1
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Zoltowska KM, Das U, Lismont S, Enzlein T, Maesako M, Houser MCQ, Franco ML, Özcan B, Moreira DG, Karachentsev D, Becker A, Hopf C, Vilar M, Berezovska O, Mobley W, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Alzheimer's disease linked Aβ42 exerts product feedback inhibition on γ-secretase impairing downstream cell signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.02.551596. [PMID: 37577527 PMCID: PMC10418207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides accumulating in the brain are proposed to trigger Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, molecular cascades underlying their toxicity are poorly defined. Here, we explored a novel hypothesis for Aβ42 toxicity that arises from its proven affinity for γ-secretases. We hypothesized that the reported increases in Aβ42, particularly in the endolysosomal compartment, promote the establishment of a product feedback inhibitory mechanism on γ-secretases, and thereby impair downstream signaling events. We show that human Aβ42 peptides, but neither murine Aβ42 nor human Aβ17-42 (p3), inhibit γ-secretases and trigger accumulation of unprocessed substrates in neurons, including C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of APP, p75 and pan-cadherin. Moreover, Aβ42 treatment dysregulated cellular -homeostasis, as shown by the induction of p75-dependent neuronal death in two distinct cellular systems. Our findings raise the possibility that pathological elevations in Aβ42 contribute to cellular toxicity via the γ-secretase inhibition, and provide a novel conceptual framework to address Aβ toxicity in the context of γ-secretase-dependent homeostatic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Masato Maesako
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Mei CQ Houser
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - María Luisa Franco
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Burcu Özcan
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dmitry Karachentsev
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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2
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Garman A, Ash AM, Kokkinos EK, Nerland D, Winter L, Langreck CB, Forgette ML, Girgenti MJ, Banasr M, Duric V. Novel hippocampal genes involved in enhanced susceptibility to chronic pain-induced behavioral emotionality. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176273. [PMID: 38135263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Altered mood and psychiatric disorders are commonly associated with chronic pain conditions; however, brain mechanisms linking pain and comorbid clinical depression are still largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify whether key genes/cellular mechanisms underlie susceptibility/resiliency to development of depressive-like behaviors during chronic pain state. Genome-wide RNA-seq analysis was used to examine the transcriptomic profile of the hippocampus, a limbic brain region that regulates mood and stress responses, from male rats exposed to chronic inflammatory pain. Pain-exposed animals were separated into either 'resilient' or 'susceptible' to development of enhanced behavioral emotionality based on behavioral testing. RNA-seq bioinformatic analysis, followed by validation using qPCR, revealed dysregulation of hippocampal genes involved in neuroinflammation, cell cycle/neurogenesis and blood-brain barrier integrity. Specifically, ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 8 (Adam8) and Aurora Kinase B (Aurkb), genes with functional roles in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and microgliosis, respectively, were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus of 'susceptible' animals expressing increased behavioral emotionality. In addition, genes associated with blood-brain barrier integrity, such as the Claudin 4 (Cldn4), a tight junction protein and a known marker of astrocyte activation, were also significantly dysregulated between 'resilient' or 'susceptible' pain groups. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further characterized in rodents stress models to determine whether their hippocampal dysregulation is driven by common stress responses vs. affective pain processing. Altogether these results continue to strengthen the connection between dysregulation of hippocampal genes involved in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes with increased behavioral emotionality often expressed in chronic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Garman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Allison M Ash
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Ellesavette K Kokkinos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Dakota Nerland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Lori Winter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Cory B Langreck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Morgan L Forgette
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanja Duric
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
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3
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Dias-Carvalho A, Sá SI, Carvalho F, Fernandes E, Costa VM. Inflammation as common link to progressive neurological diseases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:95-119. [PMID: 37964100 PMCID: PMC10761431 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy has increased immensely over the past decades, bringing new challenges to the health systems as advanced age increases the predisposition for many diseases. One of those is the burden of neurologic disorders. While many hypotheses have been placed to explain aging mechanisms, it has been widely accepted that the increasing pro-inflammatory status with advanced age or "inflammaging" is a main determinant of biological aging. Furthermore, inflammaging is at the cornerstone of many age-related diseases and its involvement in neurologic disorders is an exciting hypothesis. Indeed, aging and neurologic disorders development in the elderly seem to share some basic pathways that fundamentally converge on inflammation. Peripheral inflammation significantly influences brain function and contributes to the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of progressive neurological diseases is of crucial importance for developing effective treatments and interventions that can slow down or prevent disease progression, therefore, decreasing its social and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dias-Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana Isabel Sá
