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Yu H, Gu X, Wang D, Wang Z. Brucella infection and Toll-like receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1342684. [PMID: 38533384 PMCID: PMC10963510 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1342684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucella consists of gram-negative bacteria that have the ability to invade and replicate in professional and non-professional phagocytes, and its prolonged persistence in the host leads to brucellosis, a serious zoonosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-known sensors of microorganisms implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, TLRs are transmembrane proteins with a typical structure of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region and an intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. In this review, we discuss Brucella infection and the aspects of host immune responses induced by pathogens. Furthermore, we summarize the roles of TLRs in Brucella infection, with substantial emphasis on the molecular insights into its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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Kubelkova K, Macela A. Francisella and Antibodies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102136. [PMID: 34683457 PMCID: PMC8538966 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to intracellular pathogens depend largely upon the activation of T helper type 1-dependent mechanisms. The contribution of B cells to establishing protective immunity has long been underestimated. Francisella tularensis, including a number of subspecies, provides a suitable model for the study of immune responses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. We previously demonstrated that Francisella infects B cells and activates B-cell subtypes to produce a number of cytokines and express the activation markers. Recently, we documented the early production of natural antibodies as a consequence of Francisella infection in mice. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the innate and acquired humoral immune responses initiated by Francisella infection and their relationships with the immune defense systems.
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Abstract
There remains to this day a great gap in understanding as to the role of B cells and their products-antibodies and cytokines-in mediating the protective response to Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative coccobacillus belonging to the group of facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens. We previously have demonstrated that Francisella interacts directly with peritoneal B-1a cells. Here, we demonstrate that, as early as 12 h postinfection, germ-free mice infected with Francisella tularensis produce infection-induced antibody clones reacting with Francisella tularensis proteins having orthologs or analogs in eukaryotic cells. Production of some individual clones was limited in time and was influenced by virulence of the Francisella strain used. The phylogenetically stabilized defense mechanism can utilize these early infection-induced antibodies both to recognize components of the invading pathogens and to eliminate molecular residues of infection-damaged self cells.
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De Pascalis R, Rossi AP, Mittereder L, Takeda K, Akue A, Kurtz SL, Elkins KL. Production of IFN-γ by splenic dendritic cells during innate immune responses against Francisella tularensis LVS depends on MyD88, but not TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237034. [PMID: 32745117 PMCID: PMC7398525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ is a key innate immune mechanism that limits replication of intracellular bacteria such as Francisella tularensis (Ft) until adaptive immune responses develop. Previously, we demonstrated that the host cell types responsible for IFN-γ production in response to murine Francisella infection include not only natural killer (NK) and T cells, but also a variety of myeloid cells. However, production of IFN-γ by mouse dendritic cells (DC) is controversial. Here, we directly demonstrated substantial production of IFN-γ by DC, as well as hybrid NK-DC, from LVS-infected wild type C57BL/6 or Rag1 knockout mice. We demonstrated that the numbers of conventional DC producing IFN-γ increased progressively over the course of 8 days of LVS infection. In contrast, the numbers of conventional NK cells producing IFN-γ, which represented about 40% of non-B/T IFN-γ-producing cells, peaked at day 4 after LVS infection and declined thereafter. This pattern was similar to that of hybrid NK-DC. To further confirm IFN-γ production by infected cells, DC and neutrophils were sorted from naïve and LVS-infected mice and analyzed for gene expression. Quantification of LVS by PCR revealed the presence of Ft DNA not only in macrophages, but also in highly purified, IFN-γ producing DC and neutrophils. Finally, production of IFN-γ by infected DC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Notably, IFN-γ production patterns similar to those in wild type mice were observed in cells derived from LVS-infected TLR2, TLR4, and TLR2xTLR9 knockout (KO) mice, but not from MyD88 KO mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the pivotal roles of DC and MyD88 in IFN-γ production and in initiating innate immune responses to this intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Pascalis
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDP); (KLE)
| | - Amy P. Rossi
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adovi Akue
- Flow Cytometry Core, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherry L. Kurtz
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Elkins
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDP); (KLE)
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Avila-Calderón ED, Flores-Romo L, Sharon W, Donis-Maturano L, Becerril-García MA, Arreola MGA, Reynoso BA, Güemes FS, Contreras-Rodríguez A. Dendritic cells and Brucella spp. interaction: the sentinel host and the stealthy pathogen. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:1-16. [PMID: 30783994 PMCID: PMC7224029 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to encounter antigens, these cells trigger both innate and T cell responses, and are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. Brucella spp., which is an intracellular facultative and stealthy pathogen, is able to evade the bactericidal activities of professional phagocytes. Several studies have demonstrated that Brucella can survive and replicate intracellularly, thereby provoking impaired maturation of DCs. Therefore, the interaction between DCs and Brucella becomes an interesting model to study the immune response. In this review, we first will describe the most common techniques for DCs differentiation in vitro as well as general features of brucellosis. Then, the interaction of DCs and Brucella, including pathogen recognition, molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis, and intracellular trafficking of Brucella to subvert innate response, will be reviewed. Finally, we will debate diversity in immunological DC response and the controversial role of DC activation against Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN No 2508, Zacatenco, C.P 07330, Mexico city, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN No 2508, Zacatenco, C.P 07330, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Witonsky Sharon
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases/Center for One Health, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Becerril-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco I Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño S/N Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Arellano Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Francisco Suarez Güemes
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico.
