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Saegebrecht LS, Röhlig M, Schaub F, Ballmann M, Stachs O, Fischer DC. Glycemic Variability and the Thickness of Retinal Layers in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with and without Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38557392 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2333770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk to develop CF related diabetes (CFRD) and subsequently even diabetic neuro- and/or vasculopathy. We sought to determine if there are typical signs of diabetes-related retinal alterations present in CF patients with preserved and impaired glycemic control. METHODS During routine annual examination CF patients were offered an additional 7-day period of real time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) and an ophthalmological examination including retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT). Patients were categorized according to the glycemic control, i.e. the results of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and rtCGM were taken into consideration. OCT data was analyzed by our previously published visual analysis software generating dedicated and spatially resolved deviation maps for visualization and quantification of differences in total retinal thickness and thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) as well as ganglion cell layer (GCL) in comparison to age-matched healthy controls and patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Results of the rtCGM and/or OGTT enabled discrimination between patients with normal glycemic control (CFNG; n = 6), with abnormal glycemic control (CFAG; n = 6) and overt CFRD (n = 4). OCT data indicates gradually increasing retinal thinning in all 3 groups, depending on the degree of glucose metabolism disorder compared to healthy controls. At the foveal region total retinal thickness and GCL thickness were significantly thinner in CFRD patients compared to CFNG patients (total retinal thickness: 260.4 µm (239.3-270.8) vs. 275.4 µm (254.3-289.5); GCL: 11.82 µm (11.16-15.25) vs. 17.30 µm (13.95-19.82); each p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Although we investigated a rather small number of patients, we obtained evidence that intraretinal neurodegenerative changes occur in each of our subgroups (CFNG, CFAG, CFRD). Beyond this, our results favor the detrimental role of additional diabetes, as the deviations from healthy controls were most pronounced in the CFRD group and are similar to those seen in patients suffering from type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S Saegebrecht
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Röhlig
- Institute of Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friederike Schaub
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Manfred Ballmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dagmar-C Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
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The Association between Treatment Modality, Lipid Profile, Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease-Data from the International Sweet Registry. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124473. [PMID: 34960025 PMCID: PMC8707296 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: A higher frequency of dyslipidemia is reported in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD). Recently, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has been associated with better lipid profiles in patients with T1D. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between treatment modality and lipid profile, metabolic control, and body mass index (BMI)-SDS in children with both T1D and CD. Methods: Cross-sectional study in children registered in the international SWEET database in November 2020. Inclusion criteria were children (2–18 years) with T1D and CD with available data on treatment modality (CSII and injections therapy, IT), triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, dyslipidemia, HbA1c, and BMI-SDS. Overweight/obesity was defined as > +1 BMI-SDS for age. Data were analyzed by linear and logistical regression models with adjustment for age, gender, and diabetes duration. Results: In total 1009 children with T1D and CD (female 54%, CSII 54%, age 13.9 years ±3.6, diabetes duration 7.2 years ±4.1, HbA1c 7.9% ±1.4) were included. Significant differences between children treated with CSII vs. IT were respectively found; HDL 60.0 mg/dL vs. 57.8 mg/dL, LDL 89.4 mg/dL vs. 94.2 mg/dL, HbA1c 7.7 vs. 8.1%, BMI-SDS 0.4 vs. 0.6, overweight and obesity 17% vs. 26% (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: CSII is associated with higher HDL and lower LDL, HbA1c, BMI-SDS, and percentage of overweight and obesity compared with IT in this study. Further prospective studies are required to determine whether CSII improves lipid profile, metabolic control and normalize body weight in children with both T1D and CD.
