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Caldarelli M, Rio P, Marrone A, Ocarino F, Chiantore M, Candelli M, Gasbarrini A, Gambassi G, Cianci R. Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5377. [PMID: 38791415 PMCID: PMC11120930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the concept of the "gut-brain axis". In addition to well-studied diseases associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota, such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, research is now exploring the potential role of gut microbial dysbiosis in the onset and development of brain-related diseases. When the function of the intestinal barrier is altered by dysbiosis, the aberrant immune system response interacts with the nervous system, leading to a state of "neuroinflammation". The gut microbiota-brain axis is mediated by inflammatory and immunological mechanisms, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine pathways. This narrative review aims to illustrate the molecular basis of neuroinflammation and elaborate on the concept of the gut-brain axis by virtue of analyzing the various metabolites produced by the gut microbiome and how they might impact the nervous system. Additionally, the current review will highlight how sex influences these molecular mechanisms. In fact, sex hormones impact the brain-gut microbiota axis at different levels, such as the central nervous system, the enteric nervous one, and enteroendocrine cells. A deeper understanding of the gut-brain axis in human health and disease is crucial to guide diagnoses, treatments, and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caldarelli
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Rio
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marrone
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ocarino
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Chiantore
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambassi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Martini APR, Hoeper E, Dos Santos DP, Norman T, Dos Santos AS, Pereira LO, Netto CA. Acrobatic training prevents motor deficits and neuronal loss in male and female rats following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114941. [PMID: 38447760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in vascular dementia leads to memory and motor deficits; Physical exercise improves these aspects and promotes neuroprotection. Sexual dimorphism may significantly influence both ischemic and exercise outcomes. AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2VO (Two-Vessel occlusion) and the acrobatic training on motor function, functional performance, and tissue loss in male and female rats. METHODS Male and female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham acrobatic, sham sedentary, 2VO acrobatic and 2VO sedentary. After 45 days of 2VO surgery, the animals received 4 weeks of acrobatic training. At the end, open field, beam balance and horizontal ladder tests were performed. Brain samples were taken for histological and morphological evaluation. RESULTS Spontaneous motor activity in the open field was not affected by 2VO, on the other hand, an impairment in forelimb placement was observed after 2VO and acrobatic training prevented errors and improved hindlimb placement. Neuronal loss was found in the motor cortex and striatum after 2VO, especially in females, which was prevented by acrobatic training. CONCLUSION Mild motor damage was found in animals after 2VO when refined movement was evaluated, probably associated to neuronal death in the motor cortex and striatum. The acrobatic exercise showed a neuroprotective effect, promoting neuronal survival and attenuating the motor deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Rodrigues Martini
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Hoeper
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduated in Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Débora Piassarollo Dos Santos
- Graduated in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Norman
- Graduated in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Li W, Shen N, Kong L, Huang H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang G, Xu P, Hu W. STING mediates microglial pyroptosis via interaction with NLRP3 in cerebral ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:153-164. [PMID: 37402504 PMCID: PMC11103158 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemia-evoked neuroinflammation is a critical pathogenic event following ischaemic stroke. Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-associated pyroptosis represents a type of inflammation-associated programmed cell death, which can exacerbate neuroinflammatory responses and brain damage. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was recently described as a vital innate immune adaptor protein associated with neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the regulatory effects of STING on microglial pyroptosis post-stroke have not been well elaborated. METHODS STING-knockout and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). STING small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into BV2 cells before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). STING-overexpressing adeno-associated virus (AAV) and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) siRNA were administered by stereotaxic injection. 2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining, neurobehavioural tests, immunohistochemistry, cytokine antibody array assay, transmission electron microscopy, immunoblot, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were carried out. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to investigate the interplay between STING and NLRP3. RESULTS STING expression was increased after MCAO and mainly detected on microglia. STING deletion alleviated brain infarction, neuronal damage and neurobehavioural impairment in mice subjected to MCAO. STING knockout suppressed microglial activation and the secretion of inflammatory chemokines, accompanied by mitigation of microglial pyroptosis. Specific upregulation of microglial STING by AAV-F4/80-STING aggravated brain injury and microglial pyroptosis. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation showed that STING bound to NLRP3 in microglia. Supplementation of NLRP3 siRNA reversed AAV-F4/80-STING-induced deterioration of microglial pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicate that STING modulates NLRP3-mediated microglial pyroptosis following MCAO. STING may serve as a therapeutic target in neuroinflammation induced by cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingqi Kong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongmei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Ghosh M, Lee J, Burke AN, Strong TA, Sagen J, Pearse DD. Sex Dependent Disparities in the Central Innate Immune Response after Moderate Spinal Cord Contusion in Rat. Cells 2024; 13:645. [PMID: 38607084 PMCID: PMC11011714 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Subacute spinal cord injury (SCI) displays a complex pathophysiology associated with pro-inflammation and ensuing tissue damage. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, in concert with infiltrating macrophages, are the primary contributors to SCI-induced inflammation. However, subpopulations of activated microglia can also possess immunomodulatory activities that are essential for tissue remodeling and repair, including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that are vital for SCI recovery. Recently, reports have provided convincing evidence that sex-dependent differences exist in how microglia function during CNS pathologies and the extent to which these cells contribute to neurorepair and endogenous recovery. Herein we employed flow cytometry and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the phenotype and population dynamics of activated innate immune cells within the injured spinal cord of age-matched male and female rats within the first week (7 days) following thoracic SCI contusion. This assessment included the analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, as well as the expression of critical immunomodulatory kinases, including P38 MAPK, and transcription factors, such as NFκB, which play pivotal roles in injury-induced inflammation. We demonstrate that activated microglia from the injured spinal cord of female rats exhibited a significantly diminutive pro-inflammatory response, but enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to males. These changes included lower levels of iNOS and TLR4 expression but increased levels of ARG-1 and CD68 in females after SCI. The altered expression of these markers is indicative of a disparate secretome between the microglia of males and females after SCI and that the female microglia possesses higher phagocytic capabilities (increased CD68). The examination of immunoregulatory kinases and transcription factors revealed that female microglia had higher levels of phosphorylated P38Thr180/Tyr182 MAPK and nuclear NFκB pp50Ser337 but lower amounts of nuclear NFκB pp65Ser536, suggestive of an attenuated pro-inflammatory phenotype in females compared to males after SCI. Collectively, this work provides novel insight into some of the sex disparities that exist in the innate immune response after SCI and indicates that sex is an important variable when designing and testing new therapeutic interventions or interpretating positive or negative responses to an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Ashley N. Burke
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Thomas A. Strong
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Jacqueline Sagen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Damien D. Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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5
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Wang C, Wang J, Wu X, Liu T, Wang F, Zhou H, Chen C, Shi L, Ma L, Liu T, Li C. Comprehensive review on sexual dimorphism to improve scalp acupuncture in nervous system disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14447. [PMID: 37665197 PMCID: PMC10805401 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of modern medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) combined with western medicine began to be produced and applied. Scalp acupuncture (SA) as a Chinese medicine based on neurological theory, has a great advantage compared with TCM in the treatment of nervous system diseases. METHOD In this paper, we analyze the physiological and pathological manifestations of sexual dimorphism (SD) to illustrate the necessity of SD treatment. In addition, we review the factors that can affect SD and analyze in physiological structure, function, and pathological neurons. Diseases (pathological basis, pathological manifestations, and incidence) and factors leading to gender differences, which to analyze the possibility of gender differences in SA. RESULT Furthermore, we creatively a new insight of SD-SA and provide the complete SD treatment cases on the basis of the existing SA in different kinds of diseases including stroke, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. CONCLUSION In summary, we believe that it is feasible to improve the clinical effectiveness of SA, which is able to promote the development of SA, and then provides an actionable evidence for the promotion of precision medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- Department of First Clinical Medical CollegeHeilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHeilongjiangChina
| | - Jiening Wang
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xubo Wu
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Feng Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
| | - Huanxia Zhou
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
| | - Lijuan Shi
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lin Ma
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineHarbinChina
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of RehabilitationShanghai Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cancheng Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
