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Chisholm RA, Kristensen NP, Rheindt FE, Chong KY, Ascher JS, Lim KKP, Ng PKL, Yeo DCJ, Meier R, Tan HH, Giam X, Yeoh YS, Seah WW, Berman LM, Tan HZ, Sadanandan KR, Theng M, Jusoh WFA, Jain A, Huertas B, Tan DJX, Ng ACR, Teo A, Yiwen Z, Cho TJY, Sin YCK. Two centuries of biodiversity discovery and loss in Singapore. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309034120. [PMID: 38079550 PMCID: PMC10743369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309034120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for reliable data on the impacts of deforestation on tropical biodiversity. The city-state of Singapore has one of the most detailed biodiversity records in the tropics, dating back to the turn of the 19th century. In 1819, Singapore was almost entirely covered in primary forest, but this has since been largely cleared. We compiled more than 200 y of records for 10 major taxonomic groups in Singapore (>50,000 individual records; >3,000 species), and we estimated extinction rates using recently developed and novel statistical models that account for "dark extinctions," i.e., extinctions of undiscovered species. The estimated overall extinction rate was 37% (95% CI [31 to 42%]). Extrapolating our Singapore observations to a future business-as-usual deforestation scenario for Southeast Asia suggests that 18% (95% CI [16 to 22%]) of species will be lost regionally by 2100. Our extinction estimates for Singapore and Southeast Asia are a factor of two lower than previous estimates that also attempted to account for dark extinctions. However, we caution that particular groups such as large mammals, forest-dependent birds, orchids, and butterflies are disproportionately vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Nadiah P. Kristensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Frank E. Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore259569, Singapore
| | - John S. Ascher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Kelvin K. P. Lim
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117377, Singapore
| | - Peter K. L. Ng
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117377, Singapore
| | - Darren C. J. Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117377, Singapore
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin10115, Germany
| | - Heok Hui Tan
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117377, Singapore
| | - Xingli Giam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Yi Shuen Yeoh
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore259569, Singapore
| | - Wei Wei Seah
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore259569, Singapore
| | - Laura M. Berman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhen Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Keren R. Sadanandan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Seewiesen82319, Germany
| | - Meryl Theng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Wan F. A. Jusoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya47500, Malaysia
| | - Anuj Jain
- Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore389466, Singapore
- bioSEA Pte Ltd., Singapore679521, Singapore
| | - Blanca Huertas
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, LondonSW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - David J. X. Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Alicia C. R. Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Aloysius Teo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Zeng Yiwen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Tricia J. Y. Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
| | - Y. C. Keita Sin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117558, Singapore
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Wolfe E, Hammill E, Memmott J, Clements CF. Landscape configuration affects probability of apex predator presence and community structure in experimental metacommunities. Oecologia 2022; 199:193-204. [PMID: 35523981 PMCID: PMC9120115 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate, highlighting the urgent requirement for well-designed protected areas. Design tactics previously proposed to promote biodiversity include enhancing the number, connectivity, and heterogeneity of reserve patches. However, how the importance of these features changes depending on what the conservation objective is remains poorly understood. Here we use experimental landscapes containing ciliate protozoa to investigate how the number and heterogeneity in size of habitat patches, rates of dispersal between neighbouring patches, and mortality risk of dispersal across the non-habitat ‘matrix’ interact to affect a number of diversity measures. We show that increasing the number of patches significantly increases γ diversity and reduces the overall number of extinctions, whilst landscapes with heterogeneous patch sizes have significantly higher γ diversity than those with homogeneous patch sizes. Furthermore, the responses of predators depended on their feeding specialism, with generalist predator presence being highest in a single large patch, whilst specialist predator presence was highest in several-small patches with matrix dispersal. Our evidence emphasises the importance of considering multiple diversity measures to disentangle community responses to patch configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Wolfe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jane Memmott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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Miao BG, Peng YQ, Yang DR, Kubota Y, Economo EP, Liu C. Climate and land-use interactively shape butterfly diversity in tropical rainforest and savanna ecosystems of southwestern China. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1109-1120. [PMID: 32453476 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced habitat conversion and degradation, along with accelerating climatic change, have resulted in considerable global biodiversity loss. Nevertheless, how local ecological assemblages respond to the interplay between climate and land-use change remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of climate and land-use interactions on butterfly diversity in different ecosystems of southwestern China. Specifically, we investigated variation in the alpha and beta diversities of butterflies in different landscapes along human-modified and climate gradients. We found that increasing land-use intensity not only caused a dramatic decrease in butterfly alpha diversity but also significantly simplified butterfly species composition in tropical rainforest and savanna ecosystems. These findings suggest that habitat modification by agricultural activities increases the importance of deterministic processes and leads to biotic homogenization. The land-use intensity model best explained species richness variation in the tropical rainforest, whereas the climate and land-use intensity interaction model best explained species richness variation in the savanna. These results indicate that climate modulates the effects of land-use intensity on butterfly alpha diversity in the savanna ecosystem. We also found that the response of species composition to climate varied between sites: specifically, species composition was strongly correlated with climatic distance in the tropical rainforest but not in the savanna. Taken together, our long-term butterfly monitoring data reveal that interactions between human-modified habitat change and climate change have shaped butterfly diversity in tropical rainforest and savanna. These findings also have important implications for biodiversity conservation under the current era of rapid human-induced habitat loss and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Ge Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Cong Liu
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Chowdhury S, Shahriar SA, Böhm M, Jain A, Aich U, Zalucki MP, Hesselberg T, Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Persson AS, Roy DK, Rahman S, Ahmed S, Fuller RA. Urban green spaces in Dhaka, Bangladesh, harbour nearly half the country’s butterfly diversity. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cities currently harbour more than half of the world’s human population and continued urban expansion replaces natural landscapes and increases habitat fragmentation. The impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity have been extensively studied in some parts of the world, but there is limited information from South Asia, despite the rapid expansion of cities in the region. Here, we present the results of monthly surveys of butterflies in three urban parks in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, over a 3-year period (January 2014 to December 2016). We recorded 45% (137 of the 305 species) of the country’s butterfly richness, and 40% of the species detected are listed as nationally threatened. However, butterfly species richness declined rapidly in the three study areas over the 3-year period, and the decline appeared to be more severe among threatened species. We developed linear mixed effect models to assess the relationship between climatic variables and butterfly species richness. Overall, species richness was positively associated with maximum temperature and negatively with mean relative humidity and saturation deficit. Our results demonstrate the importance of urban green spaces for nationally threatened butterflies. With rapidly declining urban green spaces in Dhaka and other South Asian cities, we are likely to lose refuges for threatened fauna. There is an urgent need to understand urban biodiversity dynamics in the region, and for proactive management of urban green spaces to protect butterflies in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shihab A Shahriar
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Anuj Jain
- BirdLife International (Asia), 354 Tanglin Road, #01-16/17, Tanglin International Centre, Singapore, 247672, Singapore
- Nature Society (Singapore), 510 Geylang Road, Singapore 389466, Singapore
| | - Upama Aich
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Federico Morelli
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Community Ecology & Conservation, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Community Ecology & Conservation, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna S Persson
- Center for Environment and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deponkor K Roy
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saima Rahman
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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5
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Hwang YH, Jain A. Landscape design approaches to enhance human–wildlife interactions in a compact tropical city. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Urban landscapes have the potential to conserve wildlife. Despite increasing recognition of this potential, there are few collaborative efforts to integrate ecology and conservation principles into context-dependent, spatial and actionable design strategies. To address this issue and to encourage multi-disciplinary research on urban human–wildlife interactions, we ask the following questions. To what extent should design and planning actions be aligned with urban ecology in the context of a compact city? How can wildlife conservation meet the seemingly conflictual demands of urban development and public preference? To answer these questions, we refer to the relevant literature and a number of design projects. Using the compact tropical city of Singapore as a case study, we propose 12 design strategies. We encourage designers and planners to strengthen the links between wildlife and urban dwellers and promote wildlife conservation within cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hye Hwang
- Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Singapore
| | - Anuj Jain
- Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Singapore
- Nature Society (Singapore), 510 Geylang Road, #02-05, Singapore 389466, Singapore
