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Wang X, Yu Z, Dong F, Li J, Niu P, Ta Q, Kan J, Ma C, Han M, Yu J, Zhao D, Li J. Clarifying the mechanism of apigenin against blood-brain barrier disruption in ischemic stroke using systems pharmacology. Mol Divers 2024; 28:609-630. [PMID: 36949297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is an effective therapy for ischemic stroke (IS). However, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a serious side effect of rtPA therapy and may lead to patients' death. The natural polyphenol apigenin has a good therapeutic effect on IS. Apigenin has potential BBB protection, but the mechanism by which it protects the BBB integrity is not clear. In this study, we used network pharmacology, bioinformatics, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to reveal the mechanisms by which apigenin protects the BBB. Among the 146 targets of apigenin for the treatment of IS, 20 proteins were identified as core targets (e.g., MMP-9, TLR4, STAT3). Apigenin protects BBB integrity by inhibiting the activity of MMPs through anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress. These mechanisms included JAK/STAT, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and Nitrogen metabolism signaling pathways. The findings of this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of apigenin in the treatment of BBB disruption and provide ideas for the development of drugs to treat IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - ZiQiao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Fuxiang Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Jinjian Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Niu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Qiyi Ta
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - JunMing Kan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Moxuan Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Junchao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Dexi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Chen C, Xiao Q, Xiao L, Feng M, Liu F, Yao K, Cui Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y. Drug delivery nanoparticles for preventing implant bacterial infections based on the bacteria and immunity mechanisms. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:413-424. [PMID: 38010155 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01584j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Implant dysfunction and failure during medical treatment can be attributed to bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, which are the prevalent strains responsible for implant infections. Currently, antibiotics are primarily used either locally or systemically to prevent and treat bacterial infections in implants. However, the effectiveness of this approach is unsatisfactory. Therefore, the development of new antimicrobial medications is crucial to address the clinical challenges associated with implant infections. In this study, a nanoparticle (ICG+RSG) composed of indocyanine green (ICG) and rosiglitazone (RSG), and delivered using 1,2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) was prepared. ICG+RSG has photothermal and photodynamic properties to eliminate bacteria at the infection site by releasing reactive oxygen species and increasing the temperature. Additionally, it regulates phagocytosis and macrophage polarization to modulate the immune response in the body. ICG+RSG kills bacteria and reduces tissue inflammation, showing potential for preventing implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Qi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Leyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Mengge Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Fangzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Ke Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Tiange Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Shen J, Qian M, Wu M, Tang J, Gong Y, Li J, Ji J, Dang B. Rosiglitazone inhibits acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family number 4 and improves secondary brain injury in a rat model of surgical brain injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:927-935. [PMID: 37675456 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered non-apoptotic form of cellular death. Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family number 4 (ACSL4) is necessary for iron-dependent cellular death, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by ACSL4 are the executioners of ferroptosis. Rosiglitazone improves ferroptosis by inhibiting ACSL4. There is no research indicating whether ACSL4 plays a role in cell death after surgical brain injury (SBI). This study aimed to investigate the role of ACSL4 in SBI via the ferroptosis pathway. Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined using a model of SBI. Subsequently, the inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone on ACSL4 was assessed via western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence, fluoro-jade C staining, Perl's staining, ROS assay, and neurological scoring. The results showed that compared with the Sham group, the protein levels of ACSL4 and transferrin were significantly increased after SBI. Administration of rosiglitazone significantly reduced neuronal necrosis, iron deposition, brain water content and ROS in brain tissue and ameliorated neurological deficits at 48 h after SBI, which was concomitant with decreased transferrin expression. These findings demonstrate that SBI-induced upregulation of ACSL4 may be partly mediated by the ferroptosis pathway, which can be reversed by rosiglitazone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Shen
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Qian
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Muyao Wu
- Departments of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiafeng Tang
- Departments of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yating Gong
- Departments of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Departments of Intensive Care Unit, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.77 Changan Southern Road, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinfen Ji
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Departments of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
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Chen B, Jin W. A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200061. [PMID: 37351420 PMCID: PMC10282194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu F, Cao L, Hu S, Ye H, Wu Q, Wu L. Muscone promotes functional recovery by facilitating microglia polarization into M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ pathway after ischemic stroke. Cell Immunol 2023; 386:104704. [PMID: 36921554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploring regimens to facilitate microglia transformation from M1 to M2 phenotype is a feasible strategy to suppress neuroinflammation, therefore reinforcing functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Muscone easily crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and distributes throughout the brain. Here, the results illustrated the administration of 8 mg/kg muscone promoted functional recovery through reducing the infarct volume by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining after ischemic stroke in mice. Then, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), was significantly decreased, whereas the level of anti-inflammatory agents including C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was obviously elevated in penumbra with the treatment of 8 mg/kg muscone using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Subsequently, the results showed the application of muscone upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) to facilitate microglia transformation into M2 phenotype using RT-qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Collectively, the present study provides evidence for our hypothesis that muscone intensifies microglia transformation into M2 phenotype via activating PPAR-γ signaling pathway in penumbra after ischemic stroke. These findings demonstrate muscone is a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Shejing Hu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Ye
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Le Wu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China.
