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Clement S, Jozaei J, Mitchell M, Allen CR, Garmestani AS. How resilience is framed matters for governance of coastal social-ecological systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE 2024; 34:65-76. [PMID: 38516549 PMCID: PMC10953812 DOI: 10.1002/eet.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Effective governance of social-ecological systems (SES) is an enduring challenge, especially in coastal environments where accelerating impacts of climate change are increasing pressure on already stressed systems. While resilience is often proposed as a suitable framing to re-orient governance and management, the literature includes many different, and sometimes conflicting, definitions and ideas that influence how the concept is applied, especially in coastal environments. This study combines discourse analysis of the coastal governance literature and key informant interviews in Tasmania, Australia, demonstrating inconsistencies and confusion in the way that resilience is framed in coastal governance research and practice. We find that resilience is most often framed as (1) a rate of recovery from disturbance or (2) the process of acting in response to, or anticipation of, a disturbance. A third framing considers resilience as an emergent property of SESs. This framing, social-ecological resilience, accounts for multiple configurations of SES, which necessitates adaptation and transformation strategies to address changes across temporal and spatial scales. Coastal managers recognised the value of this third framing for governing coastal SESs, yet the confusion and inconsistency in the literature was also evident in how they understood and applied resilience in practice. Expanding the use of social-ecological resilience is essential for more effective coastal governance, given the dynamics of coastal SESs and the intensity of social, economic, and environmental drivers of change these systems face. However, this requires addressing the unclear, confused, and superficial use of resilience-oriented concepts in research and policy discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Clement
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Michael Mitchell
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury-Wodonga, Australia
| | - Craig R. Allen
- Centre for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Ahjond S. Garmestani
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, USA
- Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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du Plessis NS, Rebelo AJ, Richardson DM, Esler KJ. Guiding restoration of riparian ecosystems degraded by plant invasions: Insights from a complex social-ecological system in the Global South. AMBIO 2022; 51:1552-1568. [PMID: 34962641 PMCID: PMC8713150 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Restoring riparian ecosystems in human-dominated landscapes requires attention to complexity, and consideration of diverse drivers, social actors, and contexts. Addressing a Global North bias, this case study uses a mixed-method approach, integrating historical data, remote sensing techniques and stakeholder perceptions to guide restoration of a river in the Western Cape, South Africa. An analysis of aerial photographs of the riparian zone from 1953 to 2016 revealed that although anthropogenic land conversion happened primarily before the 1950s, several land use and land cover classes showed marked increases in area, including: waterbodies (+ 1074%), urban areas (+ 316%), alien weeds (+ 311%) and terrestrial alien trees (+ 79%). These changes have likely been driven by land fragmentation, disturbance, and agricultural intensification. Stakeholder interviews revealed that despite the clear need for restoration, several barriers exist to successful implementation; these stem from inadequate financial resources, inappropriate funding models, institutional challenges, and a lack of techno-scientific knowledge. We give several recommendations to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S. du Plessis
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Alanna J. Rebelo
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - David M. Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Karen J. Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
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Taye MA. Agro-ecosystem sensitivity to climate change over the Ethiopian highlands in a watershed of Lake Tana sub-basin. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07454. [PMID: 34278034 PMCID: PMC8264610 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study analyzed the level of agro–ecosystem sensitivity to climate change among the agro–climatic zones (ACZs) that are situated in the highlands of Lake Tana sub–basin. The analyses considered the actual land capability class (LCC in % considering soil texture, slope and elevation zone), crop diversity (count), length of growing period (LGP, month), and inter–annual variability of climate (mean annual rainfall–MARF in mm, mean monthly minimum temperature–MMMinT in ºC, and mean monthly maximum temperature–MMMaxT in ºC). For comparison purpose, it was essential to index/standardize the values of specified indicators. The proportion of arable land varied from 13.30% (in the Sub-Alpine) to 93.00% (in the Moist–Cold). The value of coefficient of variation showed the presence of variations of 7.85–11.21 (%), 7.21–10.34 (%), 16.37–39.61 (%) for MARF (mm), MMMaxT (ºC), and MMMinT (ºC), respectively across the ACZs. The inter–annual variability of both onset and offset time of rainy season was found to be in the range of 0.3–1.25 months. The LGP (month) was in the range of 3.25–6.25 across the ACZs; whereas crop diversity (count) ranged from 2–7. The production of red onion (allium cepa), oat (Avena sativa), local wheat (Triticum), and pea (Pisum sativum) was abandoned in the Sub–Alpine; whereas the production of linseed (Linmu usitatisimum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and niger (Guizotia abyssinica) in the Moist–Cool. Yet, crops like maize and tef became the common crops in the Cold, possibly because of global warming. The indexed value of agro–ecosystem sensitivity to climate change ranged from 0.14–0.71. The level of agro–ecosystem sensitivity was higher towards the Sub–Alpine. The local development interventions to be made in the various ACZs need to be determined/prioritized considering the level of agro–ecosystem sensitivity.