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Maciejska A, Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Starek-Świechowicz B, Skórkowska A, Budziszewska B. Mechanism of Microglial Cell Activation in the Benzophenone-3 Exposure Model. Neuroscience 2023; 533:63-76. [PMID: 37827357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is the most commonly used UV filter in cosmetics, which is absorbed through the skin and crosses the blood-brain barrier. This compound increases extracellular glutamate concentrations, lipid peroxidation, the number of microglia cells and induces process of apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of BP-3 on the activation and polarization of microglial cells in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of adult male rats exposed to BP-3 prenatally and then for two weeks in adulthood. It has been found, that exposure to BP-3 reduced the expression of the marker of the M2 phenotype of glial cells in both examined brain structures. An increase in the CD86/CD206 microglial phenotype ratio, expression of transcription factor NFκB and activity of caspase-1 were observed only in the frontal cortex, whereas BP-3 increased the level of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. The in vitro study conducted in the primary culture of rat frontal cortical microglia cells showed that BP-3 increased the LPS-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, but in cultures without LPS there was decreased IL-1α, IL-6 and TNFα production, while the IL-18 and IP-10 was elevated. The obtained results indicate that differences in the level of immunoactivation between the frontal cortex and the hippocampus may result from the action of this compound on glucocorticoid receptors. In turn, changes in cytokine production in microglial cells indicate that BP-3 aggravates the LPS-induced immunoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Maciejska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzyżanowska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Starek-Świechowicz
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Skórkowska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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8
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Xu Y, Yang Y, Chen X, Jiang D, Zhang F, Guo Y, Hu B, Xu G, Peng S, Wu L, Hu J. NLRP3 inflammasome in cognitive impairment and pharmacological properties of its inhibitors. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:49. [PMID: 37915104 PMCID: PMC10621314 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a multifactorial and multi-step pathological process that places a heavy burden on patients and the society. Neuroinflammation is one of the main factors leading to cognitive impairment. The inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that respond to various microorganisms and endogenous danger signals, helping to initiate innate protective responses in inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 inflammasomes produce proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin IL-1β and IL-18) by activating caspase-1. In this review, we comprehensively describe the structure and functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We also explore the intrinsic relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and cognitive impairment, which involves immune cell activation, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial autophagy, and neuroinflammation. Finally, we describe NLRP3 inflammasome antagonists as targeted therapies to improve cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Department of the Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Department of the Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Danling Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Guohai Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Jialing Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
- Department of Thyroid and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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9
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Qu X, Zhang L, Wang L. Pterostilbene as a Therapeutic Alternative for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Review of the Current Status and Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14432-14457. [PMID: 37786984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are diverse, have complex causes, and often result in disability; yet, effective treatments remain scarce. The resveratrol derivative pterostilbene possesses numerous physiological activities that hold promise as a novel therapy for the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This review aimed to summarize the protective mechanisms of pterostilbene in in vitro and in vivo models of CNS disorders and the pharmacokinetics and safety to assess its possible effects on CNS disorders. Available evidence supports the protective effects of pterostilbene in CNS disorders involving mechanisms such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, regulation of lipid metabolism and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, improvement of synaptic function and neurogenesis, induction of glioma cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of glioma cell migration and invasion. Studies have identified possible molecular targets and pathways for the protective actions of pterostilbene in CNS disorders including the AMPK/STAT3, Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. The possible pharmacological effects and molecular pathways of pterostilbene in CNS disorders are critically discussed in this review. Future studies should aim to increase our understanding of pterostilbene in animal models and humans to further evaluate its role in CNS disorders and the detailed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, P.R. China
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10
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Jiang S, Wan Q, Wang X, Di L, Li X, Kang R, Li S, Huang L. LXA4 attenuates perioperative neurocognitive disorders by suppressing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110788. [PMID: 37591120 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a common complication that increases morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing surgery. Abnormal microglia activation causes neuroinflammation and contributes to the development of PND. Growing evidence shows that lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a lipid mediator, possesses potent anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated whether LXA4 exerted a protective effect against surgery-induced neurocognitive deficits and explored the underlying mechanisms. Mice were subjected to laparotomy under sevoflurane anesthesia to establish an animal model of PND. LXA4 (15 μg/kg/d, ip) was administered three days prior surgery. We showed that LXA4 significantly alleviated surgery-induced cognitive impairments, attenuated neuroinflammation and microglial activation in hippocampus. In BV2 microglial cells treated with LPS (100 ng/mL), pre-application of LXA4 (100 nΜ) significantly inhibited M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization, and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). LXA4 also mitigated LPS-regulated expression of HO-1, NOX2, and SOD1, elevated SOD activity, and attenuated ROS production. Furthermore, we revealed that LXA4 increased the expression of SIRT1 and decreased the protein level of acetylated NF-κB p65. SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 abolished the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response effects of LXA4 in BV2 microglial cells. Hence, LXA4 is a potential therapeutic agent for surgery-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive deficit, and the effect of LXA4 is probably mediated by the activation of the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xueji Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lichao Di
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xuze Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Rongtian Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sha Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Lining Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Ministry of Education.
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11
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Zheng J, Zhang C, Wu Y, Zhang C, Che Y, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang Y. Controlled Decompression Alleviates Motor Dysfunction by Regulating Microglial Polarization via the HIF-1α Signaling Pathway in Intracranial Hypertension. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5607-5623. [PMID: 37328678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a major form of surgery that is used to reduce intracranial hypertension (IH), the most frequent cause of death and disability following severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) and stroke. Our previous research showed that controlled decompression (CDC) was more effective than rapid decompression (RDC) with regard to reducing the incidence of complications and improving outcomes after sTBI; however, the specific mechanisms involved have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CDC in regulating inflammation after IH and attempted to identify the mechanisms involved. Analysis showed that CDC was more effective than RDC in alleviating motor dysfunction and neuronal death in a rat model of traumatic intracranial hypertension (TIH) created by epidural balloon pressurization. Moreover, RDC induced M1 microglia polarization and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, CDC treatment resulted in microglia primarily polarizing into the M2 phenotype and induced the significant release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, the establishment of the TIH model led to the increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); CDC ameliorated cerebral hypoxia and reduced the expression of HIF-1α. In addition, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), a specific inhibitor of HIF-1α, significantly attenuated RDC-induced inflammation and improved motor function by promoting M1 to M2 phenotype transformation in microglial and enhancing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG), an agonist of HIF-1α, abrogated the protective effects of CDC treatment by suppressing M2 microglia polarization and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our results indicated that CDC effectively alleviated IH-induced inflammation, neuronal death, and motor dysfunction by regulating HIF-1α-mediated microglial phenotype polarization. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the protective effects of CDC and promote clinical translational research for HIF-1α in IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chonghui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Likun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Fan J, Dong X, Tang Y, Wang X, Lin D, Gong L, Chen C, Jiang J, Shen W, Xu A, Zhang X, Xie Y, Huang X, Zeng L. Preferential pruning of inhibitory synapses by microglia contributes to alteration of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2884-2900. [PMID: 37072932 PMCID: PMC10493672 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consensus has formed that neural circuits in the brain underlie the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In particular, the synaptic excitation/inhibition balance (E/I balance) has been implicated in shifting towards elevated excitation during the development of TLE. METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally subjected to kainic acid (KA) to generate a model of TLE. Next, electroencephalography (EEG) recording was applied to verify the stability and detectability of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in rats. Moreover, hippocampal slices from rats and patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) were assessed using immunofluorescence to determine the alterations of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and microglial phagocytosis. RESULTS We found that KA induced stable SRSs 14 days after status epilepticus (SE) onset. Furthermore, we discovered a continuous increase in excitatory synapses during epileptogenesis, where the total area of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) rose considerably in the stratum radiatum (SR) of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), the stratum lucidum (SL) of CA3, and the polymorphic layer (PML) of the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, inhibitory synapses decreased significantly, with the total area of glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in the SL and PML diminishing enormously. Moreover, microglia conducted active synaptic phagocytosis after the formation of SRSs, especially in the SL and PML. Finally, microglia preferentially pruned inhibitory synapses during recurrent seizures in both rat and human hippocampal slices, which contributed to the synaptic alteration in hippocampal subregions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elaborately characterize the alteration of neural circuits and demonstrate the selectivity of synaptic phagocytosis mediated by microglia in TLE, which could strengthen the comprehension of the pathogenesis of TLE and inspire potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchen Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xinyan Dong
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Yejiao Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Donghui Lin
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Lifen Gong
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Weida Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Anyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of NeurologyThe Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Linghui Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouChina
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13