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Endoribonuclease YbeY Is Linked to Proper Cellular Morphology and Virulence in Brucella abortus. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00105-18. [PMID: 29632093 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00105-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The YbeY endoribonuclease is one of the best-conserved proteins across the kingdoms of life. In the present study, we demonstrated that YbeY in Brucella abortus is linked to a variety of important activities, including proper cellular morphology, mRNA transcript levels, and virulence. Deletion of ybeY in B. abortus led to a small-colony phenotype when the bacteria were grown on agar medium, as well as to significant aberrations in the morphology of the bacterial cell as evidenced by electron microscopy. Additionally, compared to the parental strain, the ΔybeY strain was significantly attenuated in both macrophage and mouse models of infection. The ΔybeY strain also showed increased sensitivities to several in vitro-applied stressors, including bile acid, hydrogen peroxide, SDS, and paraquat. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that a multitude of mRNA transcripts are dysregulated in the ΔybeY strain, and many of the identified mRNAs encode proteins involved in metabolism, nutrient transport, transcriptional regulation, and flagellum synthesis. We subsequently constructed gene deletion strains of the most highly dysregulated systems, and several of the YbeY-linked gene deletion strains exhibited defects in the ability of the bacteria to survive and replicate in primary murine macrophages. Taken together, these data establish a clear role for YbeY in the biology and virulence of Brucella; moreover, this work further illuminates the highly varied roles of this widely conserved endoribonuclease in bacteria.IMPORTANCEBrucella spp. are highly efficient bacterial pathogens of animals and humans, causing significant morbidity and economic loss worldwide, and relapse of disease often occurs following antibiotic treatment of human brucellosis. As such, novel therapeutic strategies to combat Brucella infections are needed. Ribonucleases in the brucellae are understudied, and these enzymes represent elements that may be potential targets for future treatment approaches. The present work demonstrates the importance of the YbeY endoribonuclease for cellular morphology, efficient control of mRNA levels, and virulence in B. abortus Overall, the results of this study advance our understanding of the critical roles of YbeY in the pathogenesis of the intracellular brucellae and expand our understanding of this highly conserved RNase.
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Fabrik I, Link M, Putzova D, Plzakova L, Lubovska Z, Philimonenko V, Pavkova I, Rehulka P, Krocova Z, Hozak P, Santic M, Stulik J. The Early Dendritic Cell Signaling Induced by Virulent Francisella tularensis Strain Occurs in Phases and Involves the Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs) and p38 In the Later Stage. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:81-94. [PMID: 29046388 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) infected by Francisella tularensis are poorly activated and do not undergo classical maturation process. Although reasons of such unresponsiveness are not fully understood, their impact on the priming of immunity is well appreciated. Previous attempts to explain the behavior of Francisella-infected DCs were hypothesis-driven and focused on events at later stages of infection. Here, we took an alternative unbiased approach by applying methods of global phosphoproteomics to analyze the dynamics of cell signaling in primary DCs during the first hour of infection by Francisella tularensis Presented results show that the early response of DCs to Francisella occurs in phases and that ERK and p38 signaling modules induced at the later stage are differentially regulated by virulent and attenuated ΔdsbA strain. These findings imply that the temporal orchestration of host proinflammatory pathways represents the integral part of Francisella life-cycle inside hijacked DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Fabrik
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Link
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Putzova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plzakova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lubovska
- §Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Microscopy Centre, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vlada Philimonenko
- §Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Microscopy Centre, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,¶Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rehulka
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Krocova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozak
- §Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Microscopy Centre, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,¶Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Santic
- ‖Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jiri Stulik
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. To Eat and to Be Eaten: Mutual Metabolic Adaptations of Immune Cells and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens upon Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:316. [PMID: 28752080 PMCID: PMC5508010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) invade and replicate in different cell types including immune cells, in particular of the innate immune system (IIS) during infection in the acute phase. However, immune cells primarily function as essential players in the highly effective and integrated host defense systems comprising the IIS and the adaptive immune system (AIS), which cooperatively protect the host against invading microbes including IBPs. As countermeasures, the bacterial pathogens (and in particular the IBPs) have developed strategies to evade or reprogram the IIS at various steps. The intracellular replication capacity and the anti-immune defense responses of the IBP's as well as the specific antimicrobial responses of the immune cells of the innate and the AIS depend on specific metabolic programs of the IBPs and their host cells. The metabolic programs of the immune cells supporting or counteracting replication of the IBPs appear to be mutually exclusive. Indeed, recent studies show that upon interaction of naïve, metabolically quiescent immune cells with IBPs, different metabolic activation processes occur which may result in the provision of a survival and replication niche for the pathogen or its eradication. It is therefore likely that within a possible host cell population subsets exist that are metabolically programmed for pro- or anti-microbial conditions. These metabolic programs may be triggered by the interactions between different bacterial agonistic components and host cell receptors. In this review, we summarize the current status in the field and discuss metabolic adaptation processes within immune cells of the IIS and the IBPs that support or restrict the intracellular replication of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