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Seminotti B, Grings M, Glänzel NM, Vockley J, Leipnitz G. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists as a potential therapy for inherited metabolic disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115433. [PMID: 36709926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are genetic disorders that cause a disruption of a specific metabolic pathway leading to biochemical, clinical and pathophysiological sequelae. While the metabolite abnormalities in body fluids and tissues can usually be defined by directed or broad-spectrum metabolomic analysis, the pathophysiology of these changes is often not obvious. Mounting evidence has revealed that secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, mainly oxidative phosphorylation impairment and elevated reactive oxygen species, plays a pivotal role in many disorders. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) consist of a group of nuclear hormone receptors (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ) that regulate multiple cellular functions and processes, including response to oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis. In this context, the activation of PPARs has been shown to stimulate oxidative phosphorylation and reduce reactive species levels. Thus, pharmacological treatment with PPAR activators, such as fibrates, has gained much attention in the last 15 years. This review summarizes preclinical (animal models and patient-derived cells) and clinical data on the effect of PPARs in IMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Manzke Glänzel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Jiao Y, Ren S, Wang L, Wu G. PPARγ/RAD21 alleviates peripheral secondary brain injury in rat cerebral hemorrhage model through promoting M2 polarization of microglial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109572. [PMID: 36538854 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PPARγ has been reported to participate in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) progression, and recruit RAD21 through binding DNA. Our study aimed to explore the roles of PPARγ/RAD21 in ICH and their related mechanisms. METHODS ICH models in vitro and in vivo were established using thrombin and autologous blood injection, respectively. After that, rosiglitazone (RSG), GW9662, and RAD21 knockdown/overexpression plasmids were used to treat the ICH models. The cell apoptosis, the related inflammatory cytokines levels, and the neurological function of the rats were examined. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), western blot and immunofluorescence were employed to determine the expression of the M1/M2 polarization-related markers. Finally, the interaction of PPARγ and RAD21 in microglial cells was observed using double labeled immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS After thrombin induction, the cell apoptosis, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 contents were all significantly increased (P < 0.05); whereas RSG and RAD21 overexpression evidently inhibited the apoptosis of thrombin-caused microglial cells, reduced TNF-α and IL-1β contents, further increased IL-10 content (P < 0.05). The combination of RAD21 and PPARγ was enhanced by RSG and RAD21 overexpression. In vivo experiments showed that RSG and RAD21 overexpression decreased neurological deficit score, brain water content and hematoma volume. Additionally, RSG and RAD21 overexpression up-regulated the expression of PPARγ, RAD21, Arg1, KLF4, and TGF-β, whereas down-regulated iNOS and CD32 expression. The actions of GW9662 and RAD21 knockdown were opposite to those of RSG and RAD21 overexpression. CONCLUSION PPARγ/RAD21 may alleviate ICH progression through promoting M2-type polarization of microglial cells and inhibiting inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiao
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Siying Ren
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Likun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
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[Astragalus polysaccharide protects against blood-brain barrier damage in MCAO rats by inhibiting P2X7R channel]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1705-1711. [PMID: 36504064 PMCID: PMC9742771 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) against blood-brain barrier in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and the role of P2X7R channel in the protective mechanism. METHODS In rat microglial cell models of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or ATP treatment, the formation of blood-brain barrier in vitro was assessed using the leak test, and the effect of APS on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier was determined using LC-MS. In 12 SD rats, MCAO model was established followed by treatment with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline (n= 6) or APS (45 mg/kg, n=6) for 3 consecutive days, with another 6 rats without MCAO receiving saline injections as the control group. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier of the rats was evaluated by determining Evans blue (EB) extravasation, and ATP content in the brain tissue was detected using ELISA; the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and P2X7R in the brain tissue were detected with Western blot. RESULTS In the in vitro cell model of OGD or ATP treatment, APS treatment obviously promoted the repair of blood-brain barrier integrity. In the rat models, the EB content in the brain tissue and the blood-brain barrier permeability increased significantly in MCAO+saline group and MCAO+APS group as compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with saline treatment, APS treatment significantly decreased EB content in the brain tissue and improved the blood-brain barrier permeability in the MCAO rats (P < 0.05). MCAO caused a significant reduction of ATP content and obviously increased the expression levels of MMP-9 and P2X7R in the brain tissue of the rats (P < 0.01), and these changes were significantly alleviated after APS treatment (P < 0.01 or 0.05). CONCLUSION APS can protect the brain tissue of MCAO rats by stabilizing the internal environment, down-regulating the expression of MMP-9 and improving the permeability of blood-brain barrier under cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and its mechanism may involve the inhibition of P2X7R channel.
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Yang G, Fan X, Mazhar M, Guo W, Zou Y, Dechsupa N, Wang L. Neuroinflammation of microglia polarization in intracerebral hemorrhage and its potential targets for intervention. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1013706. [PMID: 36304999 PMCID: PMC9592761 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a key role in neurological diseases, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Microglia are activated to acquire either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. After the onset of ICH, pro-inflammatory mediators produced by microglia at the early stages serve as a crucial character in neuroinflammation. Conversely, switching the microglial shift to an anti-inflammatory phenotype could alleviate inflammatory response and incite recovery. This review will elucidate the dynamic profiles of microglia phenotypes and their available shift following ICH. This study can facilitate an understanding of the self-regulatory functions of the immune system involving the shift of microglia phenotypes in ICH. Moreover, suggestions for future preclinical and clinical research and potential intervention strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wubin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanxia Zou
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Li Wang Nathupakorn Dechsupa
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang Nathupakorn Dechsupa
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Wang N, Yang Y, Liu Y, Huang L, Gu M, Wu Y, Xu L, Sun H, Guo W. Magnolol limits NFκB-dependent inflammation by targeting PPARγ relieving retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109242. [PMID: 36152538 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is recognized as one of the most critical factors, but the loss of retinal ganglia cells (RGCs) often persists when IOP is controlled. Recently, a large number of studies focus on the inflammatory and immune responses in the occurrence and development of glaucoma. Magnolol (MAG), the principal ingredient of magnoliae officinalis cortex, has anti-inflammatory effects, but its role and mechanism in retinal protection need to be further studied. METHODS The neurodegeneration of retina in mice model following ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and electroretinography (ERG). The inflammation-regulatory effect of MAG was detected by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) inhibitor assays by H&E staining and western blot were used to test the target and mechanism pathway of MAG. RESULTS We found MAG relieved IR-induced retinal damages and inflammation. Further studies revealed MAG alleviated nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-dependent inflammatory process by preserving the expression of NFκB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and it modulated microglia polarization after IR injury. PPARγ was a primary target of MAG, and treatment with PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 attenuated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of MAG. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that MAG inhibits NFκB-dependent inflammatory processes by elevating PPARγ in mice retinas to achieve its neuroprotective role following IR, which suggesting that MAG could be developed to a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent for relieving the progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenyi Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Hypothermia Protects against Ischemic Stroke through Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated-Receptor Gamma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6029445. [PMID: 35873794 PMCID: PMC9303492 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6029445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains a global public health burden and requires novel strategies. Hypothermia plays a beneficial role in central nervous system diseases. However, the role of hypothermia in IS has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we determined the role of hypothermia in IS and explored its underlying mechanisms. The IS phenotype was detected based on infarct size, infarct volume, and brain edema in mice. Neuroinflammation was evaluated by the activation of microglial cells and the expression of inflammatory genes after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Neuronal cell apoptosis, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 expressions, cell viability, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were detected after I/R and OGD/R. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability was calculated based on Evans blue extravasation, tight junction protein expression, cell viability, and LDH release after I/R and OGD/R. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was assessed after OGD/R. Our results suggested that hypothermia significantly reduced infarct size, brain edema, and neuroinflammation after I/R. Hypothermia increased PPARγ expression in microglial cells after OGD/R. Mechanistic studies revealed that hypothermia was a protectant against IS, including attenuated apoptosis of neuronal cells and BBB disruption after I/R and OGD/R, by upregulating PPARγ expression. The hypothermic effect was reversed by GW9662, a PPARγ inhibitor. Our data showed that hypothermia may reduce microglial cell-mediated neuroinflammation by upregulating PPARγ expression in microglial cells. Targeting hypothermia may be a feasible approach for IS treatment.