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Zhang Y, Guo Y, Li R, Huang T, Li Y, Xie W, Chen C, Chen W, Wan J, Yu W, Li P. Novel CH25H + and OASL + microglia subclusters play distinct roles in cerebral ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:115. [PMID: 37183260 PMCID: PMC10184422 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial polarization is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for multiple central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including ischemic stroke. However, detailed transcriptional alteration of microglia following cerebral ischemic stroke remains largely unclear. METHODS Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for 60 min in mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed using ischemic brain tissues from tMCAO and sham mice 3 days after surgery. Ch25h-/- mice were used to investigate the role of specific microglia subcluster on post-stroke infarct volume and neuroinflammation. RESULTS We identified a relatively homeostatic subcluster with enhanced antigen processing and three "ischemic stroke associated microglia" (ISAM): MKI67+, CH25H+ and OASL+ subclusters. We found the MKI67+ subcluster undergo proliferation and differentiation into CH25H+ and OASL+ subclusters. CH25H+ microglia was a critical subcluster of ISAM that exhibited increased phagocytosis and neuroprotective property after stroke. Ch25h-/- mice developed significantly increased infarct volume following ischemic stroke compared to Ch25h+/-. Meanwhile, the OASL+ subcluster accumulated in the ischemic brain and was associated with the evolving of neuroinflammation after stroke, which was further aggravated in the aged mice brain. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal previously unrecognized roles of the newly defined CH25H+ and OASL+ microglia subclusters following ischemic stroke, with novel insights for precise microglia modulation towards stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yunlu Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ruqi Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wanqin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jieqing Wan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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14
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Tariq MB, Lee J, McCullough LD. Sex differences in the inflammatory response to stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:295-313. [PMID: 36355204 PMCID: PMC10924671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and disproportionally affects women, in part due to their higher longevity. Older women have poorer outcomes after stroke with high rates of cognitive deficits, depression, and reduced quality of life. Post-stroke inflammatory responses are also sexually dimorphic and drive differences in infarct size and recovery. Factors that influence sex-specific immune responses can be both intrinsic and extrinsic. Differences in gonadal hormone exposure, sex chromosome compliment, and environmental/social factors can drive changes in transcriptional and metabolic profiles. In addition, how these variables interact, changes across the lifespan. After the onset of ischemic injury, necrosis and apoptosis occur, which activate microglia and other glial cells within the central nervous system, promoting the release of cytokines and chemokines and neuroinflammation. Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses also have dual functions after stroke as they can enhance inflammation acutely, but also contribute to suppression of the inflammatory cascade and later repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on sex-specific inflammatory responses to ischemic stroke. Understanding these differences is critical to identifying therapeutic options for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Tariq
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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15
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Kadlecova M, Freude K, Haukedal H. Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051261. [PMID: 37238932 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences are present in brain morphology, sex hormones, aging processes and immune responses. These differences need to be considered for proper modelling of neurological diseases with clear sex differences. This is the case for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with two-thirds of cases diagnosed in women. It is becoming clear that there is a complex interplay between the immune system, sex hormones and AD. Microglia are major players in the neuroinflammatory process occurring in AD and have been shown to be directly affected by sex hormones. However, many unanswered questions remain as the importance of including both sexes in research studies has only recently started receiving attention. In this review, we provide a summary of sex differences and their implications in AD, with a focus on microglia action. Furthermore, we discuss current available study models, including emerging complex microfluidic and 3D cellular models and their usefulness for studying hormonal effects in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kadlecova
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 C Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 C Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henriette Haukedal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 C Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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β-Adrenoceptor Blockade Moderates Neuroinflammation in Male and Female EAE Rats and Abrogates Sexual Dimorphisms in the Major Neuroinflammatory Pathways by Being More Efficient in Males. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1237-1265. [PMID: 35798933 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in male compared with female adult rats, and moderating effect of propranolol-induced β-adrenoceptor blockade on EAE in females, the effect associated with transcriptional stimulation of Nrf2/HO-1 axis in spinal cord microglia. This study examined putative sexual dimorphism in propranolol action on EAE severity. Propranolol treatment beginning from the onset of clinical EAE mitigated EAE severity in rats of both sexes, but to a greater extent in males exhibiting higher noradrenaline levels and myeloid cell β2-adrenoceptor expression in spinal cord. This correlated with more prominent stimulatory effects of propranolol not only on CX3CL1/CX3CR1/Nrf2/HO-1 cascade, but also on Stat3/Socs3 signaling axis in spinal cord microglia/myeloid cells (mirrored in the decreased Stat3 and the increased Socs3 expression) from male rats compared with their female counterparts. Propranolol diminished the frequency of activated cells among microglia, increased their phagocyting/endocyting capacity, and shifted cytokine secretory profile of microglia/blood-borne myeloid cells towards an anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective phenotype. Additionally, it downregulated the expression of chemokines (CCL2, CCL19/21) driving T-cell/monocyte trafficking into spinal cord. Consequently, in propranolol-treated rats fewer activated CD4+ T cells and IL-17+ T cells, including CD4+IL17+ cells coexpressing IFN-γ/GM-CSF, were recovered from spinal cord of propranolol-treated rats compared with sex-matched saline-injected controls. All the effects of propranolol were more prominent in males. The study as a whole disclosed that sexual dimorphism in multiple molecular mechanisms implicated in EAE development may be responsible for greater severity of EAE in male rats and sexually dimorphic action of substances affecting them. Propranolol moderated EAE severity more effectively in male rats, exhibiting greater spinal cord noradrenaline (NA) levels and myeloid cell β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) expression than females. Propranolol affected CX3CR1/Nrf2/HO-1 and Stat3/Socs3 signaling axes in myeloid cells, favored their anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective phenotype and, consequently, reduced Th cell reactivation and differentiation into highly pathogenic IL-17/IFN-γ/GM-CSF-producing cells.
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17
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Pilipović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Adrenoceptors as potential target for add-on immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108358. [PMID: 36804434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its commonly used experimental model - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They indicate that noradrenaline, the key end-point mediator of the SNS, acting through β-adrenoceptor, has a contributory role in the early stages of MS/EAE development. This stage is characterized by the SNS hyperactivity (increased release of noradrenaline) reflecting the net effect of different factors, such as the disease-associated inflammation, stress, vitamin D hypovitaminosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection and dysbiosis. Thus, the administration of propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to experimental rats before the autoimmune challenge and in the early (preclinical/prodromal) phase of the disease mitigates EAE severity. This phenomenon has been ascribed to the alleviation of neuroinflammation (due to attenuation of primarily microglial activation/proinflammatory functions) and the diminution of the magnitude of the primary CD4+ T-cell autoimmune response (the effect associated with impaired autoantigen uptake by antigen presenting cells and their migration into draining lymph nodes). The former is partly related to breaking of the catecholamine-dependent self-amplifying microglial feed-forward loop and the positive feedback loop between microglia and the SNS, leading to down-regulation of the SNS hyperactivity and its enhancing influence on microglial activation/proinflammatory functions and the magnitude of autoimmune response. The effects of propranolol are shown to be more prominent in male EAE animals, the phenomenon important as males (like men) are likely to develop clinically more severe disease. Thus, these findings could serve as a firm scientific background for formulation of a new sex-specific immune-intervention strategy for the early phases of MS (characterized by the SNS hyperactivity) exploiting anti-(neuro)inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of propranolol and other relatively cheap and safe adrenergic drugs with similar therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiology, Belgrade, Serbia.
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18
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Prakash R, Kumari N, Siddiqui AJ, Khan AQ, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Robertson AA, Boltze J, Raza SS. MCC950 Regulates Stem Cells Destiny Through Modulating SIRT3-NLRP3 Inflammasome Dynamics During Oxygen Glucose Deprivation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10520-6. [PMID: 36811746 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the major cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Stem cell treatment is at the forefront of ischemic therapeutic interventions. However, the fate of these cells following transplantation is mostly unknown. The current study examines the influence of oxidative and inflammatory pathological events associated with experimental ischemic stroke (oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)) on the stem cell population (human Dental Pulp Stem Cells, and human Mesenchymal Stem Cells) through the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We explored the destiny of the above-mentioned stem cells in the stressed micro (-environment) and the ability of MCC950 to reverse the magnitudes. An enhanced expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase1, active IL-1β and active IL-18 in OGD-treated DPSC and MSC was observed. The MCC950 significantly reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the aforementioned cells. Further, in OGD groups, oxidative stress markers were shown to be alleviated in the stem cells under stress, which was effectively relieved by MCC950 supplementation. Interestingly, whereas OGD increased NLRP3 expression, it decreased SIRT3 levels, implying that these two processes are intertwined. In brief, we discovered that MCC950 inhibits NLRP3-mediated inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and increasing SIRT3. To conclude, according to our findings, inhibiting NLRP3 activation while enhancing SIRT3 levels with MCC950 reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress in stem cells under OGD-induced stress. These findings shed light on the causes of hDPSC and hMSC demise following transplantation and point to strategies to lessen therapeutic cell loss under ischemic-reperfusion stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Abu Junaid Siddiqui
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Abdul Quaiyoom Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Departmenyt of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, 824236, Gaya, India
| | - Avril Ab Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India. .,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India.