- BirdLife International (Asia), 354 Tangling Road, #01-16/17, Singapore 247672, Singapore
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Jain A, Chan SKM, Vlasanek P, Webb EL. Impacts of habitat on butterfly dispersal in tropical forests, parks and grassland patches embedded in an urban landscape. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
- Nature Society (Singapore) Singapore City Singapore
| | | | - Petr Vlasanek
- Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Edward L. Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
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7
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A Conceptual Framework for Choosing Target Species for Wildlife-Inclusive Urban Design. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11246972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the significance of cities for biodiversity, making them important places for conservation in their own right. Current conservation approaches in cities are mostly defensive. Thus, they focus on remnant pockets of natural areas or try to protect particular species that occur in the built environment. These approaches are vulnerable to further urban development and do not create habitats. An alternative strategy is to make wildlife an integral part of urban development and thereby create a new habitat in the built-up area. Here we address the challenge of choosing target species for such wildlife-inclusive urban design. The starting point of our conceptual framework is the regional species pool, which can be obtained from geo-referenced species data. The existing habitat types on and around the development site and dispersal barriers limit the species numbers to the local species potential. In the next step, the site’s potential for each species is analyzed—how can it be upgraded to host species given the planned development and the life-cycle of the species? For the final choice of target species, traits related to the human–animal interaction are considered. We suggest that stakeholders will be involved in the final species selection. Our approach differs from existing practice, such as expert choice of priority species, by (1) representing an open process where many species are potential targets of conservation, (2) the involvement of stakeholders in a participatory way. Our approach can also be used at larger spatial scales such as quarters or entire cities.
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8
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A unique Lepidopteran assemblage in primary forest understory of central Sri Lanka. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Palmer DH, Tan YQ, Finkbeiner SD, Briscoe AD, Monteiro A, Kronforst MR. Experimental field tests of Batesian mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polytes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7657-7666. [PMID: 30151179 PMCID: PMC6106175 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The swallowtail butterfly Papilio polytes is known for its striking resemblance in wing pattern to the toxic butterfly Pachliopta aristolochiae and is a focal system for the study of mimicry evolution. Papilio polytes females are polymorphic in wing pattern, with mimetic and nonmimetic forms, while males are monomorphic and nonmimetic. Past work invokes selection for mimicry as the driving force behind wing pattern evolution in P. polytes. However, the mimetic relationship between P. polytes and P. aristolochiae is not well understood. In order to test the mimicry hypothesis, we constructed paper replicas of mimetic and nonmimetic P. polytes and P. aristolochiae, placed them in their natural habitat, and measured bird predation on replicas. In initial trials with stationary replicas and plasticine bodies, overall predation was low and we found no differences in predation between replica types. In later trials with replicas mounted on springs and with live mealworms standing in for the butterfly's body, we found less predation on mimetic P. polytes replicas compared to nonmimetic P. polytes replicas, consistent with the predator avoidance benefits of mimicry. While our results are mixed, they generally lend support to the mimicry hypothesis as well as the idea that behavioral differences between the sexes contributed to the evolution of sexually dimorphic mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela H. Palmer
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Yue Qian Tan
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Susan D. Finkbeiner
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Adriana D. Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Marcus R. Kronforst
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
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Wang JW, Poh CH, Tan CYT, Lee VN, Jain A, Webb EL. Building biodiversity: drivers of bird and butterfly diversity on tropical urban roof gardens. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Wei Wang
- National Parks Board; 1 Cluny Road Singapore S259569
- Department of Geography; National University of Singapore; 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge Singapore S117570
| | | | - Chloe Yi Ting Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Science Drive 4 Singapore S117543
| | - Vivien Naomi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Science Drive 4 Singapore S117543
| | - Anuj Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Science Drive 4 Singapore S117543
| | - Edward L. Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Science Drive 4 Singapore S117543
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11
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Jain A, Lim FKS, Webb EL. Species-habitat relationships and ecological correlates of butterfly abundance in a transformed tropical landscape. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Felix K. S. Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Edward L. Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 117543 Singapore Singapore
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