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Chambers JC, Allen CR, Cushman SA. Editorial: Operationalizing the Concepts of Resilience and Resistance for Managing Ecosystems and Species at Risk. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Cushman SA, McGarigal K. Metrics and Models for Quantifying Ecological Resilience at Landscape Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Welsh HH, Cummings AK, Hodgson GR. Metrics of disturbance in a redwood forest ecosystem: responses of stream amphibians to repeated sediment infusions. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hartwell H. Welsh
- Pacific Southwest Research Station Redwood Sciences Laboratory USDA Forest Service 1700 Bayview Drive Arcata California 95521 USA
| | - Adam K. Cummings
- Pacific Southwest Research Station Redwood Sciences Laboratory USDA Forest Service 1700 Bayview Drive Arcata California 95521 USA
| | - Garth R. Hodgson
- Pacific Southwest Research Station Redwood Sciences Laboratory USDA Forest Service 1700 Bayview Drive Arcata California 95521 USA
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West S, Beilin R, Wagenaar H. Introducing a practice perspective on monitoring for adaptive management. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon West
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ruth Beilin
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Hendrik Wagenaar
- International School of Government Kings College London London UK
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Nunes DM, Pinheiro MD, Tomé A. Does a review of urban resilience allow for the support of an evolutionary concept? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 244:422-430. [PMID: 31151031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last five decades, resilience has received ever greater interest from academics and practitioners and has been applied in different scientific areas, such as engineering, environmental science or medicine. In particular, resilience has become a fundamental concept in contemporary urban development, planning and management (UDPM). Despite the various reviews that have recently been made of this subject, an updated analysis of the concept is required so that commonly held views about resilience can be matched against empirical evidence while, at the same time, clarifying the use of its main formulations and connecting its embryonic development to its application in urban-centric research. This paper therefore reviews the concept of resilience (considering its primary formulations, its historical evolution and its conceptual underpinnings), establishing how it has been applied and developed in the UDPM context. Based on this review, this paper reiterates the idea of a three-dimensional framework for exploring the concept of resilience ([1] 'engineering' vs. [2] 'ecological' vs. [3] 'evolutionary resilience'). The search for urban resilience can potentially adopt an integrative approach, assuming an evolutionary perspective that can be adapted to different situations and stakeholders, thus offering a better adjusted and more dynamic urban planning and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Marques Nunes
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources (DECivil), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Duarte Pinheiro
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources (DECivil), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Tomé
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources (DECivil), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
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Chambers JC, Allen CR, Cushman SA. Operationalizing Ecological Resilience Concepts for Managing Species and Ecosystems at Risk. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Chambers JC, Brooks ML, Germino MJ, Maestas JD, Board DI, Jones MO, Allred BW. Operationalizing Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Address Invasive Grass-Fire Cycles. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Assessment of Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain in Iran. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the resilience of pistachio production systems in the Rafsanjan plain in Iran using an index of behavior-based indicators. One-hundred fifty pistachio orchards located in five major production areas were studied in 2016. The data was subjected to three-step multi-criteria analysis, including (i) normalization and aggregation; (ii) determination of the weights representing the priorities for each criterion and evaluation of the performance of each indicator; and (iii) comparison. The results showed that the study areas had problematic statuses regarding the indicators of membership in grassroots organizations, innate abilities, water sources, production stability, and insurance. They had critical or moderate statuses concerning the indicators of use of organic fertilizers, use of pesticides, soil fertility index, water-use efficiency (kg/m3), trust in government, access to advisor services (extension), on-the-job training, and diversity of marketing. They had positive levels for the indicators of productivity, diversity of cultivars, diversity of on-farm practices, and exchange of information. We recommend the enhancement of the transformability capacity in PPSs by changing the focus from optimal states and the determinants of maximum sustainable yield (MSY paradigm) to adaptive resource management that includes developing participatory platforms for collaboration of usage of water resources.