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Serneels L, Bammens L, Zwijsen A, Tolia A, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, De Strooper B. Functional and topological analysis of PSENEN, the fourth subunit of the γ-secretase complex. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105533. [PMID: 38072061 PMCID: PMC10790097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complexes are intramembrane cleaving proteases involved in the generation of the Aβ peptides in Alzheimer's disease. The complex consists of four subunits, with Presenilin harboring the catalytic site. Here, we study the role of the smallest subunit, PSENEN or Presenilin enhancer 2, encoded by the gene Psenen, in vivo and in vitro. We find a profound Notch deficiency phenotype in Psenen-/- embryos confirming the essential role of PSENEN in the γ-secretase complex. We used Psenen-/- fibroblasts to explore the structure-function of PSENEN by the scanning cysteine accessibility method. Glycine 22 and proline 27, which border the membrane domains 1 and 2 of PSENEN, are involved in complex formation and stabilization of γ-secretase. The hairpin structured hydrophobic membrane domains 1 and 2 are exposed to a water-containing cavity in the complex, while transmembrane domain 3 is not water exposed. We finally demonstrate the essential role of PSENEN for the cleavage activity of the complex. PSENEN is more than a structural component of the γ-secretase complex and might contribute to the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Serneels
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Bammens
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tolia
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Cheng Q, Wu J, Xia Y, Cheng Q, Zhao Y, Zhu P, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Li C, Chen G, Xue B. Disruption of protein geranylgeranylation in the cerebellum causes cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia via blocking granule cell progenitor proliferation. Mol Brain 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 36782228 PMCID: PMC9923931 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenylation of proteins is involved in a variety of biological functions. However, it remains unknown whether it plays an important role in the morphogenesis of the cerebellum. To address this question, we generated a mouse model, in which the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (Ggps1) gene is inactivated in neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebellum. We report that conditional knockout (cKO) of Ggps1 leads to severe ataxia and deficient locomotion. To identify the underlying mechanisms, we completed a series of cellular and molecular experiments. First, our morphological analysis revealed significantly decreased population of granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and impaired proliferation of GCPs in the developing cerebellum of Ggps1 cKO mice. Second, our molecular analysis showed increased expression of p21, an important cell cycle regulator in Ggps1 cKO mice. Together, this study highlights a critical role of Ggpps-dependent protein prenylation in the proliferation of cerebellar GCPs during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Jing Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 China
| | - Yingqian Xia
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Qing Cheng
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 Jiangsu China
| | - Yinjuan Zhao
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Peixiang Zhu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Wangling Zhang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Shihu Zhang
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center of Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui Province China
| | - Yushan Yuan
- Medical Imaging Center of Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui Province China
| | - Chaojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center On Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Bin Xue
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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6
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Lang AL, Eulalio T, Fox E, Yakabi K, Bukhari SA, Kawas CH, Corrada MM, Montgomery SB, Heppner FL, Capper D, Nachun D, Montine TJ. Methylation differences in Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:174. [PMID: 36447297 PMCID: PMC9710143 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia with advancing age as its strongest risk factor. AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) is known to be associated with numerous DNA methylation changes in the human brain, but the oldest old (> 90 years) have so far been underrepresented in epigenetic studies of ADNC. Our study participants were individuals aged over 90 years (n = 47) from The 90+ Study. We analyzed DNA methylation from bulk samples in eight precisely dissected regions of the human brain: middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, CA1, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and cerebellar cortex. We deconvolved our bulk data into cell-type-specific (CTS) signals using computational methods. CTS methylation differences were analyzed across different levels of ADNC. The highest amount of ADNC related methylation differences was found in the dentate gyrus, a region that has so far been underrepresented in large scale multi-omic studies. In neurons of the dentate gyrus, DNA methylation significantly differed with increased burden of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques at 5897 promoter regions of protein-coding genes. Amongst these, higher Aβ plaque burden was associated with promoter hypomethylation of the Presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2) gene, one of the rate limiting genes in the formation of gamma-secretase, a multicomponent complex that is responsible in part for the endoproteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein into Aβ peptides. In addition to novel ADNC related DNA methylation changes, we present the most detailed array-based methylation survey of the old aged human brain to date. Our open-sourced dataset can serve as a brain region reference panel for future studies and help advance research in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Lang