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19
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Shirokova O, Zaborskaya O, Pchelin P, Kozliaeva E, Pershin V, Mukhina I. Genetic and Epigenetic Sexual Dimorphism of Brain Cells during Aging. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020195. [PMID: 36831738 PMCID: PMC9954625 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much of the attention paid to theoretical and applied biomedicine, as well as neurobiology, has been drawn to various aspects of sexual dimorphism due to the differences that male and female brain cells demonstrate during aging: (a) a dimorphic pattern of response to therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, (b) different age of onset and different degrees of the prevalence of such disorders, and (c) differences in their symptomatic manifestations in men and women. The purpose of this review is to outline the genetic and epigenetic differences in brain cells during aging in males and females. As a result, we hereby show that the presence of brain aging patterns in males and females is due to a complex of factors associated with the effects of sex chromosomes, which subsequently entails a change in signal cascades in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Shirokova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Zaborskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Pavel Pchelin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603002, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Kozliaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Pershin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603002, Russia
| | - Irina Mukhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603002, Russia
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20
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Niu P, Li L, Zhang Y, Su Z, Wang B, Liu H, Zhang S, Qiu S, Li Y. Immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087815. [PMID: 36793730 PMCID: PMC9923235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and disability. It has been established that gender differences in stroke outcomes prevail, and the immune response after stroke is an important factor affecting patient outcomes. However, gender disparities lead to different immune metabolic tendencies closely related to immune regulation after stroke. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the role and mechanism of immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Shehong Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
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21
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Sexual Dimorphism in Neurodegenerative Diseases and in Brain Ischemia. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010026. [PMID: 36671411 PMCID: PMC9855831 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in brain responses to several neurological conditions. It is suggested that sex-related differences between men and women may have profound effects on disease susceptibility, pathophysiology, and progression. Sexual differences of the brain are achieved through the complex interplay of several factors contributing to this phenomenon, such as sex hormones, as well as genetic and epigenetic differences. Despite recent advances, the precise link between these factors and brain disorders is incompletely understood. This review aims to briefly outline the most relevant aspects that differ between men and women in ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders (AD, PD, HD, ALS, and SM). Recognition of disparities between both sexes could aid the development of individual approaches to ameliorate or slow the progression of intractable disorders.
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22
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Garrido-Gil P, Pedrosa MA, Garcia-Garrote M, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Rodríguez-Castro J, García-Souto D, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Microglial angiotensin type 2 receptors mediate sex-specific expression of inflammatory cytokines independently of circulating estrogen. Glia 2022; 70:2348-2360. [PMID: 35943203 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex-related gene expression and functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors mediate anti-inflammatory actions in different tissues, including brain. In mice, we performed RT-PCR analysis of microglia isolated from adult brains and RNA scope in situ hybridization from males, females, ovariectomized females, orchiectomized males and brain masculinized females. We also compared wild type and AT2 knockout mice. The expression of AT2 receptors in microglial cells showed sex differences with much higher AT2 mRNA expression in females than in males, and this was not dependent on circulating gonadal hormones, as observed using ovariectomized females, brain masculinized females and orchiectomized males. These results suggest genomic reasons, possibly related to sex chromosome complement, for sex differences in AT2 expression in microglia, as the AT2 receptor gene is located in the X chromosome. Furthermore, sex differences in expression of AT2 receptors were associated to sex differences in microglial expression of key anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. In conclusion, sex differences in microglial AT2 receptor expression appear as a major factor contributing to sex differences in the neuroinflammatory responses beyond the effects of circulating steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Castro
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Souto
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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23
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Zhang B, Dong W, Ma Z, Duan S, Han R, Lv Z, Liu X, Mao Y. Hyperbaric oxygen improves depression-like behaviors in chronic stress model mice by remodeling gut microbiota and regulating host metabolism. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:239-255. [PMID: 36261870 PMCID: PMC9804075 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota plays a significant part in the pathophysiology of chronic stress. The dysbiosis of the gut microbiota closely relates to dysregulation of microbiota-host cometabolism. Composition changes in the gut microbiota related to perturbations in metabolic profiles are vital risk factors for disease development. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is commonly applied as an alternative or primary therapy for various diseases. Therefore, a metabolic and gut bacteria perspective is essential to uncover possible mechanisms of chronic stress and the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygenation. We determined that there were significantly disturbed metabolites and disordered gut microbiota between control and chronic stress group. The study aims to offer further information on the interactions between host metabolism, gut microbiota, and chronic stress. METHODS At present, chronic unpredictable mild stress is considered the most widespread method of modeling chronic stress in animals, so we used a chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse model to characterize changes in the metabolome and microbiome of depressed mice by combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing and UHPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. Pearson's correlation-based clustering analysis was performed with above metabolomics and fecal microbiome data to determine gut microbiota-associated metabolites. RESULTS We found that 18 metabolites showed a significant correlation with campylobacterota. Campylobacterota associated metabolites were significantly enriched mainly in the d-glutamate and d-glutamine metabolism. Hyperoxia treatment may improve depression-like behaviors in chronic stress model mice through regulating the disrupted metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Hyperbaric oxygen improves depression-like behaviors in chronic stress model mice by remodeling Campylobacterota associated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenwen Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Translational Medical InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuxian Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ruina Han
- Translational Medical InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhou Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xinru Liu
- Translational Medical InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanfei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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24
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Jia C, Lovins C, Malone HM, Keasey MP, Hagg T. Female-specific neuroprotection after ischemic stroke by vitronectin-focal adhesion kinase inhibition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1961-1974. [PMID: 35702047 PMCID: PMC9536130 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We found that blood vitronectin (VTN) leaks into the brain and exacerbates tissue loss after stroke by increasing pro-inflammatory IL-6 expression in female, but not male, mice. VTN signals through integrins and downstream focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here, a two day systemic treatment with a small molecule FAK inhibitor starting 6 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion reduced ipsilateral brain injury size by ∼40-45% at 7 and 14 d, as well as inflammation and motor dysfunction in wild-type female, but not male, mice. FAK inhibition also reduced IL-6 expression in the injured female striatum at 24 h by 62%. Inducible selective gene deletion of FAK in astrocytes also reduced acute IL-6 expression by 72% only in females, and mitigated infarct size by ∼80% and inflammation at 14 d after stroke. Lastly, VTN-/- females had better outcomes, but FAK inhibitor treatment had no additional protective or anti-inflammatory effects. Altogether, this suggests that VTN is detrimental in females primarily through FAK and that FAK inhibition provides neuroprotection (cerebroprotection) by reducing VTN-induced IL-6 expression in astrocytes. Thus, VTN signaling can be targeted to mitigate harmful inflammation with relevance to treatments for women with ischemic stroke, who often have worse outcomes than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chiharu Lovins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hannah M Malone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew P Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Tennessee, USA
| | - Theo Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Gabrielli M, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Verderio C. The multiple faces of extracellular vesicles released by microglia: Where are we 10 years after? Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:984690. [PMID: 36176630 PMCID: PMC9514840 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.984690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As resident component of the innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are key players in pathology. However, they also exert fundamental roles in brain development and homeostasis maintenance. They are extremely sensitive and plastic, as they assiduously monitor the environment, adapting their function in response to stimuli. On consequence, microglia may be defined a heterogeneous community of cells in a dynamic equilibrium. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by microglia mirror the dynamic nature of their donor cells, exerting important and versatile functions in the CNS as unbounded conveyors of bioactive signals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EVs released by microglia, highlighting their heterogeneous properties and multifaceted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gabrielli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Martina Gabrielli,
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Claudia Verderio,
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26
