK, Plano D. Development and Therapeutic Potential of Selenazo Compounds. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1473-1489. [PMID: 31638805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of selenium (Se) atom into small molecules can substantially enhance their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumoral or chemopreventive, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and neuroprotective effects. Specifically, selenazo compounds have received great attention owing to their chemical properties, pharmaceutical applications, and low toxicity. In this Perspective, we compile extensive literature evidence with the description and discussion of the most recent advances in different selenazo and selenadiazo motifs as potential pharmacological candidates. We also provide some perspectives on the challenges and future directions in the advancement of these selenazo compounds, each of which could generate drug candidates for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ruberte
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartin
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
| | - Carlos Aydillo
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72 , Penn State College of Medicine , 500 University Drive , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Daniel Plano
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72 , Penn State College of Medicine , 500 University Drive , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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17
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Enhanced discriminative aversive learning and amygdala responsivity in 5-HT transporter mutant mice. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:139. [PMID: 30996249 PMCID: PMC6470159 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) has been linked to altered fear learning but the data are inconsistent and the mechanism is unclear. The present study investigated conditioned aversive learning in 5-HTT knockout (KO) mice while simultaneously recording neural network activity (theta oscillations) and hemodynamic responses (tissue oxygen delivery) from the amygdala, a brain region necessary for forming fearful memories. Conditioned aversive learning was measured using a discrimination learning task in which one auditory cue was paired with foot-shock, whereas a second auditory cue was not. Compared with wild-type mice, 5-HTTKO mice exhibited faster discrimination learning. This effect was associated with stronger theta frequency oscillations and greater hemodynamic changes in the amygdala in response to both the emotionally relevant cues and the unconditioned foot-shock stimulus. Furthermore, hemodynamic responses to the unconditioned stimulus predicted behavioral discrimination performance the following day. Acute pharmacological 5-HTT blockade in wild-type mice produced a similar effect, to the extent that administration of citalopram during the fear conditioning sessions enhanced fear memory recall. Collectively, our data argue that loss of 5-HTT function enhances amygdala responsivity to aversive events and facilitates learning for emotionally relevant cues.
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Barkus C, Ferland JMN, Adams WK, Churchill GC, Cowen PJ, Bannerman DM, Rogers RD, Winstanley CA, Sharp T. The putative lithium-mimetic ebselen reduces impulsivity in rodent models. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1018-1026. [PMID: 29986609 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118784876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in impulse control feature in many psychiatric conditions including bipolar disorder, suicidality and addictions. Lithium lowers impulsivity in clinical populations and decreases pathological gambling in experimental medicine studies, but suffers from adverse effects, poor compliance and a low therapeutic index. AIMS Recently we identified that the neuroprotective agent ebselen, which is reportedly safe in humans, inhibited inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), a candidate lithium mechanism. Ebselen also reduced 5-HT receptor (5-HT2A) function which predicts impulsivity lowering properties. Here we investigated the effect of ebselen in rat models of impulsive behaviour. METHODS Ebselen was tested in two models of impulsivity with human analogues: the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and rodent gambling task (rGT). The main outcome measures were premature responses (5-CSRTT and rGT) and choice behaviour (rGT), which model motor impulsivity and choice impulsivity, respectively. RESULTS At doses that decreased 5-HT2A receptor function (DOI-induced wet dog shakes), ebselen decreased premature responding in the 5-CSRTT both in the absence and presence of cocaine. The 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100,907 also reduced premature responding in the 5-CSRTT although not in the presence of cocaine. In the rGT ebselen showed a tendency to reduce premature responding but had no effect on choice behaviour. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ebselen preferentially reduces motor impulsivity over choice impulsivity, and that inhibition of 5-HT2A receptor function is a contributing mechanism. Collectively, these data support the repurposing of ebselen as an anti-impulsive treatment and fast-tracking to clinical trials in patient groups characterised by poor impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barkus
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, UK
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Wendy K Adams
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Trevor Sharp
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, UK
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19
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Antoniadou I, Kouskou M, Arsiwala T, Singh N, Vasudevan SR, Fowler T, Cadirci E, Churchill GC, Sharp T. Ebselen has lithium-like effects on central 5-HT 2A receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2599-2610. [PMID: 29488218 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lithium's antidepressant action may be mediated by inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), a key enzyme in Gq -protein coupled receptor signalling. Recently, the antioxidant agent ebselen was identified as an IMPase inhibitor. Here, we investigated both ebselen and lithium in models of the 5-HT2A receptor, a Gq -protein coupled receptor involved in lithium's actions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 5-HT2A receptor function was assessed in mice by measuring the behavioural (head-twitches, ear scratches) and molecular (cortical immediate early gene [IEG] mRNA; Arc, c-fos, Egr2) responses to 5-HT2A receptor agonists. Ebselen and lithium were administered either acutely or repeatedly prior to assessment of 5-HT2A receptor function. Because lithium and 5-HT2A receptor antagonists augment the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), ebselen was tested for this activity by co-administration with the SSRI citalopram in microdialysis (extracellular 5-HT) experiments. KEY RESULTS Acute and repeated administration of ebselen inhibited behavioural and IEG responses to the 5-HT2A receptor agonist DOI. Repeated lithium also inhibited DOI-evoked behavioural and IEG responses. In comparison, a selective IMPase inhibitor (L-690330) attenuated the behavioural response to DOI whereas glycogen synthase kinase inhibitor (AR-A014418) did not. Finally, ebselen enhanced the increase in extracellular 5-HT induced by citalopram, and also increased regional brain 5-HT synthesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data demonstrated lithium-mimetic effects of ebselen in different experimental models of 5-HT2A receptor function, probably mediated by IMPase inhibition. This evidence of lithium-like neuropharmacological effects of ebselen adds further support for the clinical testing of ebselen in mood disorders, including as an antidepressant augmenting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Antoniadou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Kouskou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S R Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Cadirci
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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