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Lillebø AI, Teixeira H, Morgado M, Martínez-López J, Marhubi A, Delacámara G, Strosser P, Nogueira AJA. Ecosystem-based management planning across aquatic realms at the Ria de Aveiro Natura 2000 territory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1898-1912. [PMID: 30286356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ria de Aveiro represents a coastal territory, in which its natural capital, mostly classified under a Natura 2000 network of protected areas, is of paramount importance for the regional and national economy, supporting harbour activities and maritime traffic, agriculture, commercial fisheries, aquaculture, manufacturing, tourism, sports and recreational activities. Current and foreseen changes connected to human activities, namely land and water uses and potential conflicts, in frame of environmental policies, sustainable economic development and human well-being require the implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM) planning processes considering the connectivity across marine, transitional, freshwater, and terrestrial domains. The main objective is to elaborate on the co-development of the EBM planning process across the three water domains, all characterized by high biodiversity and by the wide range of services provided by ecosystems and their abiotic components, for the mitigation of impacts from the management plan under implementation. The approach used follows a stepwise procedure in frame of resilience principles, considering the analysis of the relationship between the social and ecological components and on how these can be connected through risk assessment and a spatial multi-criteria analysis based on the delivery of ecosystem services. Stakeholders' perception matched the ecosystem services provisioning risk assessment and supported the planning EBM response that consist in saltmarshes and seagrasses meadows restoration programs. Compliance of the proposed measures is achievable regarding policies (policy targets and policy instruments) and feasibility (scientific and technological knowledge and financial resources). The EBM response can support the Vouga estuary management plan and regional smart specialization (RIS3 Centro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Lillebø
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Heliana Teixeira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Morgado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Javier Martínez-López
- BC3 - Basque Centre for Climate Change, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asya Marhubi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Av/Punto Com, 2, Parque Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Delacámara
- IMDEA Water Institute, Av/Punto Com, 2, Parque Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - António J A Nogueira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Nunes DM, Tomé A, Pinheiro MD. Urban-centric resilience in search of theoretical stabilisation? A phased thematic and conceptual review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 230:282-292. [PMID: 30292016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades 'resilience' has particularly arisen as an attractive perspective with respect to cities. As cities continue to expand, their susceptibility to uncertainties and new challenges, such as climate change, has increased, rendering 'urban resilience' an increasingly favoured concept in the realm of Urban Development, Planning and Management (UDPM). Despite recent reviews, an updated analysis of the concept is required to understand whether there is in fact scientific evidence to support the expansion and favouring of 'urban resilience' in UDPM. The need to understand how the concept evolved is further emphasised by the need to perceive how the distinct sciences have contributed to its development, and which were the focuses and conceptual underpinnings of such evolution. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide a broader review of the multidimensional concept of 'urban resilience', while understanding how distinct research fields have contributed to its inception and expansion, and how distinct conceptualisations of resilience have influenced its evolution. Supported by a bibliometric analysis of urban-centric publications, this paper highlights the recent extensive growth and expanding application of 'urban resilience' to distinct research fields, as well as an apparent theoretical stabilisation of the concept, which reemphasises the idea of a three-dimensional conceptual resilience perspective in scientific literature: (1) 'engineering', (2) 'ecological', and (3) 'social-ecological resilience'. Consequently, this research emphasises that, if the related conceptual underpinnings are clear, 'urban resilience' can potentially serve as an 'integrative metaphor', adapted by diverse stakeholders, to reinforce UDPM initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Marques Nunes
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources (DECivil), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon (UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Tomé
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources (DECivil), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon (UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Duarte Pinheiro
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources (DECivil), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon (UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