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tiffany Eulalio
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Eddie Fox
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Koya Yakabi
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Syed A. Bukhari
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Claudia H. Kawas
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868-4280 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Maria M. Corrada
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868-4280 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Stephen B. Montgomery
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Frank L. Heppner
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Capper
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Nachun
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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7
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Liu T, Zhu X, Huang C, Chen J, Shu S, Chen G, Xu Y, Hu Y. ERK inhibition reduces neuronal death and ameliorates inflammatory responses in forebrain-specific Ppp2cα knockout mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22515. [PMID: 35997299 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that PP2A is critical for apoptosis in neural progenitor cells. However, it remains unknown whether PP2A is required for neuronal survival. To address this question, we generated forebrain-specific Ppp2cα knockout (KO) mice. We show that Ppp2cα KO mice display robust neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses in the postnatal cortex. Previous evidence has revealed that PD98059 is a potent ERK inhibitor and may protect the brain against cell death after cardiac arrest. To study whether PD98059 may have any effects on Ppp2cα KO mice, the latter was treated with this inhibitor. We demonstrated that the total number of cleaved caspase3 positive (+) cells in the cortex was significantly reduced in Ppp2cα KO mice treated with PD98059 compared with those without PD98059 treatment. We observed that the total number of IBA1+ cells in the cortex was significantly decreased in Ppp2cα KO mice treated with PD98059. Mechanistic analysis reveals that deletion of PP2Aca causes DNA damage, which may be attenuated by PD98059. Together, this study suggests that inhibition of ERK may be an effective strategy to reduce cell death in brain diseases with abnormal neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Shu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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8
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Hou J, Bi H, Ge Q, Teng H, Wan G, Yu B, Jiang Q, Gu X. Heterogeneity analysis of astrocytes following spinal cord injury at single-cell resolution. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22442. [PMID: 35816276 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play many important functions in response to spinal cord injury (SCI) in an activated manner, including clearance of necrotic tissue, formation of protective barrier, maintenance of microenvironment balance, interaction with immune cells, and formation of the glial scar. More and more studies have shown that the astrocytes are heterogeneous, such as inflammatory astrocyte 1 (A1) and neuroprotective astrocyte 2 (A2) types. However, the subtypes of astrocyte resulting from SCI have not been clearly defined. In this study, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we constructed the transcriptomic profile of astrocytes from uninjured spinal cord tissue and injured tissue nearby the lesion epicenter at 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14, 60, and 90 days after mouse hemisection spinal cord surgery. Our analysis uncovered six transcriptionally distinct astrocyte states, including Atp1b2+ , S100a4+ , Gpr84+ , C3+ /G0s2+ , GFAP+ /Tm4sf1+ , and Gss+ /Cryab+ astrocytes. We used these new signatures combined with canonical astrocyte markers to determine the distribution of morphologically and physiologically distinct astrocyte population at injured sites by immunofluorescence staining. Then we identified the dynamic evolution process of each astrocyte subtype following SCI. Finally, we also revealed the evolution of highly expressed genes in these astrocyte subtypes at different phases of SCI. Together, we provided six astrocyte subtypes at single-cell resolution following SCI. These data not only contribute to understand the heterogeneity of astrocytes during SCI but also help to find new astrocyte subtypes as a target for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiting Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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Ye X, Chen L, Wang H, Peng S, Liu M, Yao L, Zhang Y, Shi YS, Cao Y, Yang JJ, Chen G. Genetic inhibition of PDK1 robustly reduces plaque deposition and ameliorates gliosis in the 5×FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12839. [PMID: 35881686 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Abundant recent evidence has shown that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is activated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether inhibition of PDK1 in neurons may affect AD-like pathology in animal models of AD. Here, we aim to examine the effects of specific inactivation of neuronal PDK1 on pathology and behaviour in 5×FAD mice and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The Cre-loxP system was employed to generate Pdk1 cKO/5×FAD mice, in which PDK1 is inactivated in excitatory neurons in the adult forebrain. Cellular and behavioural techniques were used to examine plaque burden, inflammatory responses and spatial working memory in mice. Biochemical and molecular analyses were conducted to investigate relevant mechanisms. RESULTS First, Aβ deposition was massively decreased and gliosis was highly attenuated in Pdk1 cKO/5×FAD mice compared with 5×FAD mice. Second, memory deficits were significantly improved in Pdk1 cKO/5×FAD mice. Third, APP levels were notably decreased in Pdk1 cKO/5×FAD mice. Fourth, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling and ribosome biogenesis were reduced in Pdk1 cKO/5×FAD mice. CONCLUSIONS Neuron-specific deletion of PDK1 robustly ameliorates AD-like pathology and improves spatial working memory in 5×FAD mice. We propose that genetic