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Yoshikawa F, Uchino H, Nagashima T, Usui S, Miyagi M, Ando Y, Hirose T. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improves glycemic variability in multiple daily insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized-controlled trial. Diabetol Int 2021; 13:124-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-021-00513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Eckstein ML, Weilguni B, Tauschmann M, Zimmer RT, Aziz F, Sourij H, Moser O. Time in Range for Closed-Loop Systems versus Standard of Care during Physical Exercise in People with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112445. [PMID: 34072900 PMCID: PMC8198013 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare time in range (TIR) (70–180 mg/dL (3.9–10.0 mmol/L)) between fully closed-loop systems (CLS) and standard of care (including hybrid systems) during physical exercise in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A systematic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ISI Web of Science from January 1950 until January 2020. Randomized controlled trials including studies with different CLS were compared against standard of care in people with T1D. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model and restricted maximum likelihood estimation method. Six randomized controlled trials involving 153 participants with T1D of all age groups were included. Due to crossover test designs, studies were included repeatedly (a–d) if CLS or physical exercise interventions were different. Applying this methodology increased the comparisons to a total number of 266 participants. TIR was higher with an absolute mean difference (AMD) of 6.18%, 95% CI: 1.99 to 10.38% in favor of CLS. In a subgroup analysis, the AMD was 9.46%, 95% CI: 2.48% to 16.45% in children and adolescents while the AMD for adults was 1.07% 95% CI: −0.81% to 2.96% in favor of CLS. In this systematic review and meta-analysis CLS moderately improved TIR in comparison to standard of care during physical exercise in people with T1D. This effect was particularly pronounced for children and adolescents showing that the use of CLS improved TIR significantly compared to standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L. Eckstein
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.L.E.); (R.T.Z.)
| | - Benjamin Weilguni
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.W.); (F.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Martin Tauschmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Rebecca T. Zimmer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.L.E.); (R.T.Z.)
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.W.); (F.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Harald Sourij
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.W.); (F.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.L.E.); (R.T.Z.)
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.W.); (F.A.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)921-55-3465
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Wang X, Zhao X, Chen D, Zhang M, Gu W. Comparison of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Multiple Daily Injections in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis and Prospective Cohort Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:608232. [PMID: 33737909 PMCID: PMC7961074 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.608232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide, and the appropriate choice of therapy regimens is important for children, especially in developing countries with inadequate resources. METHODS We conducted a design combining meta-analysis and prospective cohort study. In meta-analysis, 14 studies involving 69,085 TID cases reported glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, including 48,363 multiple daily insulin injections therapy (MIT) and 20,722 continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). In our prospective cohort study, TID cases were recruited from a tertiary children's hospital, and randomly divided into Group MIT and Group CSII. After the 4-year follow-up, the effects of MDI (n = 112) and CSII (n = 76) therapy on glycemic control, long-term complications, as well as the growth and pubertal development were explored. RESULTS Compared to CSII in TID, HbA1c levels in MDI (WMD = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.23) were increased significantly in meta-analysis. Among 188 clinical cases, mean age at recruitment was 7.55 (SD 2.91) years. Duration of TID was 4.23 (SD 2.61) years. 50.53% (n = 95) of them were boys. The 4-year follow-up showed that children's HbA1c was 0.67 (95% CI -1.28, -0.05) % lower in children with CSII compared to children with MDI in multivariable regression models with adjustment for potential confounders (children's age at follow-up, duration of TID, gender, birthweight, parity, and delivery method). CSII was associated with 2.31 kg higher in children's weight (95% CI 0.59, 4.04) in the adjusted model. No difference was found in peripheral nerve and fundus consequences as well as the status of obesity and thin and pubertal development between CSII and MIT. CONCLUSION CSII might be associated with better glycemic control and better effect for children growth development. No higher risks of long-term complications and delayed pubertal development were observed in CSII. Our findings provided evidence for a better therapy regimen for T1D in children, nevertheless, they need to be validated by a larger sample size study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gu,
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Zabeen B, Nahar J, Islam N, Azad K, Donaghue K. Effects of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion on Glycaemic Control and Acute Complications in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes in Bangladesh. DUBAI DIABETES AND ENDOCRINOLOGY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1159/000511241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this study was to assess the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy on glycaemic control and acute complications in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The prospective observational study was done in patients on multiple daily injection (MDI) switching to pump system. All patients were followed at the Paediatric Diabetes Clinic at BIRDEM Hospital. They were trained on carbohydrates counting and started on continuous basal insulin infusion in addition to meal and high blood glucose correction insulin boluses. They were followed on insulin pump therapy for a 6-month period. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty patients were analysed, from baseline to visit 2 after 6 months. The patients included in the study had T1DM for a mean duration of 4.7 ± 3.1 years. The age ranged from 3 to 25 years (mean 13.7 ± 6.1). There was 1% reduction in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) after 6 months, though it did not reach the statistical significance (<i>p</i> = 0.084). There was significant reduction of mean fasting blood glucose level 13.4 ± 7.0 versus 6.9 ± 1.6 mmol/L (<i>p</i> = 0.001), total insulin requirement (<i>p</i> = 0.043), frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes (<i>p</i> = 0.006), and diabetic ketoacidosis (<i>p</i> = 0.002) events during CSII therapy. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In our study, we found that switching young T1DM patients from MDI to insulin pump had been effective with achievement of a reduction in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and acute complications.