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Brichieri-Colombi TA, McPherson JM, Sheppard DJ, Mason JJ, Moehrenschlager A. Standardizing the evaluation of community-based conservation success. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1963-1981. [PMID: 30199581 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Community-based conservation, which strives to simultaneously improve nature conservation and alleviate poverty, must provide biological and socioeconomic benefits that are linked through effective resilience mechanisms. To date, few community-based conservation initiatives have published comprehensive assessments that track performance in these elements of success. With 45% of the world's protected areas in comanagement with local communities, standardized measures to effectively evaluate the dual goals of community-based conservation are needed. We here introduce SPECCS, a user-friendly Standardized Protocol for Evaluating Community Conservation Success that incorporates an appraisal of data quality to responsibly assess progress over time or to compare effectiveness among different initiatives. We illustrate SPECCS's use by evaluating the Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary (WCHS) of northern Ghana 10 and 20 yr after its inception. The WCHS has the dual objective of protecting one of Ghana's few remaining hippopotamus populations while alleviating poverty in the surrounding communities through the creation of economic opportunity and infrastructure development. Results suggest stable project performance in the 10-yr (76%) and 20-yr (76%) evaluation, with an improvement in evaluation quality from 30% to 34%. The project is currently stronger in socioeconomic (performance 86%; quality 30%) than biological (60%; 32%) outcomes and in benefits (83%, 42%) than resilience (63%, 21%). Biological resilience is challenged by poor connectivity and limited project control over threats, whereas socioeconomic resilience is affected by a decision balance that continues to favor external stakeholders. SPECCS helps pinpoint strengths and weaknesses for timely adaptive management, strategic investments, and evidence-based recognition of community-based conservation successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhenn A Brichieri-Colombi
- Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoological Society, 1300 Zoo Road N.E., Calgary, Alberta, T2E 7V6, Canada
| | - Jana M McPherson
- Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoological Society, 1300 Zoo Road N.E., Calgary, Alberta, T2E 7V6, Canada
| | - Donna J Sheppard
- Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoological Society, 1300 Zoo Road N.E., Calgary, Alberta, T2E 7V6, Canada
- Rural Studies, School of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John J Mason
- Nature Conservation Research Centre, PO Box KN925, Kaneshie, Accra, Ghana
| | - Axel Moehrenschlager
- Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoological Society, 1300 Zoo Road N.E., Calgary, Alberta, T2E 7V6, Canada
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Angeler DG, Allen CR, Garmestani A, Pope KL, Twidwell D, Bundschuh M. Resilience in Environmental Risk and Impact Assessment: Concepts and Measurement. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:543-548. [PMID: 30357430 PMCID: PMC6223862 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Different resilience concepts have different assumptions about system dynamics, which has implications for resilience-based environmental risk and impact assessment. Engineering resilience (recovery) dominates in the risk assessment literature but this definition does not account for the possibility of ecosystems to exist in multiple regimes. In this paper we discuss resilience concepts and quantification methods. Specifically, we discuss when a system fails to show engineering resilience after disturbances, indicating a shift to a potentially undesired regime. We show quantification methods that can assess the stability of this new regime to inform managers about possibilities to transform the system to a more desired regime. We point out the usefulness of an adaptive inference, modelling and management approach that is based on reiterative testing of hypothesis. This process facilitates learning about, and reduces uncertainty arising from risk and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Craig R. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Ahjond Garmestani
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA
| | - Kevin L. Pope
- U.S. Geological Survey, Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Dirac Twidwell
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503-0984 USA
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz – Landau, Landau Campus, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Crenna E, Sozzo S, Sala S. Natural biotic resources in LCA: Towards an impact assessment model for sustainable supply chain management. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2018; 172:3669-3684. [PMID: 29358846 PMCID: PMC5750818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural resources, biotic and abiotic, are fundamental from both the ecological and socio-economic point of view, being at the basis of life-support. However, since the demand for finite resources continues to increase, the sustainability of current production and consumption patterns is questioned both in developed and developing countries. A transition towards an economy based on biotic renewable resources (bio-economy) is considered necessary in order to support a steady provision of resources, representing an alternative to an economy based on fossil and abiotic resources. However, to ensure a sustainable use of biotic resources, there is the need of properly accounting for their use along supply chains as well as defining a robust and comprehensive impact assessment model. Since so far naturally occurring biotic resources have gained little attention in impact assessment methods, such as life cycle assessment, the aim of this study is to enable the inclusion of biotic resources in the assessment of products and supply chains. This paper puts forward a framework for biotic resources assessment, including: i) the definition of system boundaries between ecosphere and technosphere, namely between naturally occurring and man-made biotic resources; ii) a list of naturally occurring biotic resources which have a commercial value, as basis for building life cycle inventories (NOBR, e.g. wild animals, plants etc); iii) an impact pathway to identify potential impacts on both resource provision and ecosystem quality; iv) a renewability-based indicator (NOBRri) for the impact assessment of naturally occurring biotic resources, including a list of associated characterization factors. The study, building on a solid review of literature and of available statistical data, highlights and discusses the critical aspects and paradoxes related to biotic resource inclusion in LCA: from the system boundaries definition up to the resource characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Crenna
