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Borer KT. Twice-Weekly 36-Hour Intermittent Fasting Practice Attenuates Hunger, Quadruples ß-Hydroxybutyrate, and Maintains Weight Loss: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e57979. [PMID: 38738128 PMCID: PMC11085973 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) approach to weight loss obviates the inconvenience of calorie counting required in daily caloric restriction (DCR). A metabolic defense mechanism (MDM) obstructs weight loss and facilitates weight regain possibly by increasing hunger and efficiency of exercise energy expenditure (EEf), and by reducing resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure (EE) including physical activity (PA). IF may test whether its paradigm can better counteract MDM than DCR. A knowledge gap exists about whether the duration of weekly uninterrupted fasts (UFs), when the IF protocols are isocaloric, affects the MDM. The aim and objective of this 82-week study were to determine whether 36 hours of near-absolute twice-weekly UF will exacerbate MDM but generate similar rates of weight and fat losses compared to four IF studies featuring 20 hours of weekly UF with both IF protocols matched for weekly hours of fast (108) and free access to food (60), a fasting-to-eating (F/E) ratio of 1.8. This case report presents results of twice-weekly fasting on non-consecutive days (5:2-NC) and compares them to results from a 4:3-NC protocol with a 20-hour UF caused by a modification of providing a 500-600 kcal meal on three fasting days (M4:3-NC). Because the large meal raises insulin concentration for four hours at the start of the fasting day, the 20-hour UF consists of the remaining eight hours on the fasting day, followed by 12 additional nocturnal hours of fasting. The hypotheses were that (1) because of their matched F/E ratio, the rates of weight and fat losses will be similar in both protocols, and (2) because of its longer UF period, hunger will be higher and RMR and EE will be lower, in 5:2-NC than in M4:3-NC protocol. The main findings were that the 5:2-NC protocol produced (1) slower rates of weight and fat losses, (2) modest reduction in the sensation of hunger and substantial decline in fullness, (3) no change in RMR and EE, and (4) fourfold post-fast increase in the circulating concentration of the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 2.5 greater than in the M4:3-NC protocol. The absence of increased hunger and changes in EE, the variability of the rate of weight loss in the 5:2-NC protocol, plus increased EEf in one M4:3-NC study, suggest that IF does not mitigate MDM, but that shortened UF period in M4:3-NC reduces the rise in BHB. Thus, the addition of a large meal on fasting days is unnecessary for the prevention of hunger and is counterproductive for increases in BHB and its potential health benefits. Continuous practice of the 5:2-NC protocol allows sustained weight loss and maintenance of lost weight with diminished hunger for as long as it is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina T Borer
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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2
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Zhao J, Duan X, Zhang L, Zhao X, Yang J, Sun N, Zhao W. Comparative efficacy of energy-restricted dietary interventions in overweight and obese populations: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Nurs Health Sci 2024; 26:e13083. [PMID: 38356103 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of different energy-restricted diets on body composition, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese populations. Five databases were searched to identify relevant studies in English from inception until July 20, 2023, for randomized controlled trials of at least 2 weeks duration assessing the effects of continuous energy-restricted diets compared with any intermittent energy-restricted diet in obesity adults. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool version 2.0, while the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) system was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. A non-informative prior distribution Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. Thirty-eight studies (3039 participants) assessing four energy-restricted diets were included. Three RCTs were at high risk of bias with a very low to moderate certainty of evidence. Combined with pairwise comparisons and surface under the cumulative ranking curve, alternate-day fasting may be the best energy restriction regimen with the potential to have the most beneficial effects on various aspects of the obesity population. More rigorously designed and long-term follow-up studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xincheng Duan
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Longwei Zhang
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Zhao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Na Sun