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12
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Du K, He M, Zhao D, Wang Y, Ma C, Liang H, Wang W, Min D, Xue L, Guo F. Mechanism of cell death pathways in status epilepticus and related therapeutic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112875. [PMID: 35367755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe form of epilepsy, status epilepticus (SE), causes brain damage and results in the development of recurring seizures. Currently, the management of SE remains a clinical challenge because patients do not respond adequately to conventional treatments. Evidence suggests that neural cell death worsens the occurrence and progression of SE. The main forms of cell death are apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Herein, these mechanisms of neuronal death in relation to SE and the alleviation of SE by potential modulators that target neuronal death have been reviewed. An understanding of these pathways and their possible roles in SE may assist in the development of SE therapies and in the discovery of new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Dongyi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongyue Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209Tongshan Rd, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Dongyu Min
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Lei Xue
- China Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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13
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Duan C, Jiao D, Wang H, Wu Q, Men W, Yan H, Li C. Activation of the PPARγ Prevents Ferroptosis-Induced Neuronal Loss in Response to Intracerebral Hemorrhage Through Synergistic Actions With the Nrf2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869300. [PMID: 35517804 PMCID: PMC9065416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke characterized by high mortality and disability rates. The long-term effects of ICH-induced intracranial hematoma on patients’ neurological function are unclear. Currently, an effective treatment that significantly reduces the rates of death and disability in patients with ICH is not available. Based on accumulating evidence, ferroptosis may be the leading factor contributing to the neurological impairment caused by ICH injury. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated receptor in the nuclear hormone receptor family that synergistically interacts with the nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway to promote the expression of related genes and inhibit ferroptosis. Primary rat hippocampal neurons were treated with heme (50 μM) and erastin (50 μM) to induce ferroptosis, followed by the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PDZ, 10 μM) to verify the inhibitory effect of PPARγ activation on ferroptosis. ML385 (2 μM), a novel and specific NRF2 inhibitor, was administered to the inhibitor group, followed by an analysis of cellular activity and immunofluorescence staining. In vivo Assays, ICH rats injected with autologous striatum were treated with 30 mg/kg/d pioglitazone, and the inhibitor group was injected with ML385 (30 mg/kg). The results showed that PDZ inhibited ferroptosis in neurons by increasing the expression of PPARγ, Nrf2 and Gpx4 in vitro, while PDZ reduced ferroptosis in neurons after ICH and promoted the recovery of neural function in vivo. Our results suggest that PDZ, a PPARγ agonist, promotes Gpx4 expression through the interaction between PPARγ and the Nrf2 pathway, inhibits ferroptosis of neurons after ICH, and promotes the recovery of neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Duan
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanbin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Qiaoli Wu
- Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weidong Men
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Chunhui Li,
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14
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Deng P, Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen S, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chen H, Xu Y, He W, Zhang J, Sun H. Therapeutic Potential of a Combination of Electroacupuncture and Human iPSC-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050820. [PMID: 35269441 PMCID: PMC8909871 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to explore the roles of the combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (iPSC-EVs) on mice with ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms. A focal cerebral ischemia model was established in C57BL/6 mice through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 3 days, neurological impairment and motor function were examined by performing behavioral tests. The infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis were examined using TTC staining and TUNEL assays. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the proliferation of T lymphocytes. The changes in the interleukin (IL)-33/ST2 axis were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The combination of EA and iPSC-EVs treatment ameliorated neurological impairments and reduced the infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis in MCAO mice. EA plus iPSC-EVs suppressed T helper (Th1) and Th17 responses and promoted the regulatory T cell (Treg) response. In addition, EA plus iPSC-EVs exerted neuroprotective effects by regulating the IL-33/ST2 axis and inhibiting the microglia and astrocyte activation. Taken together, the study shows that EA and iPSC-EVs exerted a synergistic neuroprotective effect in MCAO mice, and this treatment may represent a novel potent therapy for ischemic stroke and damage to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Liang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qiongqiong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Suhui Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
| | - Hui Chen
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wei He
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (L.W.); (H.C.); (Y.X.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Guidon Pharmaceutics, Beijing 100176, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (P.D.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.Z.); (H.S.)
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15
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Yang R, Chen M, Zheng J, Li X, Zhang X. The Role of Heparin and Glycocalyx in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 12:754141. [PMID: 34992593 PMCID: PMC8724024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions as a dynamic boundary that protects the central nervous system from blood and plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. Dysfunction of the BBB is a pathophysiological characteristic of multiple neurologic diseases. Glycocalyx covers the luminal side of vascular endothelial cells(ECs). Damage of glycocalyx leads to disruption of the BBB, while inhibiting glycocalyx degradation maintains BBB integrity. Heparin has been recognized as an anticoagulant and it protects endothelial glycocalyx from destruction. In this review, we summarize the role of glycocalyx in BBB formation and the therapeutic potency of heparin to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological diseases related to BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingming Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayin Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Zeng X, He G, Yang X, Xu G, Tang Y, Li H, Yu B, Wang Z, Xu W, Song K. Zebularine protects against blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption through increasing the expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4441-4454. [PMID: 35112992 PMCID: PMC8974047 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathological characteristic of ischemic stroke (IS) and mainly results from dysfunction of brain vascular endothelial cells and tight junctions. Zebularine is a novel inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). Here, we assessed its effects on BBB disruption in IS. Firstly, we reported that Zebularine maintained BBB integrity in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice by increasing the expressions of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. Importantly, we found that Zebularine reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated brain edema, and improved neurological deficits. In in vitro experiments, the bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and the protective effects of Zebularine were assessed. Our findings demonstrated that Zebularine prevented OGD/R-induced cytotoxicity by reducing the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, Zebularine protected bEnd.3 cells against OGD/R-induced hyper-permeability and reduction of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Notably, we found that treatment with Zebularine activated the Adenosine 5ʹ-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Blockage of AMPKα using its specific inhibitor compound C abolished the beneficial effects of Zebularine in mitigating endothelial hyper-permeability by reducing the expressions of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin. These findings suggest that the protective effects of Zebularine against OGD/R-induced endothelial hyper-permeability are mediated by the activation of AMPKα. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the potential application of Zebularine in the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guohua He
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xirong Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guoyao Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yidan Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hanwen Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kangping Song
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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17
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Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia-Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212326. [PMID: 34830207 PMCID: PMC8617737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2019, of these 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. The available therapies although efficacious, have narrow therapeutic window and long list of contraindications. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to find novel molecular targets that could protect the brain and heart against ischemia without evoking major side effects. Nuclear receptors are one of the promising targets for anti-ischemic drugs. Modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by their ligands is known to exert neuro-, and cardioprotective effects through anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant action. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is strongly increased after brain or heart ischemia and evokes an activation of apoptosis or inflammation in injury site. We hypothesize that activation of ERs and PPARs and inhibition of AhR signaling pathways could be a promising strategy to protect the heart and the brain against ischemia. In this Review, we will discuss currently available knowledge on the mechanisms of action of ERs, PPARs and AhR in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction and future perspectives to use them as novel targets in cardiovascular diseases.