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Zhang Z, Li X, Zhou H, Zhou J. NG2-glia crosstalk with microglia in health and disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1663-1674. [PMID: 36000202 PMCID: PMC9532922 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly becoming a global problem. However, the pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases are not fully understood. NG2‐glia abnormalities and microglia activation are involved in the development and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the present understanding of the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia in physiological and pathological states and discuss unsolved questions concerning their fate and potential fate. First, we introduce the NG2‐glia and microglia in health and disease. Second, we formulate the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia. NG2‐glia proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis are influenced by factors released from the microglia. On the other hand, NG2‐glia also regulate microglia actions. We conclude that NG2‐glia and microglia are important immunomodulatory cells in the brain. Understanding the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia will help provide a novel method to modulate myelination and treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Xiao L, Ji X, Zhao H, Luo Y, Hu S, Zhao T, Hu Z, Duan J. A novel severe cerebral venous thrombosis rat model based on semi-ligation combined with ferric chloride and thrombin. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:2129-2140. [PMID: 36000206 PMCID: PMC9627376 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS An applicable cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) model is imperative for exploring its pathophysiology. We established a novel severe CVST model using semi-ligation, ferric chloride, and thrombin. METHODS A total of 138 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into semi-ligation (n = 75) and non-semi-ligation (n = 63) groups. A sham group (n = 46) was also included. We compared short-term and long-term neurological and cognitive dysfunction, mortality rates, thrombus load, venous infarction volume, the blood-brain barrier permeability, brain water content, and microglia activation among the three groups. RESULTS Thrombi involving multiple venous sinuses appeared in all semi-ligation rats within 2 days postoperatively. Compared with the non-semi-ligation group, short-term and long-term neurological dysfunction were more severe (p < 0.05), and thrombus weight, venous infarction volumes, and microglia activation were more significant (p < 0.05) in the semi-ligation group. Further, the cognitive function of the semi-ligation group significantly decreased (p < 0.05) on postoperative day 21. Cumulative mortality rates between the semi-ligation and non-semi-ligation groups did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION Semi-ligation combined with ferric chloride and thrombin can produce a severe CVST model with multiple venous sinus involvement, which is suitable for short- and long-term neurological and cognitive dysfunction assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipo Xiao
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension & Cerebral Venous Disease CenterNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyThe People's Hospital of QingxianCangzhouChina
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension & Cerebral Venous Disease CenterNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yumin Luo
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuyuan Hu
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension & Cerebral Venous Disease CenterNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tingyu Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension & Cerebral Venous Disease CenterNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zeliang Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiangang Duan
- Department of Emergency, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension & Cerebral Venous Disease CenterNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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28
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Zhu X, Li H, You W, Yu Z, Wang Z, Shen H, Li X, Yu H, Wang Z, Chen G. Role of Rph3A in brain injury induced by experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1124-1138. [PMID: 35467084 PMCID: PMC9160444 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim was to study the role of Rph3A in neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion. Methods The protein and mRNA levels of Rph3A in penumbra were detected by Western blot. The localization of Rph3A in different cell types in penumbra was detected by immunofluorescence. Apoptosis in the brain was detected by TUNEL staining. We tested neurobehavioral evaluation using rotarod test, adhesive‐removal test, and Morris Water maze test. We examined the expression and localization of Rph3A in cultured neurons and astrocytes in vitro by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. Results The mRNA and protein levels of Rph3A had significantly increased in brain penumbra of the rat MCAO/R model. Rph3A was mainly distributed in neurons and astrocytes and was significantly increased by MCAO/R. We downregulated Rph3A and found that it further worsened the cerebral infarct, neuronal death and behavioral, cognitive, and memory impairments in rats after MCAO/R. We also found that ischemia‐reperfusion upregulated the in vitro protein level and secretion of Rph3A in astrocytes but led to a decrease in the protein level of Rph3A in neurons. Conclusion The increase in Rph3A in the brain penumbra may be an endogenous protective mechanism against ischemia‐reperfusion injury, which is mainly dominated by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Nantong city, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Yu F, Wang Y, Stetler AR, Leak RK, Hu X, Chen J. Phagocytic microglia and macrophages in brain injury and repair. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1279-1293. [PMID: 35751629 PMCID: PMC9344092 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Phagocytosis is the cellular digestion of extracellular particles, such as pathogens and dying cells, and is a key element in the evolution of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Microglia and macrophages are the professional phagocytes of the CNS. By clearing toxic cellular debris and reshaping the extracellular matrix, microglia/macrophages help pilot the brain repair and functional recovery process. However, CNS resident and invading immune cells can also magnify tissue damage by igniting runaway inflammation and phagocytosing stressed-but viable-neurons. DISCUSSION Microglia/macrophages help mediate intercellular communication and react quickly to the "find-me" signals expressed by dead/dying neurons. The activated microglia/macrophages then migrate to the injury site to initiate the phagocytic process upon encountering "eat-me" signals on the surfaces of endangered cells. Thus, healthy cells attempt to avoid inappropriate engulfment by expressing "do not-eat-me" signals. Microglia/macrophages also have the capacity to phagocytose immune cells that invade the injured brain (e.g., neutrophils) and to regulate their pro-inflammatory properties. During brain recovery, microglia/macrophages engulf myelin debris, initiate synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, and sculpt a favorable extracellular matrix to support network rewiring, among other favorable roles. Here, we review the multilayered nature of phagocytotic microglia/macrophages, including the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern microglia/macrophage-induced phagocytosis in acute brain injury, and discuss strategies that tap into the therapeutic potential of this engulfment process. CONCLUSION Identification of biological targets that can temper neuroinflammation after brain injury without hindering the essential phagocytic functions of microglia/macrophages will expedite better medical management of the stroke recovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne R Stetler
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen D, Li J, Huang Y, Wei P, Miao W, Yang Y, Gao Y. Interleukin 13 promotes long-term recovery after ischemic stroke by inhibiting the activation of STAT3. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:112. [PMID: 35578342 PMCID: PMC9109418 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia/macrophages are activated after cerebral ischemic stroke and can contribute to either brain injury or recovery by polarizing microglia/macrophage into distinctive functional phenotypes with pro- or anti-inflammatory properties. Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates microglia/macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, it is not clear whether IL-13 is beneficial after ischemic stroke long-term and the underlying molecular mechanism(s) remain unknown. Thus, we examined the effect of IL-13 on long-term recovery and microglia/macrophage polarization in mice with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model (tMCAO). METHODS tMCAO was induced in adult male C57BL/6J mice. IL-13 (60 μg/kg) was administered intranasally starting 2 h after stroke and continued for seven consecutive days. Sensorimotor function, spatial learning and memory function, as well as brain infarct volume were assessed up to 35 days after stroke. White matter integrity was evaluated by electrophysiology, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Microglia/macrophage activation was assessed using immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in immune cells in the brain and the periphery, and expression of IL-13 receptors in different brain cells were detected by flow cytometry. Primary neuron/microglia co-cultures and a STAT3 inhibitor were used for mechanistic studies. RESULTS Post-treatment with IL-13 improved long-term neurofunctional recovery and decreased brain tissue atrophy after stroke. Intranasal delivery of IL-13 enhanced the structural and functional integrity of white matter after stroke. Furthermore, the neuroprotection afforded by IL-13 administration was not due to a direct effect on neurons, but by indirectly regulating the anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia/macrophages. IL-13 treatment also had no effect on peripheral immune cells. Mechanistically, IL-13 improved the long-term outcome after ischemic stroke by promoting the polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the anti-inflammatory phenotype at least partially by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS IL-13 promotes white matter repair and improves neurofunctional outcomes after ischemic stroke by modulating microglia/macrophages via inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaomei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
In both acute and chronic diseases, functional differences in host immune responses arise from a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Two of the most important factors affecting the immune response are biological sex and aging. Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease that predominately affects older individuals. Epidemiological studies have shown that older women have poorer functional outcomes compared with men, in part due to the older age at which they experience their first stroke and the increased comorbidities seen with aging. The immune response also differs in men and women, which could lead to altered inflammatory events that contribute to sex differences in poststroke recovery. Intrinsic factors including host genetics and chromosomal sex play a crucial role both in shaping the host immune system and in the neuroimmune response to brain injury. Ischemic stroke leads to altered intracellular communication between astrocytes, neurons, and resident immune cells in the central nervous system. Increased production of cytokines and chemokines orchestrate the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and promote neuroinflammation. To maintain immunosurveillance, the host immune and central nervous system are highly regulated by a diverse population of immune cells which are strategically distributed within the neurovascular unit and become activated with injury. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of sex-specific host immune responses in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.B., L.D.M.).,UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (A.B.)
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.B., L.D.M.)