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Bio-Economy Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sozzo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Land Resources Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Serenella Sala
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Bio-Economy Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
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Bertuol-Garcia D, Morsello C, N El-Hani C, Pardini R. A conceptual framework for understanding the perspectives on the causes of the science-practice gap in ecology and conservation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1032-1055. [PMID: 29160024 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Applying scientific knowledge to confront societal challenges is a difficult task, an issue known as the science-practice gap. In Ecology and Conservation, scientific evidence has been seldom used directly to support decision-making, despite calls for an increasing role of ecological science in developing solutions for a sustainable future. To date, multiple causes of the science-practice gap and diverse approaches to link science and practice in Ecology and Conservation have been proposed. To foster a transparent debate and broaden our understanding of the difficulties of using scientific knowledge, we reviewed the perceived causes of the science-practice gap, aiming to: (i) identify the perspectives of ecologists and conservation scientists on this problem, (ii) evaluate the predominance of these perspectives over time and across journals, and (iii) assess them in light of disciplines studying the role of science in decision-making. We based our review on 1563 sentences describing causes of the science-practice gap extracted from 122 articles and on discussions with eight scientists on how to classify these sentences. The resulting process-based framework describes three distinct perspectives on the relevant processes, knowledge and actors in the science-practice interface. The most common perspective assumes only scientific knowledge should support practice, perceiving a one-way knowledge flow from science to practice and recognizing flaws in knowledge generation, communication, and/or use. The second assumes that both scientists and decision-makers should contribute to support practice, perceiving a two-way knowledge flow between science and practice through joint knowledge-production/integration processes, which, for several reasons, are perceived to occur infrequently. The last perspective was very rare, and assumes scientists should put their results into practice, but they rarely do. Some causes (e.g. cultural differences between scientists and decision-makers) are shared with other disciplines, while others seem specific to Ecology and Conservation (e.g. inadequate research scales). All identified causes require one of three general types of solutions, depending on whether the causal factor can (e.g. inadequate research questions) or cannot (e.g. scientific uncertainty) be changed, or if misconceptions (e.g. undervaluing abstract knowledge) should be solved. The unchanged predominance of the one-way perspective over time may be associated with the prestige of evidence-based conservation and suggests that debates in Ecology and Conservation lag behind trends in other disciplines towards bidirectional views ascribing larger roles to decision-makers. In turn, the two-way perspective seems primarily restricted to research traditions historically isolated from mainstream conservation biology. All perspectives represented superficial views of decision-making by not accounting for limits to human rationality, complexity of decision-making contexts, fuzzy science-practice boundaries, ambiguity brought about by science, and different types of knowledge use. However, joint knowledge-production processes from the two-way perspective can potentially allow for democratic decision-making processes, explicit discussions of values and multiple types of science use. To broaden our understanding of the interface and foster productive science-practice linkages, we argue for dialogue among different research traditions within Ecology and Conservation, joint knowledge-production processes between scientists and decision-makers and interdisciplinarity across Ecology, Conservation and Political Science in both research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bertuol-Garcia
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carla Morsello
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, CEP 03828-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charbel N El-Hani
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101 CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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A general neurologist's perspective on the urgent need to apply resilience thinking to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:498-506. [PMID: 29124107 PMCID: PMC5671621 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article was to look at the problem of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the lens of a socioecological resilience-thinking framework to help expand our view of the prevention and treatment of AD. This serious and complex public health problem requires a holistic systems approach. We present the view that resilience thinking, a theoretical framework that offers multidisciplinary approaches in ecology and natural resource management to solve environmental problems, can be applied to the prevention and treatment of AD. Resilience thinking explains a natural process that occurs in all complex systems in response to stressful challenges. The brain is a complex system, much like an ecosystem, and AD is a disturbance (allostatic overload) within the ecosystem of the brain. Resilience thinking gives us guidance, direction, and ideas about how to comprehensively prevent and treat AD and tackle the AD epidemic.