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Billingsley HE. The effect of time of eating on cardiometabolic risk in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3633. [PMID: 36914410 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous energy restriction is currently considered the first-line dietary therapy for weight loss in individuals with obesity. Recently, interventions which alter the eating window and time of eating occasions have been explored as means to achieve weight loss and other cardiometabolic improvements such as a reduction in blood pressure, glycaemia, lipids and inflammation. It is unknown, however, whether these changes result from unintentional energy restriction or from other mechanisms such as the alignment of nutrient intake with the internal circadian clock. Even less is known regarding the safety and efficacy of these interventions in individuals with established chronic noncommunicable disease states, such as cardiovascular disease. This review examines the effects of interventions which alter both eating window and time of eating occasions on weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors in both healthy participants and those with established cardiovascular disease. We then summarise the state of existing knowledge and explore future directions of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Billingsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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4
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Schroor MM, Joris PJ, Plat J, Mensink RP. Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Compared with Those of Continuous Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100130. [PMID: 37827491 PMCID: PMC10831889 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in intermittent energy restriction (IER) diets as a weight-loss approach is increasing. Different IER protocols exist, including time-restricted eating (TRE), alternate-day fasting (ADF), and the 5:2 diet. This meta-analysis compared the effects of these IER diets with continuous energy restriction (CER) on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy adults. Twenty-eight trials were identified that studied TRE (k = 7), ADF (k = 10), or the 5:2 diet (k = 11) for 2-52 wk. Energy intakes between intervention groups within a study were comparable (17 trials), lower in IER (5 trials), or not reported (6 trials). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. Changes in body weight [WMD: -0.42 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.96 to 0.13; P = 0.132] and fat mass (FM) (WMD: -0.31 kg; 95% CI: -0.98 to 0.36; P = 0.362) were comparable when results of the 3 IER diets were combined and compared with those of CER. All IER diets combined reduced fat-free mass (WMD: -0.20 kg; 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.01; P = 0.044) and waist circumference (WMD: -0.91 cm; 95% CI: -1.76 to -0.06; P = 0.036) more than CER. Effects on body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)], glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, and blood pressure did not differ. Further, TRE reduced body weight, FM, and fat-free mass more than CER, whereas ADF improved HOMA-IR more. BMI was reduced less in the 5:2 diet compared with CER. In conclusion, the 3 IER diets combined did not lead to superior improvements in anthropometrics and cardiometabolic risk markers compared with CER diets. Slightly greater reductions were, however, observed in fat-free mass and waist circumference. To what extent differences in energy intakes between groups within studies may have influenced these outcomes should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite M Schroor
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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5
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Borer K. Effects of duration of uninterrupted fast in weekly intermittent fasting: Comparison of an 82-week 5:2 case report to an isocaloric modified 4:3 protocol. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3701752. [PMID: 38106091 PMCID: PMC10723551 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3701752/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) approach for weight loss obviates the inconvenience of calorie counting of daily caloric restriction (DCR). It tests IF ability to better counteract a metabolic defense mechanism (MDM) than DCR. MDM obstructs weight loss and facilitates weight regain possibly by increasing hunger and efficiency of exercise energy expenditure (EEf), and by reducing resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical activity (PA). A knowledge gap exists about whether the duration of weekly uninterrupted fasts (UFs), where the IF protocols are isocaloric, mitigate the MDM. This study compares two IF protocols that have the same weekly number of hours of fast (108) and free access to food (60), but which differ in the duration of UF. An 82-week case report was conducted with twice-weekly near-absolute 36-hour fasts on non-consecutive days (5:2-NC) and compared to ten studies with a 20-hour UF on three non-consecutive days (4:3-NC) modified through provision of a 500-600 kcal meal on fasting days. The large meal raised insulin concentration for 4 hours and reduced the UF to 8 hours followed by 12 nocturnal hours of fasting. The hypotheses were that (1) because of their matched F/E ratio, the rates of weight and fat losses will be similar in both protocols, and (2) because of its longer UF period, hunger will be higher and RMR and voluntary physical activity lower, in 5:8-NC than in M4:3-NC protocol,. The main differences between the two protocols were, (1) slower rates of weight and fat losses, (2) lower sensation of hunger and substantial decline in fullness, no change in RMR and physical activity, and 2.5 times higher post-fast concentration of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in 8:2-NC compared to M4:3-NC protocol. Absence of increased hunger and the variability of the rate of weight loss in 5:2-NC protocol, plus increased EEf in one M4:3-NC study suggest that IF does not curtail MDM, but shortened UF period in M4:3-NC reduces elicitation of BHB. Thus, the addition of a large meal on fasting days is unnecessary for prevention of hunger and is counterproductive for increases in BHB and its potential health benefits.