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18
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Zhou C, Su M, Sun P, Tang X, Yin KJ. Nitro-oleic acid-mediated blood-brain barrier protection reduces ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113861. [PMID: 34499902 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2), a nitroalkene formed in nitric oxide-dependent oxidative reactions, has been found in human plasma and is thought to regulate pathophysiological functions. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that OA-NO2 may function as an anti-inflammatory mediator, and ameliorate the progression of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of OA-NO2 in ischemic brain injury remains unexplored. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and followed by 1- 7 days of reperfusion. These mice were treated with vehicle, OA, or OA-NO2 (10 mg/kg) via tail vein injection at 2 h after the onset of MCAO. Our results show that intravenous administration of OA-NO2 led to reduced BBB leakage in ischemic brains, reduced brain infarct, and improved sensorimotor functions in response to ischemic insults when compared to OA and vehicle controls. Also, OA-NO2 significantly reduced BBB leakage-triggered infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the ischemic brains. Moreover, OA-NO2 treatment reduced the M1-type microglia and increased M2-type microglia. Mechanistically, OA-NO2 alleviated the decline of mRNA and protein level of major endothelial TJs including ZO-1 in stroke mice. Treatment of OA-NO2 also significantly inhibited stroke-induced inflammatory mediators, iNOS, E-selectin, P-selectin, and ICAM1, in mouse brains. In conclusion, OA-NO2 preserves BBB integrity and confers neurovascular protection in ischemic brain damage. OA-NO2-mediated brain protection may help us to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Moxi Su
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xuelian Tang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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19
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Li T, Zhu G. Research progress of stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke. IBRAIN 2021; 7:245-256. [PMID: 37786797 PMCID: PMC10528988 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, disability and mortality. There is no doubt that the disease has a severe impact on the physical and mental health and quality of life of patients, as well as impose a heavy burden on families and societies. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of effective treatment. This overview reviews the pathophysiology of stem cell therapy in Ischemic stroke, and discuss its effects on neurogenesis, the latest clinical trials, and advances in tracking and monitoring of endogenous and exogenous stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Nuclear MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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20
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Dong R, Huang R, Wang J, Liu H, Xu Z. Effects of Microglial Activation and Polarization on Brain Injury After Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:620948. [PMID: 34276530 PMCID: PMC8280287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.620948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The subsequent development of neuroinflammation and brain edema dramatically increases the risks associated with stroke, leading to a substantial increase in mortality. Although considerable progress has been made in improving cerebral perfusion in the acute phase of stroke, effective treatment options for the subacute and chronic phases associated with cerebral infarction are limited. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), can be activated and polarized to take on different phenotypes in response to stimulations associated with stroke, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which affect the prognosis of stroke. Therefore, investigation of the activation and polarizing mechanisms of microglia plays a critical role in treating stroke. The aim of this article was to investigate the significance of microglial phenotype regulation in stroke treatment by summarizing the activation, polarizing mechanisms, and general microglia characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renxuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaoqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Liu DL, Hong Z, Li JY, Yang YX, Chen C, Du JR. Phthalide derivative CD21 attenuates tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke by enhancing macrophage scavenger receptor 1-mediated DAMP (peroxiredoxin 1) clearance. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34162400 PMCID: PMC8223381 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a critical issue in thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-stimulated sterile neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the development of thrombolysis-associated HT. Our previous study showed that the phthalide derivative CD21 attenuated neuroinflammation and brain injury in rodent models of ischemic stroke. The present study explored the effects and underlying mechanism of action of CD21 on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced HT in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and cultured primary microglial cells. METHODS The tMCAO model was induced by 2 h occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery with polylysine-coated sutures in wildtype (WT) mice and macrophage scavenger receptor 1 knockout (MSR1-/-) mice. At the onset of reperfusion, tPA (10 mg/kg) was intravenously administered within 30 min, followed by an intravenous injection of CD21 (13.79 mg/kg/day). Neuropathological changes were detected in mice 3 days after surgery. The effect of CD21 on phagocytosis of the DAMP peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) in lysosomes was observed in cultured primary microglial cells from brain tissues of WT and MSR1-/- mice. RESULTS Seventy-two hours after brain ischemia, CD21 significantly attenuated neurobehavioral dysfunction and infarct volume. The tPA-infused group exhibited more severe brain dysfunction and hemorrhage. Compared with tPA alone, combined treatment with tPA and CD21 significantly attenuated ischemic brain injury and hemorrhage. Combined treatment significantly decreased Evans blue extravasation, matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and activity, extracellular Prx1 content, proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, glial cells, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway activation and increased the expression of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 and claudin-5), V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B, and MSR1. MSR1 knockout significantly abolished the protective effect of CD21 against tPA-induced HT in tMCAO mice. Moreover, the CD21-induced phagocytosis of Prx1 was MSR1-dependent in cultured primary microglial cells from WT and MSR1-/- mice, respectively. CONCLUSION The phthalide derivative CD21 attenuated tPA-induced HT in acute ischemic stroke by promoting MSR1-induced DAMP (Prx1) clearance and inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhi Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jing-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yu-Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.,Present address: The PRIVIS TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Chu Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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22
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Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, Hu B. Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy? Front Immunol 2021; 12:678744. [PMID: 34248961 PMCID: PMC8260997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), resulting in devastating malignant brain edema and hemorrhagic transformation. The rapid activation of immune cells plays a critical role in BBB disruption after ischemic stroke. Infiltrating blood-borne immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes) increase BBB permeability, as they cause microvascular disorder and secrete inflammation-associated molecules. In contrast, they promote BBB repair and angiogenesis in the latter phase of ischemic stroke. The profound immunological effects of cerebral immune cells (microglia, astrocytes, and pericytes) on BBB disruption have been underestimated in ischemic stroke. Post-stroke microglia and astrocytes can adopt both an M1/A1 or M2/A2 phenotype, which influence BBB integrity differently. However, whether pericytes acquire microglia phenotype and exert immunological effects on the BBB remains controversial. Thus, better understanding the inflammatory mechanism underlying BBB disruption can lead to the identification of more promising biological targets to develop treatments that minimize the onset of life-threatening complications and to improve existing treatments in patients. However, early attempts to inhibit the infiltration of circulating immune cells into the brain by blocking adhesion molecules, that were successful in experimental stroke failed in clinical trials. Therefore, new immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies for acute ischemic stroke are desperately warranted. Herein, we highlight the role of circulating and cerebral immune cells in BBB disruption and the crosstalk between them following acute ischemic stroke. Using a robust theoretical background, we discuss potential and effective immunotherapeutic targets to regulate BBB permeability after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ya-nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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23