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Tang T, Hu L, Liu Y, Fu X, Li J, Yan F, Cao S, Chen G. Sex-Associated Differences in Neurovascular Dysfunction During Ischemic Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:860959. [PMID: 35431804 PMCID: PMC9012443 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.860959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular units (NVUs) are basic functional units in the central nervous system and include neurons, astrocytes and vascular compartments. Ischemic stroke triggers not only neuronal damage, but also dissonance of intercellular crosstalk within the NVU. Stroke is sexually dimorphic, but the sex-associated differences involved in stroke-induced neurovascular dysfunction are studied in a limited extend. Preclinical studies have found that in rodent models of stroke, females have less neuronal loss, stronger repairing potential of astrocytes and more stable vascular conjunction; these properties are highly related to the cerebroprotective effects of female hormones. However, in humans, these research findings may be applicable only to premenopausal stroke patients. Women who have had a stroke usually have poorer outcomes compared to men, and because stoke is age-related, hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women may exacerbate stroke symptoms, which contradicts the findings of most preclinical studies. This stark contrast between clinical and laboratory findings suggests that understanding of neurovascular differences between the sexes is limited. Actually, apart from gonadal hormones, differences in neuroinflammation as well as genetics and epigenetics promote the sexual dimorphism of NVU functions. In this review, we summarize the confirmed sex-associated differences in NVUs during ischemic stroke and the possible contributing mechanisms. We also describe the gap between clinical and preclinical studies in terms of sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shenglong Cao,
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Gao Chen,
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Zeng YS, Ding Y, Xu HY, Zeng X, Lai BQ, Li G, Ma YH. Electro-acupuncture and its combination with adult stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury treatment: A summary of current laboratory findings and a review of literature. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:635-647. [PMID: 35174644 PMCID: PMC8981476 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and disability rate of spinal cord injury (SCI) worldwide are high, imposing a heavy burden on patients. Considerable research efforts have been directed toward identifying new strategies to effectively treat SCI. Governor Vessel electro‐acupuncture (GV‐EA), used in traditional Chinese medicine, combines acupuncture with modern electrical stimulation. It has been shown to improve the microenvironment of injured spinal cord (SC) by increasing levels of endogenous neurotrophic factors and reducing inflammation, thereby protecting injured neurons and promoting myelination. In addition, axons extending from transplanted stem cell‐derived neurons can potentially bridge the two severed ends of tissues in a transected SC to rebuild neuronal circuits and restore motor and sensory functions. However, every single treatment approach to severe SCI has proven unsatisfactory. Combining different treatments—for example, electro‐acupuncture (EA) with adult stem cell transplantation—appears to be a more promising strategy. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress over the past two decades by our team especially in the use of GV‐EA for the repair of SCI. By this strategy, we have shown that EA can stimulate the nerve endings of the meningeal branch. This would elicit the dorsal root ganglion neurons to secrete excess amounts of calcitonin gene‐related peptide centrally in the SC. The neuropeptide then activates the local cells to secrete neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), which mediates the survival and differentiation of donor stem cells overexpressing the NT‐3 receptor, at the injury/graft site of the SC. Increased local production of NT‐3 facilitates reconstruction of host neural tissue such as nerve fiber regeneration and myelination. All this events in sequence would ultimately strengthen the cortical motor‐evoked potentials and restore the motor function of paralyzed limbs. The information presented herein provides a basis for future studies on the clinical application of GV‐EA and adult stem cell transplantation for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Protective Effect of Mild Hypothermia on Spinal Cord Ischemia-Induced Delayed Paralysis and Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1212-1225. [PMID: 34993705 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the mechanism regarding the regulation of spinal cord ischemia (SCI) in rats by mild hypothermia. A SCI rat model was established through aorta occlusion, and in some cases, the rats were intervened with mild hypothermia, after which motor function, microglia activation, and M1/M2 polarization in rats were measured. Also, the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and neuronal apoptosis were examined. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 microglia and IL-4-induced M2 microglia were intrathecally injected into rats to evaluate the effect of microglial polarization on SCI. In in vitro experiments, primary microglial cells were treated under hypothermic condition, in which M1/M2 polarization and microglia apoptosis, the levels of iNOS, CD86, CD206, Arg-1 and inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Western blot analysis detected the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway to investigate the role of this pathway in M1/M2 polarization. SCI treatment impaired motor function, induced higher M1 microglia proportion, and increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats, and mild hypothermic treatment attenuated these trends. Moreover, injection of M1 microglia increased M1 microglia proportion and increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while injection of M2 microglia induced the reverse results, i.e. decreased M1 microglia proportion and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In LPS-induced microglial cells, mild hypothermia treatment increased M2 microglia proportion and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, relative to normothermia. Mild hypothermia inactivated the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in LPS-treated microglia. TLR4 overexpression reversed the function of mild hypothermia in LPS-stimulated microglia, and under normal condition, TLR4/NF-κB pathway suppressed microglial M2 polarization. Mild hypothermia inhibits TLR4/NF-κB pathway and promotes microglial M2 polarization, thus attenuating SCI-induced injury and inflammation.
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Polaryzacja mikrogleju i makrofagów w wybranych chorobach degeneracyjnych i zapalnych układu nerwowego. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstrakt
Makrofagi to komórki efektorowe układu odpornościowego zdolne do polaryzacji, czyli zmiany fenotypu powiązanej ze zmianą aktywności. Można wyróżnić: polaryzację klasyczną (M1), która służy obronie przed patogenami, a makrofagi M1 mają aktywność ogólnie prozapalną, oraz polaryzację alternatywną (M2), która sprzyja wygaszaniu stanu zapalnego i regeneracji tkanki. Makrofagi zasiedlają niemal cały organizm, więc zjawisko ich polaryzacji ma wpływ na wiele procesów zachodzących w różnych tkankach. W układzie nerwowym reprezentacją osiadłych makrofagów jest mikroglej. Jednak w wielu sytuacjach patologicznych w mózgu pojawiają się także makrofagi rekrutowane z monocytów krążących we krwi. Choroby neurodegeneracyjne, urazy i choroby autoimmunologiczne są związane z reakcją układu odpornościowego, która może mieć istotny wpływ na dalszy przebieg choroby i na tempo regeneracji tkanki. Polaryzacja makrofagów ma w związku z tym znaczenie w chorobach centralnego układu nerwowego. Aktywność komórek M1 i M2 może bowiem różnie wpływać na przeżywalność neuronów i oligodendrocytów, na wzrost aksonów, na proces demielinizacji czy na szczelność bariery krew–mózg. Wynika to z różnic między fenotypami w wytwarzaniu reaktywnych form tlenu i tlenku azotu, wydzielaniu cytokin i czynników wzrostu, bezpośrednich oddziaływaniach na sąsiednie komórki i zdolnościach do fagocytozy. W artykule omówiono to zagadnienie w: udarze mózgu, urazie rdzenia kręgowego, chorobie Alzheimera, stwardnieniu zanikowym bocznym i stwardnieniu rozsianym. W wielu spośród tych patologii obserwuje się gradient czasowy lub przestrzenny rozmieszczenia w tkance poszczególnych fenotypów mikrogleju i/lub makrofagów. Wydaje się zatem, że zmiany polaryzacji makrofagów mogą potencjalnie sprzyjać regeneracji tkanki lub hamować rozwój chorób neurodegeneracyjnych.
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Ding P, Chen W, Yan X, Zhang J, Li C, Zhang G, Wang Y, Li Y. BMPER alleviates ischemic brain injury by protecting neurons and inhibiting neuroinflammation via Smad3-Akt-Nrf2 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:593-607. [PMID: 34904361 PMCID: PMC8928915 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of proteins related to bone morphogenesis. BMP‐binding endothelial regulator (BMPER), a secreted protein that interacts with BMPs, is known to be involved in ischemic injuries. Here, we explored the effects of BMPER on cerebral ischemia and its mechanism of action. Methods A mouse model of brain ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). An in vitro ischemic model was established by subjecting primary cultured neurons to oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Serum levels of BMPs/BMPER were measured in MCAO mice and in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Brain damages were compared between BMPER‐ and vehicle‐treated mice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine neuroinflammation and cell death. BMPER‐related pathways were assessed by Western blotting. Results BMPER level was elevated in MCAO mice and AIS patients. BMPER administration reduced mortality, infarct size, brain edema, and neurological deficit after MCAO. Neuroinflammation and cell death after ischemia were alleviated by BMPER both in vivo and in vitro. BMPER activated the Smad3/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in OGD/R‐challenged neurons. Conclusion BMPER is a neuroprotective hormone that alleviates ischemic brain injury via activating the Smad3/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. These findings may provide potential therapeutic strategies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, PLA 983 Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodi Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Research Institute for Acupuncture Anesthesia, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Jung HH, Koh CS, Park M, Kim JH, Woo HN, Lee H, Chang JW. Microglial deactivation by adeno-associated virus expressing small-hairpin GCH1 has protective effects against neuropathic pain development in a spinothalamic tract-lesion model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:36-45. [PMID: 34845843 PMCID: PMC8673712 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury is one of the most difficult clinical problems after the loss of mobility, and pharmacological or neuromodulation therapy showed limited efficacy. In this study, we examine the possibility of pain modulation by a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) encoding small-hairpin RNA against GCH1 (rAAV-shGCH1) in a spinal cord injury model in which neuropathic pain was induced by a spinothalamic tract (STT) lesion. METHODS Micro-electric lesioning was used to damage the left STT in rats (n = 32), and either rAAV-shGCH1 (n = 19) or rAAV control (n = 6) was injected into the dorsal horn of the rats at the same time. On postoperative days 3, 7, and 14, we evaluated neuropathic pain using a behavioral test and microglial activation by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS A pain modulation effect of shGCH1 was observed from postoperative days 3 to 14. The mechanical withdrawal threshold was 13.0 ± 0.95 in the shGCH1 group, 4.3 ± 1.37 in the control group, and 3.49 ± 0.85 in sham on postoperative day 3 (p < 0.0001) and continued to postoperative day 14 (shGCH1 vs. control: 11.4 ± 1.1 vs. 2.05 ± 0.60, p < 0.001 and shGCH1 vs. sham: 11.4 ± 1.1 vs. 1.43 ± 0.54, p < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining of the spinal cord dorsal horn showed deactivation of microglia in the shGCH1 group without any change of delayed pattern of astrocyte activation as in STT model. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury can be modulated bilaterally by deactivating microglial activation after a unilateral injection of rAAV-shGCH1 into the dorsal horn of a STT lesion spinal cord pain model. This new attempt would be another therapeutic approach for NP after SCI, which once happens; there is no clear curative options still now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chin Su Koh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Na Woo