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6
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Seke Etet PF, Vecchio L, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Mimche PN, Njamnshi AK, Adem A. Physiological and Environmental Factors Affecting Cancer Risk and Prognosis in Obesity. Semin Cancer Biol 2023:S1044-579X(23)00093-7. [PMID: 37301450 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity results from a chronic excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to a long-term imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Available epidemiological and clinical data strongly support the links between obesity and certain cancers. Emerging clinical and experimental findings have improved our understanding of the roles of key players in obesity-associated carcinogenesis such as age, sex (menopause), genetic and epigenetic factors, gut microbiota and metabolic factors, body shape trajectory over life, dietary habits, and general lifestyle. It is now widely accepted that the cancer-obesity relationship depends on the site of cancer, the systemic inflammatory status, and microenvironmental parameters such as levels of inflammation and oxidative stress in transforming tissues. We hereby review recent advances in our understanding of cancer risk and prognosis in obesity with respect to these players. We highlight how the lack of their consideration contributed to the controversy over the link between obesity and cancer in early epidemiological studies. Finally, the lessons and challenges of interventions for weight loss and better cancer prognosis, and the mechanisms of weight gain in survivors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Seke Etet
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Garoua, Cameroon; Basic and Translational Research Unit, Center for Sustainable Health and Development, Garoua, Cameroon; Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN) &Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lorella Vecchio
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Center for Sustainable Health and Development, Garoua, Cameroon; Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN) &Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel H Nwabo Kamdje
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Patrice N Mimche
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN) &Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Elortegui Pascual P, Rolands MR, Eldridge AL, Kassis A, Mainardi F, Lê KA, Karagounis LG, Gut P, Varady KA. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 36349432 PMCID: PMC10098946 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of different intermittent fasting (IF) regimens on weight loss, in the general population, and compare these to traditional caloric energy restriction (CER). METHODS Three databases were searched from 2011 to June 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed weight loss and IF, including alternate day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating (TRE). A random effect network analysis was used to compare the effectiveness between the three regimens. Meta-regression analysis was presented as weighted mean differences of body weight loss. RESULTS The exploratory random effects network analysis of 24 RCTs (n = 1768) ranked ADF as the most effective, followed by CER and TRE. The meta-analysis showed that IF regimens resulted in similar weight loss to CER (mean difference 0.26 kg, 95% CI: -0.31 to 0.84; p = 0.37). Compliance was generally high (>80%) in trials shorter than 3 months. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis concludes that IF is comparable to CER and a promising alternative for weight loss. Among the three regimens, ADF showed the highest effectiveness for weight loss, followed by CER and TRE. Further well-powered RCTs with longer durations of intervention are required to draw solid conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryann R Rolands
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alison L Eldridge
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amira Kassis
- Whiteboard Nutrition Science, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabio Mainardi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim-Anne Lê
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Nestlé Health Science, Translation Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Gut
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krista A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Cook F, Langdon-Daly J, Serpell L. Compliance of participants undergoing a '5-2' intermittent fasting diet and impact on body weight. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 52:257-261. [PMID: 36513463 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting (IF) has grown in popularity as a weight loss tool, where caloric intake is fully/partially restricted on a recurring basis. This study aimed to assess compliance with IF fast-day calorie restriction and whether 5-2 IF leads to reduced overall energy intake, weight loss and compensatory increased energy intake on non-fast days. METHOD Participants completed diet diaries at baseline and 28 days post 5-2 IF in a repeated measures within-subjects design. 5-2 IF required restricted energy intake to 500 kcal/day (women), 650 kcal/day (men) on two 'fast' days/week whilst eating ad-libitum on other days. RESULTS 52 participants were included (n = 42 female; age 44 ± 11.2yrs). Median weight loss after 28 days 5-2 IF was statistically significant (1.8 [-2 - 7.3 IQR = 2.2]kg; 2.8 [-2.7-11.2 IQR = 2.5]% p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in total energy intake during 5-2 IF compared with pre-diet (median 1288.0 [IQR 423.8]kcal and median 1751.5 [IQR 505.3]kcal respectively, p < 0.001). Carbohydrate, protein and fat consumption proportionately reduced during 5-2 IF. Participants had significantly higher energy intake (p < 0.001) on non-fast days that followed a fast day (1928.4 ± 711.9 kcal) compared to non-fast days not following a fast day (1316.2 ± 310.0 kcal). 55.8% complied with fast day calorie restrictions. CONCLUSION 5-2 IF was associated with significantly reduced energy intake, and weight loss over a 28-day period. Compliance rate was lower than most previous studies. Participants had significantly higher energy intake on non-fast days following fast days suggesting fasting may lead to over-compensation. Further research should investigate strategies to improve compliance and long-term sustainability of IF diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cook
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW1 2PG, UK.