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Xu SY, Bian HJ, Shu S, Xia SN, Gu Y, Zhang MJ, Xu Y, Cao X. AIM2 deletion enhances blood-brain barrier integrity in experimental ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1224-1237. [PMID: 34156153 PMCID: PMC8446221 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Ischemic stroke is a life‐threatening disease with limited therapeutic strategies. Blood‐brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a critical pathological process that contributes to poor outcomes in ischemic stroke. We previously showed that the microglial inhibition of the inflammasome sensor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) suppressed the inflammatory response and protected against ischemic stroke. However, whether AIM2 is involved in BBB disruption during cerebral ischemia is unknown. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to mimic cerebral ischemia in mice and brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), respectively. The infarct volume, neurological deficits, and BBB permeability were measured in mice after MCAO. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and neutrophil adhesion to the HBMEC monolayer were assessed after OGD/R treatment. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of related proteins. Results AIM2 was shown to be expressed in brain endothelial cells and upregulated after ischemic stroke in the mouse brain. AIM2 deletion reduced the infarct volume, improved neurological and motor functions, and decreased BBB disruption. In vitro, OGD/R significantly increased the protein levels of AIM2 and ICAM‐1 and decreased those of the tight junction (TJ) proteins ZO‐1 and occludin. AIM2 knockdown effectively protected BBB integrity by promoting the expression of TJ proteins and decreasing ICAM‐1 expression and neutrophil adhesion. Mechanistically, AIM2 knockdown reversed the OGD/R‐induced increases in ICAM‐1 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation in brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with the p‐STAT3 inhibitor AG490 mitigated the effect of AIM2 on BBB breakdown. Conclusion Our findings indicated that inhibiting AIM2 preserved the BBB integrity after ischemic stroke, at least partially by modulating STAT3 activation and that AIM2 may be a promising therapeutic target for cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Jie Bian
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Shu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
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24
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Pan R, Liu W, Liu KJ. MMP-2/9-cleaved occludin promotes endothelia cell death in ischemic stroke. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Chen W, Xie L, Yu F, Li Y, Chen C, Xie W, Huang T, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li P. Zebrafish as a Model for In-Depth Mechanistic Study for Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:695-710. [PMID: 34050491 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and disability, posing enormous burden to the society. However, the pathogenesis and mechanisms that underlie brain injury and brain repair remain largely unknown. There's an unmet need of in-depth mechanistic research in this field. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful tool in brain science research mainly due to its small size and transparent body, high genome synteny with human, and similar nervous system structures. It can be used to establish both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke models easily and effectively through different ways. After the establishment of stroke model, research methods including behavioral test, in vivo imaging, and drug screening are available to explore mechanisms that underlie the brain injury and brain repair after stroke. This review focuses on the advantages and the feasibility of zebrafish stroke model, and will also introduce the key methods available for stroke studies in zebrafish, which may drive future mechanistic studies in the pursuit of discovering novel therapeutic targets for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wanqing Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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26
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Liu J, Liu L, Wang X, Jiang R, Bai Q, Wang G. Microglia: A Double-Edged Sword in Intracerebral Hemorrhage From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675660. [PMID: 34025674 PMCID: PMC8135095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). It is well established that microglia are activated and polarized to acquire different inflammatory phenotypes, either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which act as a critical component in the neuroinflammation following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Microglia produce pro-inflammatory mediators at the early stages after ICH onset, anti-inflammatory microglia with neuroprotective effects appear to be suppressed. Previous research found that driving microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype could restrict inflammation and engulf cellular debris. The principal objective of this review is to analyze the phenotypes and dynamic profiles of microglia as well as their shift in functional response following ICH. The results may further the understanding of the body's self-regulatory functions involving microglia following ICH. On this basis, suggestions for future clinical development and research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rundong Jiang
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanya Central Hospital (Hainan Third People's Hospital), Sanya, China
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27
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Wang X, Liu H, Liao X, Qiao L, Zhu L, Wu S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Lin L, Ma J, Gu Q, Shu J. Dissecting the Roles of LncRNAs in the Development of Periventricular White Matter Damage. Front Genet 2021; 12:641526. [PMID: 33995480 PMCID: PMC8120246 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.641526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) has high expression in the brain. Animal studies have shown that lncRNA plays an important role in brain functions and mediates the development of many neurological diseases. However, data on the expression of lncRNAs and the clinical significance in prematurely born infants with diseases such as periventricular white matter damage (PWMD) remains scant. Here, we compared the expression of the lncRNAs in whole blood samples obtained from prematurely born infants with PWMD with samples from prematurely born infants without PWMD. Our data demonstrated differential expression of the lncRNAs between the two groups. Further, we showed that the lncRNAs play important roles in the development of PWMD. Our findings give insights into the functions of the lncRNAs in PWMD and provide evidence for the improvement of diagnostic and treatment strategies in infants with PWMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixing Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Institute of Clinical, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianying Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaping Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Lyu J, Xie D, Bhatia TN, Leak RK, Hu X, Jiang X. Microglial/Macrophage polarization and function in brain injury and repair after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:515-527. [PMID: 33650313 PMCID: PMC8025652 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality, with limited treatment options. After stroke injury, microglia and CNS‐resident macrophages are rapidly activated and regulate neuropathological processes to steer the course of functional recovery. To accelerate this recovery, microglia can engulf dying cells and clear irreparably‐damaged tissues, thereby creating a microenvironment that is more suitable for the formation of new neural circuitry. In addition, monocyte‐derived macrophages cross the compromised blood‐brain barrier to infiltrate the injured brain. The specific functions of myeloid lineage cells in brain injury and repair are diverse and dependent on phenotypic polarization statuses. However, it remains to be determined to what degree the CNS‐invading macrophages occupy different functional niches from CNS‐resident microglia. In this review, we describe the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the developing and adult brain. We also review (a) the activation and phenotypic polarization of microglia and macrophages after stroke, (b) molecular mechanisms that control polarization status, and (c) the contribution of microglia to brain pathology versus repair. Finally, we summarize current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that calibrate microglia/macrophage responses after stroke. The present review summarizes recent advances in microglial research in relation to stroke with emphases on microglial/macrophage phenotypic polarization and function in brain injury and repair. It also reviews the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the developing and adult brain, and describes current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that calibrate microglia/macrophage responses after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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29