approach to inhibit PDK1 may be an effective strategy to slow AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shixiao Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyang Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Zou X, Gao J, Ji MH, Chen G. Presenilin enhancer 2 is crucial for the transition of apical progenitors into neurons but into not basal progenitors in the developing hippocampus. Development 2022; 149:275418. [PMID: 35575074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2; Psenen) plays an essential role in corticogenesis by regulating the switch of apical progenitors (APs) to basal progenitors (BPs). The hippocampus is a brain structure required for advanced functions, including spatial navigation, learning and memory. However, it remains unknown whether Pen2 is important for hippocampal morphogenesis. To address this question, we generated Pen2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which Pen2 is inactivated in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the hippocampal primordium. We showed that Pen2 cKO mice exhibited hippocampal malformation and decreased population of NPCs in the neuroepithelium of the hippocampus. We found that deletion of Pen2 neither affected the proliferative capability of APs nor the switch of APs to BPs in the hippocampus, and that it caused enhanced transition of APs to neurons. We demonstrated that expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) significantly increased the population of NPCs in the Pen2 cKO hippocampus. Collectively, this study uncovers a crucial role for Pen2 in the maintenance of NPCs during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Xia
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210003
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China, 226001
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11
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Hou J, Bi H, Ye Z, Huang W, Zou G, Zou X, Shi YS, Shen Y, Ma Q, Kirchhoff F, Hu Y, Chen G. Pen-2 Negatively Regulates the Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells into Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4976-4990. [PMID: 33972402 PMCID: PMC8197633 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2455-19.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations on γ-secretase subunits are associated with neurologic diseases. Whereas the role of γ-secretase in neurogenesis has been intensively studied, little is known about its role in astrogliogenesis. Recent evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes can be generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, it is not well understood what mechanism may control OPCs to differentiate into astrocytes. To address the above questions, we generated two independent lines of oligodendrocyte lineage-specific presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2) conditional KO mice. Both male and female mice were used. Here we demonstrate that conditional inactivation of Pen-2 mediated by Olig1-Cre or NG2-CreERT2 causes enhanced generation of astrocytes. Lineage-tracing experiments indicate that abnormally generated astrocytes are derived from Cre-expressing OPCs in the CNS in Pen-2 conditional KO mice. Mechanistic analysis reveals that deletion of Pen-2 inhibits the Notch signaling to upregulate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which triggers activation of GFAP to promote astrocyte differentiation. Together, these novel findings indicate that Pen-2 regulates the specification of astrocytes from OPCs through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Astrocytes and oligodendrocyte (OLs) play critical roles in the brain. Recent evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes can be generated from OL precursor cells (OPCs). However, it remains poorly understood what mechanism governs the differentiation of OPCs into astrocytes. In this study, we took advantage of OL lineage cells specific presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2) conditional KO mice. We show that deletion of Pen-2 leads to dramatically enhanced astrocyte differentiation from OPCs in the CNS. Mechanistic analysis reveals that deletion of Pen-2 inhibits Hes1 and activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 to trigger GFAP activation which promotes astrocyte differentiation. Overall, this study identifies a novel function of Pen-2 in astrogliogenesis from OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Huiru Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Zhuoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, D-66421, Germany
| | - Gang Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Quanhong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, D-66421, Germany
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
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Bi HR, Zhou CH, Zhang YZ, Cai XD, Ji MH, Yang JJ, Chen GQ, Hu YM. Neuron-specific deletion of presenilin enhancer2 causes progressive astrogliosis and age-related neurodegeneration in the cortex independent of the Notch signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:174-185. [PMID: 32961023 PMCID: PMC7816208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Presenilin enhancer2 (Pen‐2) is an essential subunit of γ‐secretase, which is a key protease responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Mutations on Pen‐2 cause familial Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether Pen‐2 regulates neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in the adult brain. Methods Forebrain neuron‐specific Pen‐2 conditional knockout (Pen‐2 cKO) mice were generated for this study. Pen‐2 cKO mice expressing Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) conditionally in cortical neurons were also generated. Results Loss of Pen‐2 causes astrogliosis followed by age‐dependent cortical atrophy and neuronal loss. Loss of Pen‐2 results in microgliosis and enhanced inflammatory responses in the cortex. Expression of NICD in Pen‐2 cKO cortices ameliorates neither neurodegeneration nor neuroinflammation. Conclusions Pen‐2 is required for neuronal survival in the adult cerebral cortex. The Notch signaling may not be involved in neurodegeneration caused by loss of Pen‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Bi
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Cai
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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