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Wilmot EG, Choudhary P, Leelarathna L, Baxter M. Glycaemic variability: The under-recognized therapeutic target in type 1 diabetes care. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2599-2608. [PMID: 31364268 PMCID: PMC6899456 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains one of the most challenging long-term conditions to manage. Despite robust evidence to demonstrate that near normoglycaemia minimizes, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of complications, its achievement has proved almost impossible in a real-world setting. HbA1c to date has been used as the gold standard marker of glucose control and has been shown to reflect directly the risk of diabetes complications. However, it has been recognized that HbA1c is a crude marker of glucose control. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides the ability to measure and observe inter- and intraday glycaemic variability (GV), a more meaningful measure of glycaemic control, more relevant to daily living for those with T1DM. This paper reviews the relationship between GV and hypoglycaemia, and micro- and macrovascular complications. It also explores the impact on GV of CGM, insulin pumps, closed-loop technologies, and newer insulins and adjunctive therapies. Looking to the future, there is an argument that GV should become a key determinant of therapeutic success. Further studies are required to investigate the pathological and psychological benefits of reducing GV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Wilmot
- Diabetes Department, Royal Derby Hospital, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHSFT, Derby, Derbyshire, UK
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lalantha Leelarathna
- Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mike Baxter
- Department Medical Affairs, Sanofi, Guildford, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Swansea, Swansea, South Wales, UK
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Trefz P, Obermeier J, Lehbrink R, Schubert JK, Miekisch W, Fischer DC. Exhaled volatile substances in children suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus: results from a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15707. [PMID: 31673076 PMCID: PMC6823423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring metabolic adaptation to type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is challenging. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is non-invasive and appears as a promising tool. However, data on breath VOC profiles in pediatric patients are limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study and applied quantitative analysis of exhaled VOCs in children suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (n = 53) and healthy controls (n = 60). Both groups were matched for sex and age. For breath gas analysis, a very sensitive direct mass spectrometric technique (PTR-TOF) was applied. The duration of disease, the mode of insulin application (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily insulin injection) and long-term metabolic control were considered as classifiers in patients. The concentration of exhaled VOCs differed between T1DM patients and healthy children. In particular, T1DM patients exhaled significantly higher amounts of ethanol, isopropanol, dimethylsulfid, isoprene and pentanal compared to healthy controls (171, 1223, 19.6, 112 and 13.5 ppbV vs. 82.4, 784, 11.3, 49.6, and 5.30 ppbV). The most remarkable differences in concentrations were found in patients with poor metabolic control, i.e. those with a mean HbA1c above 8%. In conclusion, non-invasive breath testing may support the discovery of basic metabolic mechanisms and adaptation early in the progress of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Juliane Obermeier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ruth Lehbrink
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K Schubert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
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Non-Invasive Assessment of Metabolic Adaptation in Paediatric Patients Suffering from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111797. [PMID: 31717811 PMCID: PMC6912469 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOC) may deliver systemic information quicker than available invasive techniques. Metabolic aberrations in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are of high clinical importance and could be addressed via breathomics. Real-time breath analysis was combined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and blood tests in children suffering from T1DM and age-matched healthy controls in a highly standardized setting. CGM and breath-resolved VOC analysis were performed every 5 minutes for 9 hours and blood was sampled at pre-defined time points. Per participant (n = 44) food intake and physical activity were identical and a total of 22 blood samples and 93 minutes of breath samples were investigated. The inter-individual variability of glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor relative to food intake differed distinctly between patients and controls. In T1DM patients, the exhaled amounts of acetone, 2-propanol, and pentanal correlated to glucose concentrations. Of note, the strength of these correlations strongly depended on the interval between food intake and breath sampling. Our data suggests that metabolic adaptation through postprandial hyperglycemia and related oxidative stress is immediately reflected in exhaled breath VOC concentrations. Clinical translations of our findings may enable point-of-care applicability of online breath analysis towards personalized medicine.