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Xu D, Gao Q, Wang F, Peng Q, Wang G, Wei Q, Lei S, Zhao S, Zhang L, Guo F. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 is implicated in BBB injury via the CCL2-CCR2 axis following acute intracerebral hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:674-686. [PMID: 33645008 PMCID: PMC8111497 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Evidence demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) plays a vital role in inflammatory damage via the upregulation of CCL2 expression. However, whether S1PR3 is involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown via CCL2 activation after ICH has not been described. METHODS We investigated the expression profiles of all S1PRs using high-throughput RNA-seq analysis and RT-PCR. The potential role of S1PR3 and interaction between S1PR3 and CCL2 were evaluated via Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. BBB disruption was examined via magnetic resonance imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and Evans blue extravasation. Microglial activation, proliferation, and polarization were assessed via histopathological analysis. The expression levels of CCL2, p-p38 MAPK, ICAM-1, and ZO-1 were examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The present results showed that the levels of S1PR3 and its ligand, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), were dramatically increased following ICH, which regulated the expression of CCL2 and p38MAPK. Moreover, reductions in brain edema volume, amelioration of BBB integrity, and improvements in behavioral deficits were achieved after the administration of CAY10444, an S1PR3 antagonist, to rats. Remarkably increased CCL2, p-p38MAPK, and ICAM-1 expression and decreased ZO-1 expression were observed in cocultured human astrocytes (HAs) and hCMEC/D3 cells after S1P stimulation. However, the expression levels of CCL2, p-p38 MAPK, and ICAM-1 were decreased and ZO-1 expression was increased after S1PR3 inhibition. In addition, microglial proliferation and M1 polarization were attenuated after CAY10444 administration. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the neuroprotective role of S1PR3 modulation in maintaining BBB integrity by inhibiting the S1PR3-CCL2 axis after ICH, providing a novel treatment for ICH by targeting S1PR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qianrui Peng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingjie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shixiong Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shengqi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Longxiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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30
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Luo X, Wu J, Wu G. PPARγ activation suppresses the expression of MMP9 by downregulating NF-κB post intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135770. [PMID: 33636289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is critical in protecting against inflammatory and oxidative stresses post brain injury. We have previously reported that rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARγ, was effective to prevent microglia from apoptosis and ameliorate neuronal injuries post intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression. However, molecular mechanisms linking how PPARγ decreases MMP9 remain unknown. Here, we hypothesize that PPARγ downregulates MMP9 expression post hemorrhage by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), an upstream regulator of MMPs gene and also key transcription factor involved in the control of immune and neuroinflammatory responses. We found both in vivo and in vitro that PPARγ was significantly downregulated post ICH with prominent increases of NF-κB and MMP9. Activation of PPARγ using rosiglitazone decreased the expression of both NF-κB and MMP9, while reversed effects were observed when administrating the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Besides, inhibiting NF-κB by JSH-23 also suppressed the expression of MMP9, with only limited effect on PPARγ. Further studies revealed prominent colocalizations of NF-κB with PPARγ and MMP9, respectively. Finally, direct interactions of NF-κB with PPARγ and MMP9 gene were also confirmed, respectively, by protein and chromatin immunoprecipitations. These results suggested a role of NF-κB in mediating the reduction of MMP9 by PPARγ, potentially providing a new therapeutic target for brain hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China; Department of Comprehensive Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Chen T, Liu WB, Qian X, Xie KL, Wang YH. The AMPAR antagonist perampanel protects the neurovascular unit against traumatic injury via regulating Sirt3. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:134-144. [PMID: 33421349 PMCID: PMC7804923 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Perampanel is a highly selective and noncompetitive α‐amino‐3 ‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionate receptor (AMPAR) antagonist, which has been used as an orally administered antiepileptic drug in more than 55 countries. Recently, perampanel was shown to exert neuroprotective effects in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke models via regulating blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. Aim Here, the protective effects of perampanel were investigated in an in vitro neurovascular unit (NVU) system established using a triple cell co‐culture model (neurons, astrocytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells) and in an in vivo traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Results Neurons in the NVU system exhibit a more mature morphological phenotype compared with neurons cultured alone, and the co‐culture system mimicked an impermeable barrier in vitro. Perampanel protects the NVU system against traumatic and excitotoxic injury, as evidenced by reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptotic rate. Treatment with perampanel attenuated lipid peroxidation and expression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, perampanel increased Sirt3 protein expression, enhanced the activities of mitochondrial enzyme IDH2 and SOD2, and preserved BBB function in vitro. Knockdown of Sirt3 using specific siRNA (Si‐Sirt3) partially reserved the effects of perampanel on neuronal injury and BBB function. Treatment with perampanel in vivo attenuated brain edema, preserved neurological function, inhibited apoptosis and microglia activation after TBI. Furthermore, perampanel increased the expression of Sirt3 and preserved BBB function after TBI. The effect of perampanel on BBB function and brain edema was abolished by knockdown of Sirt3 in vivo. Conclusion Our results indicate that the noncompetitive AMPAR antagonist perampanel protects the NVU system and reduces brain damage after TBI via activating the Sirt3 cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Translational Research Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Translational Research Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ke-Liang Xie
- Translational Research Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, College of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang L, Shen J. Neurovascular Unit: A critical role in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:7-16. [PMID: 33389780 PMCID: PMC7804897 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), a common cerebrovascular disease, results from a sudden blockage of a blood vessel in the brain, thereby restricting blood supply to the area in question, and making a significantly negative impact on human health. Unfortunately, current treatments, that are mainly based on a recanalization of occluded blood vessels, are insufficient or inaccessible to many stroke patients. Recently, the profound influence of the neurovascular unit (NVU) on recanalization and the prognosis of IS have become better understood; in‐depth studies of the NVU have also provided novel approaches for IS treatment. In this article, we review the intimate connections between the changes in the NVU and IS outcomes, and discuss possible new management strategies having practical significance to IS. We discuss the concept of the NVU, as well as its roles in IS blood‐brain barrier regulation, cell preservation, inflammatory immune response, and neurovascular repair. Besides, we also summarize the influence of noncoding RNAs in NVU, and IS therapies targeting the NVU. We conclude that both the pathophysiological and neurovascular repair processes of