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Fumagalli S, Torri A, Papagna A, Citterio S, Mainoldi F, Foti M. IL-22 is rapidly induced by Pathogen Recognition Receptors Stimulation in Bone-Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells in the Absence of IL-23. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33900. [PMID: 27652524 PMCID: PMC5031995 DOI: 10.1038/srep33900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, microorganisms are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of genes. Within these genes, the cytokines family plays a crucial function because of its role in adaptive immunity induction and in tissue-specific functional regulation, such as tissue repair and tissue homeostasis during steady state conditions. Within the myeloid compartment, dendritic cells (DCs) release a variety of inflammatory cytokines in response to microbes. In this study, we show that BMDCs release IL-22 directly upon PRRs activation without the need of IL-23 signaling as reported for other IL22-producing cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that cytokine IL-22 is rapidly released in a cell-specific manner as macrophages are not able to produce IL-22 through the same PRRs system. In addition, we characterize the intracellular signaling cascade required for IL-22 release in BMDCs. Myd88, MEK1/2, NFkb and AhR, but not p38, NFAT, and RORgt, were found to be involved in IL-22 regulation in DCs. Our study suggests that BMDCs possess a unique intracellular molecular plasticity which, once activated, directs different BMDCs functions in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fumagalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Anna Torri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Angela Papagna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Stefania Citterio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Federica Mainoldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Maria Foti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
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Hanot Mambres D, Machelart A, Potemberg G, De Trez C, Ryffel B, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Identification of Immune Effectors Essential to the Control of Primary and Secondary Intranasal Infection with Brucella melitensis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3780-93. [PMID: 27036913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system represents the first line of defense against Brucella infection in nature. We used genetically deficient mice to identify the lymphocytes and signaling pathways implicated in the control of primary and secondary intranasal infection with B. melitensis Our analysis of primary infection demonstrated that the effectors implicated differ at the early and late stages and are dependent on the organ. TCR-δ, TAP1, and IL-17RA deficiency specifically affects early control of Brucella in the lungs, whereas MHC class II (MHCII) and IFN-γR deficiency impairs late control in the lungs, spleen, and liver. Interestingly, IL-12p35(-/-) mice display enhanced Brucella growth in the spleen but not in the lungs or liver. Secondary intranasal infections are efficiently contained in the lung. In contrast to an i.p. infectious model, in which IL-12p35, MHCII, and B cells are strictly required for the control of secondary infection, we observed that only TCR-β deficiency or simultaneous neutralization of IL-12p35- and IL-17A-dependent pathways impairs the memory protective response against a secondary intranasal infection. Protection is not affected by TCR-δ, MHCII, TAP1, B cell, IL-17RA, or IL-12p35 deficiency, suggesting that CD4(+) and CD8(+) α/β(+) T cells are sufficient to mount a protective immune response and that an IL-17A-mediated response can compensate for the partial deficiency of an IFN-γ-mediated response to control a Brucella challenge. These findings demonstrate that the nature of the protective memory response depends closely on the route of infection and highlights the role of IFN-γ-and IL-17RA-mediated responses in the control of mucosal infection by Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Hanot Mambres
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Georges Potemberg
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orleans, France; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Capetown 7925, South Africa; and
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Kubelkova K, Macela A. Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia. Open Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2015-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractTularemia is a debilitating febrile and potentially fatal zoonotic disease of humans and other vertebrates caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The natural reservoirs are small rodents, hares, and possibly amoebas in water. The etiological agent, Francisella tularensis, is a non-spore forming, encapsulated, facultative intracellular bacterium, a member of the γ-Proteobacteria class of Gram-negative bacteria. Francisella tularensis is capable of invading and replicating within phagocytic as well as non-phagocytic cells and modulate inflammatory response. Infection by the pulmonary, dermal, or oral routes, respectively, results in pneumonic, ulceroglandular, or oropharyngeal tularemia. The highest mortality rates are associated with the pneumonic form of this disease. All members of Francisella tularensis species cause more or less severe disease Due to their abilities to be transmitted to humans via multiple routes and to be disseminated via biological aerosol that can cause the disease after inhalation of even an extremely low infectious dose, Francisella tularensis has been classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent. The current standard of care for tularemia is treatment with antibiotics, as this therapy is highly effective if used soon after infection, although it is not, however, absolutely effective in all cases.
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