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Kosteria I, Schwandt A, Davis E, Jali S, Prieto M, Rottembourg D. Lipid profile is associated with treatment regimen in a large cohort of children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a study from the international SWEET database. Diabet Med 2019; 36:1294-1303. [PMID: 30972800 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effect of pump vs injection therapy on the lipid profile of children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the lipid profile of children aged ≤ 18 years with Type 1 diabetes mellitus from SWEET, an international diabetes registry, was conducted with a focus on the effect of treatment regimen. Dyslipidaemia was defined as LDL cholesterol ≥2.6 mmol/l or non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.1 mmol/l. LDL and non-HDL cholesterol values among 14 290 children (52% boys, 51% receiving pump therapy) from 60 SWEET centres were analysed by linear and logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, diabetes duration, HbA1c and BMI-standard deviation score group, region, and common interactions between age, sex, HbA1c and BMI. RESULTS This study confirmed the established associations of increased lipids with female sex, age, diabetes duration, HbA1c and BMI. LDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels were lower in the pump therapy group compared to the injection therapy group [LDL cholesterol: injection therapy 2.44 mmol/l (95% CI 2.42 to 2.46) vs pump therapy 2.39 mmol/l (95% CI 2.37-2.41), P<0.001; non-HDL cholesterol: injection therapy 2.88 mmol/l (95% CI 2.86 to 2.90) vs pump therapy 2.80 mmol/l (95% CI 2.78-2.82), both P<0.0001]. Similarly, the odds ratios for LDL cholesterol ≥2.6 mmol/l [0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97)] and non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.1 mmol/l [0.85 (0.78 to 0.93)] were significantly lower in the pump therapy group, even after all adjustments. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that pump therapy is associated with a better lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kosteria
- Diabetes Centre, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Schwandt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Davis
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western, Perth, Australia
| | - S Jali
- J. N. Medical College (KAHER) and the KLE Diabetes Centre, KLES Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital, Belgaum, India
| | - M Prieto
- Hospital de Pediatria Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Rottembourg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Deeb A, Akle M, Abdulrahman L, Suwaidi H, Awad S, Remeithi S. Using insulin pump with a remote-control system in young patients with diabetes improves glycemic control and enhances patient satisfaction. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 5:7. [PMID: 31183161 PMCID: PMC6555038 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-019-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin delivery triggered by a remote control is an advanced feature offered by newer insulin pump systems. These remote-integrated pump systems might further improve glycemic control and patient satisfaction. This study aims at assessing the effects of advanced insulin pump system on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods The prospective, observational study in two centers addressed patients on multiple daily injection (MDI) switching to an integrated pump system (primary: adolescents and young adults, secondary: school-children). Treatment and patient satisfaction parameters were recorded at baseline and at two visits at 12 and 24 weeks. Results Thirty-eight patients were analyzed; primary n = 24 (mean-age 16) and secondary n = 14 (mean-age 9). From baseline to visit2, the mean decrease of HbA1c was 1.09% (p = 0.00009) and 0.79% (p = 0.09) for the primary and secondary group, respectively. Patient satisfaction rate was favorable. Exploratory analyses revealed patients favoring the use of the remote control achieved best reductions in HbA1c (p = 0.0174). Safety was encouraging with no adverse events in the period from visit1 to visit2. Conclusions Switching young T1DM patients from MDI to a remote control-integrated pump system achieved a reductions in HbA1c and insulin dose. Positive attitude towards remote operating enhanced these effects. Patient satisfaction has markedly improved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40842-019-0081-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Deeb
- 1Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, P O Box, 2951 United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariette Akle
- 1Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, P O Box, 2951 United Arab Emirates
| | - Layla Abdulrahman
- 1Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, P O Box, 2951 United Arab Emirates
| | - Hana Suwaidi
- 1Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, P O Box, 2951 United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Awad