IS are strongly associated with the homeostatic state of the NVU and that further research into therapies directed at the NVU could expand the range of treatments available for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Xu X, Zhu L, Xue K, Liu J, Wang J, Wang G, Gu J, Zhang Y, Li X. Ultrastructural studies of the neurovascular unit reveal enhanced endothelial transcytosis in hyperglycemia‐enhanced hemorrhagic transformation after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021. [PMCID: PMC7804894 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Pre‐existing hyperglycemia (HG) aggravates the breakdown of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after acute ischemic stroke in both animal models and patients. To date, HG‐induced ultrastructural changes of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and the mechanisms underlying HG‐enhanced HT after ischemic stroke are poorly understood. Methods We used a mouse model of mild brain ischemia/reperfusion to investigate HG‐induced ultrastructural changes of BMECs that contribute to the impairment of BBB integrity after stroke. Adult male mice received systemic glucose administration 15 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 20 min. Ultrastructural characteristics of BMECs were evaluated using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional electron microscopy and quantitatively analyzed. Results Mice with acute HG had exacerbated BBB disruption and larger brain infarcts compared to mice with normoglycemia (NG) after MCAO and 4 h of reperfusion, as assessed by brain extravasation of the Evans blue dye and microtubule‐associated protein 2 immunostaining. Electron microscopy further revealed that HG mice had more endothelial vesicles in the striatal neurovascular unit than NG mice, which may account for their deterioration of BBB impairment. In contrast with enhanced endothelial transcytosis, paracellular tight junction ultrastructure was not disrupted after this mild ischemia/reperfusion insult or altered upon HG. Consistent with the observed increase of endothelial vesicles, transcytosis‐related proteins caveolin‐1, clathrin, and hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α were upregulated by HG after MCAO and reperfusion. Conclusion Our study provides solid structural evidence to understand the role of endothelial transcytosis in HG‐elicited BBB hyperpermeability. Enhanced transcytosis occurs prior to the physical breakdown of BMECs and is a promising therapeutic target to preserve BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
- Qidong Women's and Children's Health Qidong China
| | - Liuqi Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Ke Xue
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Jin‐hua Gu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
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Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J. Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:36-47. [PMID: 33381913 PMCID: PMC7804893 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiological barrier that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation, which contains inflammatory mediators and immune cells. The BBB regulates cellular and molecular exchange between the blood vessels and brain parenchyma. Normal functioning of the BBB is crucial for the homeostasis and proper function of the brain. It has been demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can disrupt the BBB by various pathways, resulting in different CNS diseases. Recently, clinical research also showed CNS complications following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy, which both lead to a cytokine storm in the circulation. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the BBB disruption induced by peripheral inflammation will provide an important basis for protecting the CNS in the context of exacerbated peripheral inflammatory diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the physiological properties of the BBB that makes the CNS an immune‐privileged organ. We then discuss the relevance of peripheral inflammation‐induced BBB disruption to various CNS diseases. Finally, we elaborate various factors and mechanisms of peripheral inflammation that disrupt the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Basharat Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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35
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Zhao F, Zhong L, Luo Y. Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood-brain barrier. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:26-35. [PMID: 33377610 PMCID: PMC7804892 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood‐brain barrier is a dynamic and complex neurovascular unit that protects neurons from somatic circulatory factors as well as regulates the internal environmental stability of the central nervous system. Endothelial glycocalyx is a critical component of an extended neurovascular unit that influences the structure of the blood‐brain barrier and plays various physiological functions, including an important role in maintaining normal neuronal homeostasis. Specifically, glycocalyx acts in physical and charge barriers, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation. Since intact glycocalyx is necessary to maintain the stability and integrity of the internal environment of the blood‐brain barrier, damage to glycocalyx can lead to the dysfunction of the blood‐brain barrier. This review discusses the role of glycocalyx in the context of the substantial literature regarding the blood‐brain barrier research, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases as well as point to new breakthroughs and innovations in glycocalyx‐dependent blood‐brain barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhong
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ye Y, Zhu YT, Tong HX, Han JY. The Protective Role of Immunomodulators on Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-Induced Hemorrhagic Transformation in Experimental Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:615166. [PMID: 33424615 PMCID: PMC7793743 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.615166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recanalization with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved agent available for acute ischemic stroke. But delayed treatment of tPA may lead to lethal intracerebral hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Numerous studies have reported that immunomodulators have good efficacy on tPA-induced HT in ischemic stroke models. The benefits of immunomodulators on tPA-associated HT are not clearly defined. Here, we sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies to further evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulators. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases were searched for studies. Studies that reported the efficacy of immunomodulators on tPA-induced HT in animal models of stroke were included. Animals were divided into two groups: immunomodulators plus tPA (intervention group) or tPA alone (control group). The primary outcome was intracerebral hemorrhage, and the secondary outcomes included infarct volume and neurobehavioral score. Study quality was assessed by the checklist of CAMARADES. We used standardized mean difference (SMD) to assess the impact of interventions. Regression analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity and evaluate the impact of the study characteristics. The evidence of publication bias was evaluated using trim and fill method and Egger’s test. Results: We identified 22 studies that met our inclusion criteria involving 516 animals and 42 different comparisons. The median quality checklist score was seven of a possible 10 (interquartile range, 6–8). Immunomodulators improved cerebral hemorrhage (1.31 SMD, 1.09–1.52); infarct volume (1.35 SMD, 0.95–1.76), and neurobehavioral outcome (0.9 SMD, 0.67–1.13) in experimental stroke. Regression analysis and subgroup analysis indicated that control of temperature and time of assessment were important factors that influencing the efficacy of immunomodulators. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that immunomodulators had a favorable effect on tPA-associated intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and neurobehavioral impairments in animal models of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tian Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Tong