| | - Jasmin Langdon-Daly
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucy Serpell
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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9
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Xu R, Cao YX, Chen YT, Jia YQ. Differential effects of intermittent energy restriction vs. continuous energy restriction combined high-intensity interval training on overweight/obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:979618. [PMID: 36424927 PMCID: PMC9678932 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.979618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent energy restriction (IER) and continuous energy restriction (CER) are increasingly popular dietary approaches used for weight loss and overall health. These energy restriction protocols combined with exercise on weight loss and other health outcomes could achieve additional effects in a short-term intervention. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a 4-week IER or CER program on weight, blood lipids, and CRF in overweight/obese adults when combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS Forty-eight overweight/obese adults [age: 21.3 ± 2.24 years, body mass index (BMI): 25.86 ± 2.64 kg⋅m-2] were randomly assigned to iER, cER, and normal diet (ND) groups (n = 16 per group), each consisting of a 4-week intervention. All of the groups completed HIIT intervention (3 min at 80% of V̇O2max followed by 3 min at 50% of V̇O2max ), 30 min/training sessions, five sessions per week. iER subjects consumed 30% of energy needs on 2 non-consecutive days/week, and 100% of energy needs on another 5 days; cER subjects consumed 70% of energy needs; and ND subjects consumed 100% of energy needs. Body composition, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS Of the total 57 participants who underwent randomization, 48 (84.2%) completed the 4-week intervention. After intervention body composition and body circumference decreased in three groups, but no significant differences between groups. The iER tends to be superior to cER in the reduction of body composition and body circumference. The mean body weight loss was 4.57 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-5.0, p < 0.001) in iER and 2.46 kg (95% CI, 4.1-5.0, p < 0.001) in iER. The analyses of BMI, BF%, WC, and HC were consistent with the primary outcome results. In addition, TG, TC, HDL-c, and CRF improved after intervention but without significant changes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both IER and CER could be effective in weight loss and increased CRF when combined with HIIT. However, iER showed greater benefits for body weight, BF%, WC, and HC compared with cER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - You-Xiang Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Qi Jia
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
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10
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Bojarczuk A, Boulygina EA, Dzitkowska-Zabielska M, Łubkowska B, Leońska-Duniec A, Egorova ES, Semenova EA, Andryushchenko LB, Larin AK, Generozov EV, Cięszczyk P, Ahmetov II. Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise-Induced Fat Loss Efficiency. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1975. [PMID: 36360211 PMCID: PMC9690053 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a wide range of individual variability in the change of body weight in response to exercise, and this variability partly depends on genetic factors. The study aimed to determine DNA polymorphisms associated with fat loss efficiency in untrained women with normal weight in response to a 12-week aerobic training program using the GWAS approach, followed by a cross-sectional study in athletes. The study involved 126 untrained young Polish women (age 21.4 ± 1.7 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.7 (2.4) kg/m2) and 550 Russian athletes (229 women, age 23.0 ± 4.1; 321 men, age 23.9 ± 4.7). We identified one genome-wide significant polymorphism (rs116143768) located in the ACSL1 gene (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1, implicated in fatty acid oxidation), with a rare T allele associated with higher fat loss efficiency in Polish women (fat mass decrease: CC genotype (n = 122) -3.8%; CT genotype (n = 4) -31.4%; p = 1.18 × 10-9). Furthermore, male athletes with the T allele (n = 7) had significantly lower BMI (22.1 (3.1) vs. 25.3 (4.2) kg/m2, p = 0.046) than subjects with the CC genotype (n = 314). In conclusion, we have shown that the rs116143768 T allele of the ACSL1 gene is associated with higher fat loss efficiency in response to aerobic training in untrained women and lower BMI in physically active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bojarczuk
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Beata Łubkowska
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Leońska-Duniec
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emiliya S. Egorova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Liliya B. Andryushchenko
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey K. Larin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Edward V. Generozov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pawel Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
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11