- 2Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Shaikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sareea Remeithi
- 2Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Shaikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Blair J, McKay A, Ridyard C, Thornborough K, Bedson E, Peak M, Didi M, Annan F, Gregory JW, Hughes D, Gamble C. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in children and young people at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: the SCIPI RCT. Health Technol Assess 2019; 22:1-112. [PMID: 30109847 DOI: 10.3310/hta22420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of developing long-term complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is related to glycaemic control and is reduced by the use of intensive insulin treatment regimens: multiple daily injections (MDI) (≥ 4) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Despite a lack of evidence that the more expensive treatment with CSII is superior to MDI, both treatments are used widely within the NHS. OBJECTIVES (1) To compare glycaemic control during treatment with CSII and MDI and (2) to determine safety and cost-effectiveness of the treatment, and quality of life (QoL) of the patients. DESIGN A pragmatic, open-label randomised controlled trial with an internal pilot and 12-month follow-up with 1 : 1 web-based block randomisation stratified by age and centre. SETTING Fifteen diabetes clinics in hospitals in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 7 months to 15 years. INTERVENTIONS Continuous subsutaneous insulin infusion or MDI initiated within 14 days of diagnosis of T1D. DATA SOURCES Data were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using paper forms and were entered centrally. Data from glucometers and CSII were downloaded. The Health Utilities Index Mark 2 was completed at each visit and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL, diabetes module) was completed at 6 and 12 months. Costs were estimated from hospital patient administration system data. OUTCOMES The primary outcome was glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration at 12 months. The secondary outcomes were (1) HbA1c concentrations of < 48 mmol/mol, (2) severe hypoglycaemia, (3) diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), (4) T1D- or treatment-related adverse events (AEs), (5) change in body mass index and height standard deviation score, (6) insulin requirements, (7) QoL and (8) partial remission rate. The economic outcome was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. RESULTS A total of 293 participants, with a median age of 9.8 years (minimum 0.7 years, maximum 16 years), were randomised (CSII, n = 149; MDI, n = 144) between May 2011 and January 2015. Primary outcome data were available for 97% of participants (CSII, n = 143; MDI, n = 142). At 12 months, age-adjusted least mean squares HbA1c concentrations were comparable between groups: CSII, 60.9 mmol/mol [95% confidence interval (CI) 58.5 to 63.3 mmol/mol]; MDI, 58.5 mmol/mol (95% CI 56.1 to 60.9 mmol/mol); and the difference of CSII - MDI, 2.4 mmol/mol (95% CI -0.4 to 5.3 mmol/mol). For HbA1c concentrations of < 48 mmol/mol (CSII, 22/143 participants; MDI, 29/142 participants), the relative risk was 0.75 (95% CI 0.46 to 1.25), and for partial remission rates (CSII, 21/86 participants; MDI, 21/64), the relative risk was 0.74 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.24). The incidences of severe hypoglycaemia (CSII, 6/144; MDI, 2/149 participants) and DKA (CSII, 2/144 participants; MDI, 0/149 participants) were low. In total, 68 AEs (14 serious) were reported during CSII treatment and 25 AEs (eight serious) were reported during MDI treatment. Growth outcomes did not differ. The reported insulin use was higher with CSII (mean difference 0.1 unit/kg/day, 95% CI 0.0 to 0.2 unit/kg/day; p = 0.01). QoL was slightly higher for those randomised to CSII. From a NHS perspective, CSII was more expensive than MDI mean total cost (£1863, 95% CI £1620 to £2137) with no additional QALY gains (-0.006 QALYs, 95% CI -0.031 to 0.018 QALYs). LIMITATIONS Generalisability beyond 12 months is uncertain. CONCLUSIONS No clinical benefit of CSII over MDI was identified. CSII is not a cost-effective treatment in patients representative of the study population. FUTURE WORK Longer-term follow-up is required to determine if clinical outcomes diverge after 1 year. A qualitative exploration of patient and professional experiences of MDI and CSII should be considered. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN29255275 and EudraCT 2010-023792-25. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 42. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. The cost of insulin pumps and consumables supplied by F. Hoffman-La Roche AG (Basel, Switzerland) for the purpose of the study were subject to a 25% discount on standard NHS costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Blair
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew McKay
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Colin Ridyard
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Keith Thornborough
- Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma Bedson
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Peak
- Department of Research, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammed Didi
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesca Annan
- Paediatric and Adolescent Division, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - John W Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dyfrig Hughes
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Carrol Gamble
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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The corneal subbasal nerve plexus and thickness of the retinal layers in pediatric type 1 diabetes and matched controls. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14. [PMID: 29311586 PMCID: PMC5758564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina and corneal confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the subbasal nerve plexus (SBP) are noninvasive techniques for quantification of the ocular neurodegenerative changes in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In adult T1DM patients these changes are hardly related to T1DM only. Instead, ageing and/or lifestyle associated comorbidities have to be considered as putative confounding variables. Therefore, we investigated pediatric T1DM patients (n = 28; 14.2 ± 2.51 y; duration of disease: 5.39 ± 4.16 y) without clinical signs of diabetic retina disease, neuropathy, vasculopathy or nephropathy and compared our findings with those obtained in healthy controls (n = 46; 14.8 ± 1.89 y). The SBP was characterized by the averaged length, thickness, and tortuosity of nerve fibers as well as the number of branching and connecting points. OCT was used to determine the total thickness of the retina (ALL) and the thickness of each retinal layer. Both methods revealed signs of early neurodegenerative changes, e.g. thinning of distinct retinal layers at the pericentral ring and shortening of corneal nerve fibers that are already present in pediatric T1DM patients. Standardization of instruments and algorithms are urgently required to enable uniform comparison between different groups and define normative values to introduce in the clinical setting.
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Mohamed WA, Schaalan MF. Antidiabetic efficacy of lactoferrin in type 2 diabetic pediatrics; controlling impact on PPAR-γ, SIRT-1, and TLR4 downstream signaling pathway. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:89. [PMID: 30534206 PMCID: PMC6280363 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of camel milk-derived lactoferrin and potential involvement of PPAR-γ and SIRT-1 via TLR-4/NFκB signaling pathway in obese diabetic pediatric population. Sixty young obese patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from the Pediatric Endocrine Metabolic Unit, Cairo University and were randomly divided among two age and sex-matched groups so as to receive either standard therapy without lactoferrin in one arm or to be treated with oral lactoferrin capsules (250 mg/day, p.o) for 3 months in the other arm. Both groups were compared to 50 control healthy volunteers. Measurements of HbA1c, lipid profile, antioxidant capacity (SOD, Nrf2), proinflammatory interleukins; (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18), Cyclin D-1, lipocalin-2, and PPAR-γ expression levels were done at the beginning and 3 months after daily consumption of lactoferrin. The mechanistic involvement of TLR4-SIRT-1-NFκB signaling cascade was also investigated. The antidiabetic efficacy of lactoferrin was confirmed by significant improvement of the baseline levels of HbA1c, BMI and lipid profile of the obese pediatric cohort, which is evidenced by increased PPAR-γ and SIRT-1 expression. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect was evident by the significant decrease in serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, lipocalin 2 in type 2 diabetic post-treatment group, which corresponded by decreased NFκB downstream signaling indicators. The antioxidant efficacy was evident by stimulated SOD levels and NrF2 expression; compared with the pre-treatment group (all at P ≤ 0.001). The consumption of high concentrations of lactoferrin explains its hypoglycemic efficacy and counts for its insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects via TLR4-NFκB-SIRT-1 signaling cascade. Recommendations on regular intake of lactoferrin could ensure better glycemic control, compared to conventional antidiabetics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Kasr El Aini Teaching Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F. Schaalan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