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heuiran Lee
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Mattingly J, Li Y, Bihl JC, Wang J. The promise of exosome applications in treating central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1437-1445. [PMID: 34636491 PMCID: PMC8611778 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles, are secreted from virtually all types of cells. EXs serve as cell-to-cell communicators by conveying proteins and nucleic acids with regulatory functions. Increasing evidence shows that EXs are implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Moreover, EXs have recently been highlighted as a new promising therapeutic strategy for in vivo delivery of nucleotides and drugs. Studies have revealed that infusion of EXs elicits beneficial effects on the CNS injury animal models. As compared to cell-based therapy, EXs-based therapy for CNS diseases has unique advantages, opening a new path for neurological medicine. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge of EXs, the roles and applications of EXs as a viable pathological biomarker, and EX-based therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Mattingly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBoonshoft School of MedicineWright State UniversityDaytonOhioUSA
| | - Ji C. Bihl
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
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Liu YJ, Chen XF, Zhou LP, Rao F, Zhang DY, Wang YH. A nerve conduit filled with Wnt5a-loaded fibrin hydrogels promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:145-157. [PMID: 34729936 PMCID: PMC8673702 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Peripheral nerve injury is a significant clinical problem with a substantial impact on quality of life, for which no optimal treatment has been found. This study aimed to analyze the effect and mechanism of Wnt5a‐loaded fibrin hydrogel on a 10‐mm rat sciatic nerve defect. Methods The Wnt5a‐loaded fibrin hydrogel was synthesized by mixing a Wnt5a solution with thrombin and fibrinogen solutions. The loading capacity and release profile of Wnt5a‐loaded fibrin hydrogel and the effect of Wnt5a on Schwann cells were evaluated in vitro. We also assessed the in vivo repair status via histological analysis of the regenerative nerve and gastrocnemius muscle, electrophysiological examination, gait analysis, and muscle wet weight. Results We developed a nerve conduit filled with Wnt5a‐loaded fibrin hydrogel (Fn) as a sustained‐release system to repair a 10‐mm rat sciatic nerve defect. In vitro, Wnt5a could promote SC proliferation and the gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and cholinergic neurotrophic factor (CNTF), as well as the protein secretion of VEGF and NGF. In vivo, the Wnt5a/Fn group was superior to the hollow, fibrin hydrogel, and Wnt5a groups in terms of axonal growth, myelination, electrophysiological recovery, target organ innervation, and motor function recovery 12 weeks after the operation. Conclusion The Wnt5a/Fn nerve conduit can promote peripheral nerve defect regeneration, with potential clinical applications. The mechanism for this may be the facilitation of multiple neurotrophin secretion, combining vascularization and neurotrophic growth cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Ministry of Education/ Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Ministry of Education/ Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Ministry of Education/ Peking University), Beijing, China
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40
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Pu H, Ma C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Miao W, Yu F, Hu X, Shi Y, Leak RK, Hitchens TK, Dixon CE, Bennett MV, Chen J. Intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 attenuates chronic cognitive deficits via beneficial microglial responses in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2870-2886. [PMID: 34259069 PMCID: PMC8545055 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211028680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly followed by long-term cognitive deficits that severely impact the quality of life in survivors. Recent studies suggest that microglial/macrophage (Mi/MΦ) polarization could have multidimensional impacts on post-TBI neurological outcomes. Here, we report that repetitive intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4) nanoparticles for 4 weeks after controlled cortical impact improved hippocampus-dependent spatial and non-spatial cognitive functions in adult C57BL6 mice, as assessed by a battery of neurobehavioral tests for up to 5 weeks after TBI. IL-4-elicited enhancement of cognitive functions was associated with improvements in the integrity of the hippocampus at the functional (e.g., long-term potentiation) and structural levels (CA3 neuronal loss, diffusion tensor imaging of white matter tracts, etc.). Mechanistically, IL-4 increased the expression of PPARγ and arginase-1 within Mi/MΦ, thereby driving microglia toward a global inflammation-resolving phenotype. Notably, IL-4 failed to shift microglial phenotype after TBI in Mi/MΦ-specific PPARγ knockout (mKO) mice, indicating an obligatory role for PPARγ in IL-4-induced Mi/MΦ polarization. Accordingly, post-TBI treatment with IL-4 failed to improve hippocampal integrity or cognitive functions in PPARγ mKO mice. These results demonstrate that administration of exogenous IL-4 nanoparticles stimulates PPARγ-dependent beneficial Mi/MΦ responses, and improves hippocampal function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Pu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cheng Ma
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wanying Miao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Vl Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hong S, Nagayach A, Lu Y, Peng H, Duong QVA, Pham NB, Vuong CA, Bazan NG. A high fat, sugar, and salt Western diet induces motor-muscular and sensory dysfunctions and neurodegeneration in mice during aging: Ameliorative action of metformin. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1458-1471. [PMID: 34510763 PMCID: PMC8611779 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To explore the novel linkage between a Western diet combining high saturated fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) and neurological dysfunctions during aging as well as Metformin intervention, we assessed cerebral cortex abnormalities associated with sensory and motor dysfunctions and cellular and molecular insights in brains using HFSS‐fed mice during aging. We also explored the effect of Metformin treatment on these mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFSS and treated with metformin from 20 to 22 months of age, resembling human aging from 56 to 68 years of age (an entry phase of the aged portion of lifespan). Results The motor and sensory cortexes in mice during aging after HFSS diet showed: (A) decreased motor‐muscular and sensory functions; (B) reduced inflammation‐resolving Arg‐1+ microglia; (C) increased inflammatory iNOs+ microglia and TNFα levels; (D) enhanced abundance of amyloid‐β peptide and of phosphorylated Tau. Metformin attenuated these changes. Conclusion A HFSS‐combined diet caused motor‐muscular and sensory dysfunctions, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, whereas metformin counteracted these effects. Our findings show neuroinflammatory consequences of a HFSS diet in aging. Metformin curbs the HFSS‐related neuroinflammation eliciting neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aarti Nagayach
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hongying Peng
- Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Quoc-Viet A Duong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas B Pham
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher A Vuong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Deora H, Umana GE. Chronic Kidney disease and stroke: A Bi-directional risk cascade and therapeutic update. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Inhibitory Effect of Gualou Guizhi Decoction on Microglial Inflammation and Neuron Injury by Promoting Anti-Inflammation via Targeting mmu-miR-155. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2549076. [PMID: 34457020 PMCID: PMC8387184 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2549076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) treatment exerts neuroprotective effects and promotes spasticity following ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of GLGZD treatment on ischemic stroke remains unclear. Our previous study indicated that GLGZD ameliorates neuronal damage caused by secondary inflammatory injury induced by microglia. In the present study, we investigate the potential mechanism of GLGZD treatment on neuron damage induced by neuroinflammation via mmu-miR-155 in vitro. The HT22 cell line and the BV2 cell line were exposed to oxygen/glucose-deprive (OGD) conditions; the conditioned medium was prepared using the supernatants from OGD-stimulated BV2 cells after pretreating with GLGZD. Cell viability was determined by MTT assays; levels of released inflammatory cytokines were assessed using the BioPlex system. mmu-miR-155 and its targeting genes were detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of anti-inflammatory proteins was evaluated by Western blotting. DAPI staining was used to test the apoptotic cells. Our results showed that GLGZD pretreatment significantly induced IL10 release and decreased the production of TNF-α, IL6, and IFN-γ. In addition, GLGZD markedly attenuated mmu-miR-155 expression and its downstream SOCS1, SMAD2, SHIP1, and TAB2 expression levels. The DAPI-stained apoptotic cell death and caspase-3 activation in HT22 cells exposed to the conditioned medium were reversed by GLGZD treatment. Our findings suggested that GLGZD pretreatment downregulates the mmu-miR-155 signaling, which inhibits microglial inflammation, thereby resulting in the suppression of neuron apoptosis after OGD stress. The underlying mechanisms may provide the support for GLGZD treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Inampudi C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Crack PJ. Genetic Modulators of Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal Models and the Impact of Sex-Dependent Effects. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:706-723. [PMID: 32027210 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem causing disability and death worldwide. There is no effective treatment, due in part to the complexity of the injury pathology and factors affecting its outcome. The extent of brain injury depends on the type of insult, age, sex, lifestyle, genetic risk factors, socioeconomic status, other co-injuries, and underlying health problems. This review discusses the genes that have been directly tested in TBI models, and whether their effects are known to be sex-dependent. Sex differences can affect the incidence, symptom onset, pathology, and clinical outcomes following injury. Adult males are more susceptible at the acute phase and females show greater injury in the chronic phase. TBI is not restricted to a single sex; despite variations in the degree of symptom onset and severity, it is important to consider both female and male animals in TBI pre-clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Inampudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Vanhunsel S, Bergmans S, Beckers A, Etienne I, Van Houcke J, Seuntjens E, Arckens L, De Groef L, Moons L. The killifish visual system as an in vivo model to study brain aging and rejuvenation. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 34404797 PMCID: PMC8371010 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, people are getting older, and this prolonged lifespan unfortunately also results in an increased prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, contributing to a diminished life quality of elderly. Age-associated neuropathies typically include diseases leading to dementia (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), as well as eye diseases such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Despite many research attempts aiming to unravel aging processes and their involvement in neurodegeneration and functional decline, achieving healthy brain aging remains a challenge. The African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) is the shortest-lived reported vertebrate that can be bred in captivity and displays many of the aging hallmarks that have been described for human aging, which makes it a very promising biogerontology model. As vision decline is an important hallmark of aging as well as a manifestation of many neurodegenerative diseases, we performed a comprehensive characterization of this fish's aging visual system. Our work reveals several aging hallmarks in the killifish retina and brain that eventually result in a diminished visual performance. Moreover, we found evidence for the occurrence of neurodegenerative events in the old killifish retina. Altogether, we introduce the visual system of the fast-aging killifish as a valuable model to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying aging in the vertebrate central nervous system. These findings put forward the killifish for target validation as well as drug discovery for rejuvenating or neuroprotective therapies ensuring healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanhunsel
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jolien Van Houcke
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Arckens
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cai M, Sun S, Wang J, Dong B, Yang Q, Tian L, Dong H, Wang S, Hou W. Sevoflurane preconditioning protects experimental ischemic stroke by enhancing anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophages phenotype polarization through GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1348-1365. [PMID: 34370899 PMCID: PMC8504524 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sevoflurane preconditioning (SPC) results in cerebral ischemic tolerance; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Promoting microglia/macrophages polarization from pro‐inflammatory state to anti‐inflammatory phenotype has been indicated as a potential treatment target against ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of SPC on microglia polarization after stroke and which signaling pathway was involved in this transition. Methods Mouse primary microglia with SPC were challenged by oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and mice with SPC were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, the mRNA and protein levels of pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory factors were analyzed. GSK‐3β phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were measured. The mRNA and protein expression of pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory factors, neurological scores, infarct volume, cellular apoptosis, the proportion of pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages, and the generation of super‐oxidants were examined after SPC or GSK‐3β inhibitor TDZD treatment with or without Nrf2 deficiency. Results Sevoflurane preconditioning promoted anti‐inflammatory and inhibited pro‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. GSK‐3β phosphorylation at Ser9 was increased after SPC. Both SPC and TDZD administration enhanced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, reduced pro‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages markers expression, promoted anti‐inflammatory markers level, and elicited a neuroprotective effect. Nrf2 deficiency abolished the promoted anti‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages polarization and ischemic tolerance induced by TDZD treatment. The reduced percentage of pro‐inflammatory positive cells and super‐oxidants generation induced by SFC or TDZD was also reversed by Nrf2 knockdown. Conclusions Our results indicated that SPC exerts brain ischemic tolerance and promotes anti‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages polarization by GSK‐3β‐dependent Nrf2 activation, which provides a novel mechanism for SPC‐induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sisi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,The Medical Department of the Emergence Centre of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Beibei Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,The Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Zhu H, Jian Z, Zhong Y, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Hu X, Pu B, Gu L, Xiong X. Janus Kinase Inhibition Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke Injury and Neuroinflammation Through Reducing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via JAK2/STAT3 Pathway Inhibition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714943. [PMID: 34367186 PMCID: PMC8339584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory responses play a multiphase role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic stroke (IS). Ruxolitinib (Rux), a selective oral JAK 1/2 inhibitor, reduces inflammatory responses via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Based on its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, we hypothesized that it may have a protective effect against stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhibition of JAK2 has a neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. Methods Rux, MCC950 or vehicle was applied to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice in vivo and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro. After 3 days of reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume and brain water content were assessed. Immunofluorescence staining and western blots were used to measure the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. The infiltrating cells were investigated by flow cytometry. Proinflammatory cytokines were assessed by RT-qPCR. The expression of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway was measured by western blots. Local STAT3 deficiency in brain tissue was established with a lentiviral vector carrying STAT3 shRNA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to investigate the interplay between NLRP3 and STAT3 signaling. Results Rux treatment improved neurological scores, decreased the infarct size and ameliorated cerebral edema 3 days after stroke. In addition, immunofluorescence staining and western blots showed that Rux application inhibited the expression of proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome and phosphorylated STAT3 (P-STAT3) in neurons and microglia/macrophages. Furthermore, Rux administration inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6, suggesting that Rux may alleviate IS injury by inhibiting proinflammatory reactions via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway regulation. Infiltrating macrophages, B, T, cells were also reduced by Rux. Local STAT3 deficiency in brain tissue decreased histone H3 and H4 acetylation on the NLRP3 promoter and NLRP3 inflammasome component expression, indicating that the NLRP3 inflammasome may be directly regulated by STAT3 signaling. Rux application suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome secretion and JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation in the OGD/R model in vitro. Conclusion JAK2 inhibition by Rux in MCAO mice decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, thus inhibiting the expression of downstream proinflammatory cytokines and the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 on the NLRP3 promoter, resulting in the downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bei Pu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ma L, Peng S, Wei J, Zhao M, Ahmad KA, Chen J, Wang YX. Spinal microglial β-endorphin signaling mediates IL-10 and exenatide-induced inhibition of synaptic plasticity in neuropathic pain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1157-1172. [PMID: 34111331 PMCID: PMC8446220 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the regulation of pain hypersensitivity induced by the spinal synaptic transmission mechanisms underlying interleukin (IL)-10 and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exenatide-induced pain anti-hypersensitivity in neuropathic rats through spinal nerve ligations. METHODS Neuropathic pain model was established by spinal nerve ligation of L5/L6 and verified by electrophysiological recording and immunofluorescence staining. Microglial expression of β-endorphin through autocrine IL-10- and exenatide-induced inhibition of glutamatergic transmission were performed by behavioral tests coupled with whole-cell recording of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) through application of endogenous and exogenous IL-10 and β-endorphin. RESULTS Intrathecal injections of IL-10, exenatide, and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists β-endorphin and DAMGO inhibited thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats. Whole-cell recordings of bath application of exenatide, IL-10, and β-endorphin showed similarly suppressed enhanced frequency and amplitude of the mEPSCs in the spinal dorsal horn neurons of laminae II, but did not reduce the frequency and amplitude of mIPSCs in neuropathic rats. The inhibitory effects of IL-10 and exenatide on pain hypersensitive behaviors and spinal synaptic plasticity were totally blocked by pretreatment of IL-10 antibody, β-endorphin antiserum, and MOR antagonist CTAP. In addition, the microglial metabolic inhibitor minocycline blocked the inhibitory effects of IL-10 and exenatide but not β-endorphin on spinal synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSION This suggests that spinal microglial expression of β-endorphin mediates IL-10- and exenatide-induced inhibition of glutamatergic transmission and pain hypersensitivity via presynaptic and postsynaptic MORs in spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Wei
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjing Zhao
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Khalil Ali Ahmad
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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Shen Z, Xu H, Song W, Hu C, Guo M, Li J, Li J. Galectin-1 ameliorates perioperative neurocognitive disorders in aged mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:842-856. [PMID: 33942523 PMCID: PMC8193703 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is higher in the elderly patients undergoing surgery. Microglia activation‐mediated neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PND. Galectin‐1 has been identified as a pivotal modulator in the central nervous system (CNS), while the role of galectin‐1 in PND induced by microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation is still undetermined. Methods An exploratory laparotomy model anesthetized with isoflurane was employed to investigate the role of galectin‐1 on PND in aged mice. Open field test and Morris water maze were used to test the cognitive function 3‐ or 7‐days post‐surgery. The activation of microglia in the hippocampus of aged mice was tested by immunohistochemistry. Western blot, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results Galectin‐1 attenuated the cognitive dysfunction induced by surgery in aged mice and inhibited microglial activity. Moreover, galectin‐1 decreased the expression level of inflammatory proteins (interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α), and prevented neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Galectin‐1 inhibited the inflammation of BV2 microglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide via decreasing the translocation of NF‐κB p65 and c‐Jun, while this kind of inhibition was rescued when overexpressing IRAK1. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that galectin‐1 may inhibit IRAK1 expression, thus suppressing inflammatory response, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and improving ensuing cognitive dysfunction. Collectively, these findings unveil that galectin‐1 may elicit protective effects on surgery‐induced neuroinflammation and neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Chowen JA, Garcia-Segura LM. Role of glial cells in the generation of sex differences in neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111473. [PMID: 33766745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diseases and aging-associated alterations of the nervous system often show sex-specific characteristics. Glial cells play a major role in the endogenous homeostatic response of neural tissue, and sex differences in the glial transcriptome and function have been described. Therefore, the possible role of these cells in the generation of sex differences in pathological alterations of the nervous system is reviewed here. Studies have shown that glia react to pathological insults with sex-specific neuroprotective and regenerative effects. At least three factors determine this sex-specific response of glia: sex chromosome genes, gonadal hormones and neuroactive steroid hormone metabolites. The sex chromosome complement determines differences in the transcriptional responses in glia after brain injury, while gonadal hormones and their metabolites activate sex-specific neuroprotective mechanisms in these cells. Since the sex-specific neuroprotective and regenerative activity of glial cells causes sex differences in the pathological alterations of the nervous system, glia may represent a relevant target for sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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