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Wang J, Wang F, Chen H, Liu L, Zhang S, Luo W, Wang G, Hu X. Comparison of the Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Continuous Energy Restriction among Adults with Overweight or Obesity: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112315. [PMID: 35684119 PMCID: PMC9183159 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable heterogeneity across the evidence regarding the effects of intermittent energy restriction and continuous energy restriction among adults with overweight or obesity which presents difficulties for healthcare decision-makers and individuals. This overview of systematic reviews aimed to evaluate and synthesize the existing evidence regarding the comparison of the two interventions. We conducted a search strategy in eight databases from the databases’ inception to December 2021. The quality of 12 systematic reviews was assessed with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). One review was rated as high quality, 1 as moderate, 4 as low, and 6 as critically low. A meta-analysis of the original studies was conducted for comparison of primary intermittent energy restriction protocols with continuous energy restriction. Intermittent energy restriction did not seem to be more effective in weight loss compared with continuous energy restriction. The advantages of intermittent energy restriction in reducing BMI and waist circumference and improvement of body composition were not determined due to insufficient evidence. The evidence quality of systematic reviews and original trials remains to be improved in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guan Wang
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-028-85421373 (X.H.); Fax: +86-028-85582944 (X.H.)
| | - Xiuying Hu
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-028-85421373 (X.H.); Fax: +86-028-85582944 (X.H.)
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12
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Zhang Q, Zhang C, Wang H, Ma Z, Liu D, Guan X, Liu Y, Fu Y, Cui M, Dong J. Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Calorie Restriction: Which Is Better for Weight Loss? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091781. [PMID: 35565749 PMCID: PMC9099935 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and pilot trial studies to compare the effectiveness of intermittent fasting (IF) and continuous calorie restriction (CCR) in overweight and obese people. The parameters included body mass index (BMI), body weight, and other metabolism-related indicators. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted up to January 2022. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the effectiveness. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test. The stability of the results was evaluated using sensitivity analyses. The significance of body weight change (SMD = −0.21, 95% CI (−0.40, −0.02) p = 0.028) was more significant after IF than CCR. There was no significant difference in BMI (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI (−0.16, 0.20) p = 0.848) between IF and CCR. These findings suggest that IF may be superior to CCR for weight loss in some respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Caishun Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Haidan Wang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhengye Ma
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.M.); (D.L.); (X.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Defeng Liu
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.M.); (D.L.); (X.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Xiaohan Guan
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.M.); (D.L.); (X.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Yixin Liu
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.M.); (D.L.); (X.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.M.); (D.L.); (X.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Mingxuan Cui
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.M.); (D.L.); (X.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.W.)
- Physiology Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ye YF, Zhang MX, Lin Z, Tang L. Is Intermittent Fasting Better Than Continuous Energy Restriction for Adults with Overweight and Obesity? Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2813-2826. [PMID: 36134390 PMCID: PMC9484493 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s376409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a popular weight management intervention, intermittent fasting (IF) has been widely applied to the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. This review describes the different forms and implementation protocols of IF and their effects on body weight, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and other diseases. The existing evidence suggests that IF is as effective as continuous energy restriction and may be a feasible and effective approach to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Ye
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
- Health Management Centre, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Linhai, 317000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Xian Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Operating Rooms, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leiwen Tang
- Nursing Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Leiwen Tang, Nursing Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-571-86006438, Email
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