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Karges B, Schwandt A, Heidtmann B, Kordonouri O, Binder E, Schierloh U, Boettcher C, Kapellen T, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW. Association of Insulin Pump Therapy vs Insulin Injection Therapy With Severe Hypoglycemia, Ketoacidosis, and Glycemic Control Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA 2017; 318:1358-1366. [PMID: 29049584 PMCID: PMC5818842 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Insulin pump therapy may improve metabolic control in young patients with type 1 diabetes, but the association with short-term diabetes complications is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether rates of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis are lower with insulin pump therapy compared with insulin injection therapy in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based cohort study conducted between January 2011 and December 2015 in 446 diabetes centers participating in the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Initiative in Germany, Austria, and Luxembourg. Patients with type 1 diabetes younger than 20 years and diabetes duration of more than 1 year were identified. Propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting analyses with age, sex, diabetes duration, migration background (defined as place of birth outside of Germany or Austria), body mass index, and glycated hemoglobin as covariates were used to account for relevant confounders. EXPOSURES Type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump therapy or with multiple (≥4) daily insulin injections. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were rates of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis during the most recent treatment year. Secondary outcomes included glycated hemoglobin levels, insulin dose, and body mass index. RESULTS Of 30 579 patients (mean age, 14.1 years [SD, 4.0]; 53% male), 14 119 used pump therapy (median duration, 3.7 years) and 16 460 used insulin injections (median duration, 3.6 years). Patients using pump therapy (n = 9814) were matched with 9814 patients using injection therapy. Pump therapy, compared with injection therapy, was associated with lower rates of severe hypoglycemia (9.55 vs 13.97 per 100 patient-years; difference, -4.42 [95% CI, -6.15 to -2.69]; P < .001) and diabetic ketoacidosis (3.64 vs 4.26 per 100 patient-years; difference, -0.63 [95% CI, -1.24 to -0.02]; P = .04). Glycated hemoglobin levels were lower with pump therapy than with injection therapy (8.04% vs 8.22%; difference, -0.18 [95% CI, -0.22 to -0.13], P < .001). Total daily insulin doses were lower for pump therapy compared with injection therapy (0.84 U/kg vs 0.98 U/kg; difference, -0.14 [-0.15 to -0.13], P < .001). There was no significant difference in body mass index between both treatment regimens. Similar results were obtained after propensity score inverse probability of treatment weighting analyses in the entire cohort. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among young patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin pump therapy, compared with insulin injection therapy, was associated with lower risks of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis and with better glycemic control during the most recent year of therapy. These findings provide evidence for improved clinical outcomes associated with insulin pump therapy compared with injection therapy in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Karges
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Schwandt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg
| | | | - Olga Kordonouri
- Diabetes Center for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital Auf Der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Binder
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Schierloh
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Boettcher
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kapellen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbauer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg
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Jamiołkowska M, Jamiołkowska I, Łuczyński W, Tołwińska J, Bossowski A, Głowińska Olszewska B. Impact of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use on Glucose Variability and Endothelial Function in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: New Technology--New Possibility to Decrease Cardiovascular Risk? J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:4385312. [PMID: 26649320 PMCID: PMC4663349 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4385312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are the high-risk group of accelerated atherosclerosis. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) provides possibilities for the detection of glycaemic variability, newly recognized cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of RT-CGM as an educational tool to find and reduce glycaemic variability in order to improve endothelial function in T1DM adolescents. Forty patients aged 14.6 years were recruited. The study was based on one-month CGM sensors use. Parameters of glycaemic variability were analyzed during first and last sensor use, together with brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) to assess endothelial function. In the whole group, FMD improvement was found (10.9% to 16.6%, p < 0.005), together with decrease in all studied glycaemic variability parameters. In patients with HbA1c improvement compared to the group