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Alshuaibi AF, Aldarwish M, Almulhim AN, Lele GS, Sanikommu S, Raghunath RG. Prevalence of Dental Fear and Anxiety and Its Triggering Factors in the Dental Office among School-going Children in Al Ahsa. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 14:286-292. [PMID: 34413608 PMCID: PMC8343675 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and objectives Materials and methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted. Eight hundred and sixteen, 7–12-year-old children studying in government and private schools spread across the city of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, participated in the study. A self-reported questionnaire with 15 close-ended questions pertaining to DFA in logical order was distributed to all the participants. Each question had three options as responses with images. The children were asked to choose the option that best fitted their response. Results and Conclusion The prevalence of DFA among boys and girls was found to be 50.4 and 71.28%, respectively. The majority of the boys studying in government schools reported DFA when informed about the treatment in advance, while most of those studying in private schools reported DFA at the sight of the dental chair and dental injections, while walking into the clinic, in the waiting room, when informed about the treatment in advance and their tooth being drilled. On the contrary, the responses were very similar among girls irrespective of their school. Most of the boys and girls did not experience any DFA when their parents were allowed to accompany them. Hence, a tailor-made approach for the management of the child in the dental office is warranted. Clinical significance A tailor-made approach for the management of DFA in the dental office plays a significant role in successful treatment. How to cite this article Alshuaibi AF, Aldarwish M, Almulhim AN, et al. Prevalence of Dental Fear and Anxiety and Its Triggering Factors in the Dental Office among School-going Children in Al Ahsa. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):286–292.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F Alshuaibi
- College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aldarwish
- College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar N Almulhim
- Department of Dental Clinics Complex, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gauri S Lele
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Sanikommu
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi G Raghunath
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Silva MVD, Bussadori SK, Santos EM, Rezende KM. Behaviour Management of the Contemporary Child in Paediatric Dentistry: An Overview of the Research. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Horovitz O, Roitburd B, Abend R, Ziskind D, Shechner T. Distraction versus training attention away from threat: How to best wait for the dentist? AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Horovitz
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,
| | | | - Rany Abend
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University, Tel‐Aviv, Israel,
| | | | - Tomer Shechner
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,
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Porritt J, Morgan A, Rodd H, Gupta E, Gilchrist F, Baker S, Newton T, Creswell C, Williams C, Marshman Z. Development and evaluation of the children's experiences of dental anxiety measure. Int J Paediatr Dent 2018; 28:140-151. [PMID: 29436092 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing measures of children's dental anxiety have not been developed with children or based on a theoretical framework of dental anxiety. AIM To develop the children's experiences of dental anxiety measure (CEDAM) and evaluate the measure's properties. DESIGN The measure was developed from interviews with dentally anxious children. Children recruited from a dental hospital and secondary school completed the CEDAM and Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS). A subgroup of children completed the CEDAM before and after receiving an intervention to reduce dental anxiety to examine the measure's responsiveness. Rasch and Classical test analyses were undertaken. RESULTS Children were aged between 9 and 16 years (N = 88 recruited from a dental hospital and N = 159 recruited from a school). Rasch analysis confirmed the measure's unidimensionality. The CEDAM correlated well with the MCDAS (rho = 0.67, P < 0.01) and had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.98). The CEDAM was also able to detect changes in dental anxiety following the intervention (baseline mean = 22.36, SD = 2.57 and follow-up mean = 18.88, SD = 2.42, t(df = 37) = 9.54, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.39). CONCLUSIONS The results support the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the CEDAM. Initial findings indicate it has potential for use in future intervention trials or in clinical practice to monitor children's dental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Porritt
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annie Morgan
- Paediatric Dentistry Department, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen Rodd
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ekta Gupta
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fiona Gilchrist
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah Baker
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tim Newton
- Oral Health Services Research and Dental Public Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Christopher Williams
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zoe Marshman
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Barriers and Drawbacks of the Assessment of Dental Fear, Dental Anxiety and Dental Phobia in Children: A Critical Literature Review. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 41:399-423. [PMID: 28937891 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4628-41.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental anxiety, fear and phobia have different etiology, response patterns, time courses, and intensities that justify a clear distinction between these constructs. Differentiation of dental anxiety, fear or phobia in practice is a critical prerequisite for developing and implementing effective treatment for children. The aim of this study was to investigate whether current researches in the pediatric dentistry appropriately discriminate the central construct of dental anxiety, fear and phobia. We also highlighted the specific methodological issues in the assessment of these issues in pediatric dentistry. STUDY DESIGN A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed/medline and Scopus for articles which assessed dental anxiety, fear or phobia in children. RESULTS 104 research papers were included in the review that had made a distinction between dental anxiety, fear and phobia and had not used them interchangeably. Only five studies used different clinical measures or cut-offs to discriminate between dental anxiety, fear and phobia. CONCLUSION The dental literature appears unable to capture and also measure the multi-sided construct of dental anxiety, fear and phobia and, therefore, there was a tendency to use them interchangeably.