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Briske DD, Illius AW, Anderies JM. Nonequilibrium Ecology and Resilience Theory. RANGELAND SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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du Toit JT, Cross PC, Valeix M. Managing the Livestock–Wildlife Interface on Rangelands. RANGELAND SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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21
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A Social-Ecological Resilience Assessment and Governance Guide for Urbanization Processes in East China. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Virapongse A, Brooks S, Metcalf EC, Zedalis M, Gosz J, Kliskey A, Alessa L. A social-ecological systems approach for environmental management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 178:83-91. [PMID: 27131638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Urgent environmental issues are testing the limits of current management approaches and pushing demand for innovative approaches that integrate across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Practitioners, scholars, and policy-makers alike call for increased integration of natural and social sciences to develop new approaches that address the range of ecological and societal impacts of modern environmental issues. From a theoretical perspective, social-ecological systems (SES) science offers a compelling approach for improved environmental management through the application of transdisciplinary and resilience concepts. A framework for translating SES theory into practice, however, is lacking. In this paper, we define the key components of an SES-based environmental management approach. We offer recommendations for integrating an SES approach into existing environmental management practices. Results presented are useful for management professionals that seek to employ an SES environmental management approach and scholars aiming to advance the theoretical foundations of SES science for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arika Virapongse
- Center for Resilient Communities, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; Tropical Conservation and Development, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | | - Morgan Zedalis
- Heritage Program, Payette National Forest, United States Forest Service, McCall, ID 83638, USA
| | - Jim Gosz
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Andrew Kliskey
- Center for Resilient Communities, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Lilian Alessa
- Center for Resilient Communities, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Mori AS, Lertzman KP, Gustafsson L. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in forest ecosystems: a research agenda for applied forest ecology. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira S. Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences; Yokohama National University; Yokohama, Kanagawa 240 8501 Japan
- The Hakai Institute and the School of Resource and Environmental Management; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Kenneth P. Lertzman
- The Hakai Institute and the School of Resource and Environmental Management; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Lena Gustafsson
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7044 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
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Quinlan AE, Berbés-Blázquez M, Haider LJ, Peterson GD. Measuring and assessing resilience: broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson E. Quinlan
- Resilience Alliance; Department of Biology; Acadia University; Wolfville NS B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - Marta Berbés-Blázquez
- Geography and Environmental Management; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - L. Jamila Haider
- Stockholm Resilience Centre; Stockholm University; Kräftriket 2B SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Garry D. Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre; Stockholm University; Kräftriket 2B SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Bison with benefits: towards integrating wildlife and ranching sectors on a public rangeland in the western USA. ORYX 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605314001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe North American model of wildlife conservation, based on the public trust doctrine, is credited for the recovery of several charismatic wildlife species, including the plains bison Bison bison. In that model, wildlife is a public resource from which the private sector may not profit either individually or collectively. In recent years, however, resilience thinking is driving changes in the traditional state-run wildlife management model to allow for integrated multi-sector approaches at the landscape scale. A free-ranging herd of bison on public land in the Henry Mountains of Utah is used as a case study to consider if and how a community-based conservation programme could be developed for a state-managed wildlife resource to benefit all stakeholders. The Henry Mountains bison, which are disease-free, share the rangeland with cattle that are privately owned by individual ranchers and corporations with various economic goals and environmental values. The ranchers currently derive no benefits from the bison and have concerns regarding competition between bison and cattle. However, a threshold harvesting strategy with community participation could generate revenue to offset these concerns. It could also provide benefits to the local community, increase state revenue, and increase the size of the bison population while securing its long-term genetic viability. Implementation would initially require facilitation by policy specialists, after which we suggest a Henry Mountains bison partnership could serve as a model for bison recovery efforts elsewhere in North America.
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