without HbA1c improvement, we found greater increase of FMD (12% to 19%, p < 0.005 versus 8.2% to 11.3%, p = 0.080) and greater improvement of glucose variability. RT-CGM can be considered as an additional tool that offers T1DM adolescents the quick reaction to decrease glycaemic variability in short time observation. Whether such approach might influence improvement in endothelial function and reduction of the risk of future cardiovascular disease remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Jamiołkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Subdivision, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Jamiołkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Subdivision, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Łuczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Subdivision, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Tołwińska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Subdivision, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Subdivision, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Głowińska Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Subdivision, Medical University of Białystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
- *Barbara Głowińska Olszewska:
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Insulin therapy with personal insulin pumps and early angiopathy in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:791283. [PMID: 24347835 PMCID: PMC3848272 DOI: 10.1155/2013/791283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of the effect of a treatment method change from multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on the development of early angiopathy in children with T1DM with or without retinopathy. METHODS The study pump group involved 32 diabetic children aged 14.8, with the initial HbA1c level of 8.3%, previously treated by MDI. The patients were examined before pump insertion and after 3 and 6 months of CSII. We assessed HbA1c level, carotid artery intima-media thickness (c-IMT), and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. The pump group was compared to a group of eight teenagers with diagnosed nonproliferative retinopathy, treated with MDI. RESULTS HbA1c in the entire group was found to improve in the second and in the third examination. During 6 months of CSII, FMD increased and IMT decreased. Retinopathic adolescents had significantly thicker IMT and lower FMD compared to baseline results of the pump group. Treatment intensification in the retinopathy-free children enhanced these differences. CONCLUSIONS CSII is associated with lower IMT and higher FMD. Whether on the long-run CSII is superior to MDI to delay the occurrence of diabetes late complications remains to be explained.
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Impaired skin microcirculation in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:115. [PMID: 23937662 PMCID: PMC3751195 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/hypothesis We used Laser Doppler Fluximetry (LDF) to define "normal" endothelial function in a large cohort of healthy children and adolescents and to evaluate skin microcirculation in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods LDF was performed in 102 healthy children (12.8 ± 3.3 years of age; 48 male) and 68 patients (12.9 ± 3.3 years of age; 33 male). Duration of disease was 5.0 ± 3.97 years. Each participant sequentially underwent three stimulation protocols (localized thermal hyperaemia with localized warming to maximum 40°C, iontophoretic delivery of pilocarpine hydrochloride (PCH) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)). The maximum relative increase in skin blood flow and the total relative response, i.e. the area under the curve (AUC) to each stimulus (AUCheat, AUCPCH, AUCSNP) was determined. In addition, the area of a right-angled triangle summarizing the time to and the amplitude of the first peak, which represents the axon reflex mediated neurogenic vasodilation (ARR) was calculated. Results In healthy controls, AUCheat, AUCPCH, AUCSNP, and ARR turned out to be independent of sex, age, and anthropometric values. Per parameter the 10th percentile generated from data of healthy controls was used as the lower threshold to define normal endothelial function. Diabetic patients showed significantly reduced vasodilatative response to either physical or pharmacological stimulation with SNP, whereas the response to PCH was comparable in both cohorts. In patients compared to controls i) a significantly higher frequency of impaired vasodilatation in response to heat and SNP was noted and ii) vascular response was classified as pathological in more than one of the parameters with significantly higher frequency. Conclusions/interpretation Skin microvascular endothelial dysfunction is already present in about 25% of paediatric type 1 diabetic patients suffering from type 1 diabetes for at least one year. Future studies are needed to assess the predictive value of endothelial dysfunction in the development of long-term (cardio)vascular comorbidity in these patients.
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