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Armfield JM, Crego A, Schuch HS, Luzzi L. The role of cognitions in short-term temporal changes in dental fear among Australian adults. J Public Health Dent 2017; 78:32-40. [PMID: 28771737 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if temporal changes in dental fear over a 4-month period are predicted by changed cognitive vulnerability-related perceptions of going to the dentist. METHODS Australian adults (n = 484) completed mailed questionnaires at baseline and follow-up, containing measures of dental fear, cognitive vulnerability-related perceptions, dental services received, and possible aversive experiences during the study period. Change in dental fear was the main outcome measure, categorized as decreased (Fear- ), unchanged (Fear0 ), and increased (Fear+ ). RESULTS Across the study period, 15.5 percent of people had Fear- , 73.4 percent had Fear0 , and 11.1 percent had Fear+ . In a multinomial logistic regression, after controlling for participant gender, income, time since last dental visit at baseline, dental fear at baseline and experiencing an aversive event, increased vulnerability-related perceptions were significantly associated with Fear+ (OR = 2.83, P < 0.001) while decreased vulnerability-related perceptions were associated with Fear- (OR = 0.17, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study found, across a relatively short 4-month period, that increased vulnerability-related perceptions of visiting the dentist predicted increased dental fear while decreased vulnerability-related perceptions predicted decreased dental fear. More appropriate study designs, such as longitudinal designs, and longer follow-up periods are needed to determine the possible causal nature of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Armfield
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Antonio Crego
- Department of Psychology, Madrid Open University, Collado-Villalba, Spain
| | - Helena S Schuch
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Liana Luzzi
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Racine NM, Riddell RRP, Khan M, Calic M, Taddio A, Tablon P. Systematic Review: Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating, and Present Factors Predicting Anticipatory Distress to Painful Medical Procedures in Children. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:159-81. [PMID: 26338981 PMCID: PMC4884904 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the factors predicting anticipatory distress to painful medical procedures in children. METHODS A systematic search was conducted to identify studies with factors related to anticipatory distress to painful medical procedures in children aged 0-18 years. The search retrieved 7,088 articles to review against inclusion criteria. A total of 77 studies were included in the review. RESULTS 31 factors were found to predict anticipatory distress to painful medical procedures in children. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was conducted, and a summary figure is presented. CONCLUSIONS Many factors were elucidated that contribute to the occurrence of anticipatory distress to painful medical procedures. The factors that appear to increase anticipatory distress are child psychopathology, difficult child temperament, parent distress promoting behaviors, parent situational distress, previous pain events, parent anticipation of distress, and parent anxious predisposition. Longitudinal and experimental research is needed to further elucidate these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Khan
- Department of Psychology, York University
| | - Masa Calic
- Department of Psychology, York University
| | - Anna Taddio
- Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto
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D'Alessandro G, Alkhamis N, Mattarozzi K, Mazzetti M, Piana G. Fear of dental pain in Italian children: child personality traits and parental dental fear. J Public Health Dent 2015; 76:179-83. [PMID: 26613212 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental anxiety could impede dental treatment in children. Evidence shows that parents' fear of dentists contributes to children's anxiety towards dentists. The aim of the present study was to determine whether and to what extent: a) parents' anxiety and depression personality traits, b) parent's dental fear, and c) child personality traits can predict children's dental anxiety in an Italian population. METHODS One hundred and four children (5-14 years old) and one of their parents participated in the study. Well-known and validated questionnaires were administered to children (MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD) and parents (FDPQ, STAI Y1, Y2, and BDI-II). RESULT Dental anxiety is significantly associated with the anxiety personality trait and depression of the child and with parental fear of dental pain. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that, regardless of age and gender, the best predictor of child dental anxiety is parent's fear of dental pain, rather than relatively stable temperaments of the child. CONCLUSIONS In line with the literature concerning adults, these findings highlight the children dental anxiety as a complex phenomena consisting of different components, including the child's personality traits (anxiety trait and depression) and parents' dental fear. Clinical implications of this evidence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Alessandro
- Department of Oral Science, Unit of Dentistry for Special Needs Patients, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Alkhamis
- Department of Oral Science, Unit of Dentistry for Special Needs Patients, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Katia Mattarozzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna V.le Berti Pichat, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Mazzetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna V.le Berti Pichat, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriela Piana