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Ma G, Pan Z, Kong L, Du G. Neuroinflammation in hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis: Potential mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs and biomarkers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107216. [PMID: 33296780 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common and serious complication following ischemic stroke, especially after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) thrombolysis, which is associated with increased mortality and disability. Due to the unknown mechanisms and targets of HT, there are no effective therapeutic drugs to decrease the incidence of HT. In recent years, many studies have found that neuroinflammation is closely related to the occurrence and development of HT after t-PA thrombolysis, including glial cell activation in the brain, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of inflammatory factors, involving inflammation-related targets such as NF-κB, MAPK, HMGB1, TLR4 and NLRP3. Some drugs with anti-inflammatory activity have been shown to protect the BBB and reduce the risk of HT in preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including minocycline, fingolimod, tacrolimus, statins and some natural products. In addition, the changes in MMP-9, VAP-1, NLR, sICAM-1 and other inflammatory factors are closely related to the occurrence of HT, which may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HT. In this review, we summarize the potential inflammation-related mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs, and biomarkers associated with HT after t-PA thrombolysis and discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation and HT, which provides a reference for research on the mechanisms, prevention and treatment drugs, diagnosis and prognosis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zirong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Ding Y, Kang J, Liu S, Xu Y, Shao B. The Protective Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:588516. [PMID: 33281727 PMCID: PMC7705069 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.588516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a complex pathological process that often occurs secondary to trauma, surgery, and shock. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a subunit of the PPAR and is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor. After being activated by its ligand, PPARγ can combine with specific DNA response elements to regulate the transcription and expression of genes. It has a wide range of biological functions, such as regulating lipid metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, modulating anti-tumor mechanisms, and inhibiting inflammation. In recent years, some studies have shown that PPARγ exerts a protective effect during CI/RI. This article aims to summarize the research progress of studies that have investigated the protective effects of PPARγ in CI/RI and the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which these effects are modulated, including inhibition of excitatory amino acid toxicity, reduced Ca2+ overload, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, inhibition of microglial activation, maintain the BBB, promotion of angiogenesis, and neurogenesis and anti-apoptotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ding
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Kang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuning Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Xu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Shao
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Pan XW, Wang MJ, Gong SS, Sun MH, Wang Y, Zhang YY, Li F, Yu BY, Kou JP. YiQiFuMai Lyophilized Injection ameliorates tPA-induced hemorrhagic transformation by inhibiting cytoskeletal rearrangement associated with ROCK1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113161. [PMID: 32730882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) after ischemic stroke exacerbates blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and leads to hemorrhagic transformation (HT). YiQiFuMai Lyophilized Injection (YQFM) is a modern preparation derived from Sheng-mai San (a traditional Chinese medicine). YQFM attenuates the BBB dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, whether YQFM can suppress tPA-induced HT remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the therapeutic effect of YQFM on tPA-induced HT and explored the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro to improve the safety of tPA use against stroke. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. tPA (10 mg/kg) were infused 2 h after occlusion and YQFM (0.671 g/kg) was injected 2.5 h after occlusion. The in vitro effect of YQFM (100, 200, 400 μg/mL) on tPA (60 μg/mL)-induced dysfunction of the microvascular endothelial barrier in the brain following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was observed in bEnd.3 cells. RESULTS YQFM suppressed tPA-induced high hemoglobin level in the brain, mortality, neurologic severity score, BBB permeability, expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2, and degradation of tight-junction proteins. Furthermore, YQFM significantly blocked tPA-induced brain microvascular endothelial permeability and phosphorylation of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)1, myosin light chain (MLC), cofilin and p65 in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION YQFM suppressed tPA-induced HT by inhibiting cytoskeletal rearrangement linked with ROCK-cofilin/MLC pathways and inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to ameliorate BBB damage caused by tPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Mei-Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Shuai-Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Min-Hui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Departments of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine and Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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40
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Xenogeneic native decellularized matrix carrying PPARγ activator RSG regulating macrophage polarization to promote ligament-to-bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gamdzyk M, Lenahan C, Tang J, Zhang JH. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in stroke prevention and therapy-The best is yet to come? J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2275-2289. [PMID: 32772463 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathophysiology of stroke and protective effects of PPAR ligands have been widely investigated in the last 20 years. Activation of all three PPAR isoforms, but especially PPAR-γ, was documented to limit postischemic injury in the numerous in vivo, as well as in in vitro studies. PPARs have been demonstrated to act on multiple mechanisms and were shown to activate multiple protective pathways related to inflammation, apoptosis, BBB protection, neurogenesis, and oxidative stress. The aim of this review was to summarize two decades of PPAR research in stroke with emphasis on in vivo animal studies. We focus on each PPAR receptor separately and detail their implication in stroke. This review also discusses recent clinical efforts in the field and the epidemiological data with regard to role of PPAR polymorphisms in susceptibility to stroke, and tries to draw conclusions and describe future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Li Y, Zhu ZY, Lu BW, Huang TT, Zhang YM, Zhou NY, Xuan W, Chen ZA, Wen DX, Yu WF, Li PY. Rosiglitazone ameliorates tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain hemorrhage after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1343-1352. [PMID: 31756041 PMCID: PMC6887660 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Delayed thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may exacerbate blood‐brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after ischemic stroke and lead to catastrophic hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Rosiglitazone(RSG), a widely used antidiabetic drug that activates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ), has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia through promoting poststroke microglial polarization toward the beneficial anti‐inflammatory phenotype. However, whether RSG can alleviate HT after delayed tPA treatment remains unknown. In this study, we sort to examine the role of RSG on tPA‐induced HT after stroke. Methods and results We used the murine suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models of stroke followed by delayed administration of tPA (10 mg/kg, 2 hours after suture occlusion) to investigate the therapeutic potential of RSG against tPA‐induced HT. When RSG(6 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 1 hour before MCAO in tPA‐treated MCAO mice, HT in the ischemic territory was significantly attenuated 1 day after stroke. In the tPA‐treated MCAO mice, we found RSG significantly mitigated BBB disruption and hemorrhage development compared to tPA‐alone‐treated stroke mice. Using flow cytometry and immunostaining, we confirmed that the expression of CD206 was significantly upregulated while the expression of iNOS was down‐regulated in microglia of the RSG‐treated mice. We further found that the expression of Arg‐1 was also upregulated in those tPA and RSG‐treated stroke mice and the protection against tPA‐induced HT and BBB disruption in these mice were abolished in the presence of PPAR‐γ antagonist GW9662 (4 mg/kg, 1 hour before dMCAO through intraperitoneal injection). Conclusions RSG treatment protects against BBB damage and ameliorates HT in delayed tPA‐treated stroke mice by activating PPAR‐γ and favoring microglial polarization toward anti‐inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Man Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Ai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Xiang Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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