- Department of Oral Science, Unit of Dentistry for Special Needs Patients, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Carter AE, Carter G, Boschen M, AlShwaimi E, George R. Ethnicity and Pathways of Fear in Endodontics. J Endod 2015; 41:1437-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Carrillo-Diaz M, Crego A, Armfield JM, Romero M. Dental fear-related cognitive vulnerability perceptions, dental prevention beliefs, dental visiting, and caries: a cross-sectional study in Madrid (Spain). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015; 43:375-84. [DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carrillo-Diaz
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry; Rey Juan Carlos University; Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Crego
- Department of Psychology; Madrid Open University (UDIMA); Madrid Spain
| | - Jason M. Armfield
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Martin Romero
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry; Rey Juan Carlos University; Madrid Spain
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Carter AE, Carter G, Boschen M, AlShwaimi E, George R. Pathways of fear and anxiety in dentistry: A review. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:642-53. [PMID: 25405187 PMCID: PMC4233415 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i11.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article was to analyze the theories underpinning dental fear, anxiety and phobias. To be included, articles must have been published between the years of 1949 and 2013 concerning fears and phobias within dentistry and/or psychiatry. Of 200 articles originally under review, 140 were included and reviewed by the authors.Five specific pathways relating to dental fear and anxiety were identified; Cognitive Conditioning, Informative, Visual Vicarious, Verbal Threat, and Parental. Eight currently accepted management techniques across all dental disciplines for dental fear and anxiety were identified. Further research is required to identify clinical diagnosis and treatment for fears originating from different pathways.
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Jaakkola S, Lahti S, Räihä H, Saarinen M, Tolvanen M, Aromaa M, Sillanpää M, Suominen S, Mattila ML, Rautava P. Dental fear affects adolescent perception of interaction with dental staff. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 122:339-45. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirkka Jaakkola
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Public Dental Health Care Clinic; City of Turku Welfare Division; Turku Finland
| | - Satu Lahti
- Department of Community Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Hannele Räihä
- Department of Psychology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Maiju Saarinen
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Mimmi Tolvanen
- Department of Community Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Minna Aromaa
- Child and Adolescent Clinic; City of Turku Welfare Division; Turku Finland
| | - Matti Sillanpää
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Child Neurology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Sakari Suominen
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Nordic School of Public Health; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marja-Leena Mattila
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Public Dental Health Care Clinic; City of Turku Welfare Division; Turku Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Clinical Research Centre; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Crego A, Carrillo-Díaz M, Armfield JM, Romero M. From public mental health to community oral health: the impact of dental anxiety and fear on dental status. Front Public Health 2014; 2:16. [PMID: 24616889 PMCID: PMC3937873 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental fear is a widely experienced problem. Through a “vicious cycle dynamic,” fear of dental treatment, lower use of dental services, and oral health diseases reinforce each other. Research on the antecedents of dental anxiety could help to break this cycle, providing useful knowledge to design effective community programs aimed at preventing dental fear and its oral health-related consequences. In this regard, frameworks that analyze the interplay between cognitive and psychosocial determinants of fear, such as the Cognitive Vulnerability Model, are promising. The onset of dental fear often occurs in childhood, so focusing on the child population could greatly contribute to understanding dental fear mechanisms and prevent this problem extending into adulthood. Not only can public mental health contribute to population health, but also community dentistry programs can help to prevent dental fear. Regular dental visits seem to act in a prophylactic way, with dental professionals playing an important role in the regulation of the patients’ anxiety-related responses. Both public mental health and community dentistry could therefore benefit from a multidisciplinary approach to dental fear and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Crego
- Department of Psychology, Madrid Open University (Udima) , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Carrillo-Díaz
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jason M Armfield
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Martín Romero
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University , Madrid , Spain
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Torriani D, Ferro R, Bonow M, Santos I, Matijasevich A, Barros A, Demarco F, Peres K. Dental Caries Is Associated with Dental Fear in Childhood: Findings from a Birth Cohort Study. Caries Res 2014; 48:263-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000356306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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