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Gadsden GI, Golden N, Harris NC. Place-Based Bias in Environmental Scholarship Derived from Social-Ecological Landscapes of Fear. Bioscience 2022; 73:23-35. [PMID: 36643594 PMCID: PMC9832956 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical perspectives (e.g., moments of social, political, and economic significance) are increasingly relevant for developing insights into landscape change and ecosystem degradation. However, the question of how to incorporate historical events into ecological inquiry is still under development, owing to the evolving paradigm of transdisciplinary thinking between natural science and the humanities. In the present article, we call for the inclusion of negative human histories (e.g., evictions of communities and environmental injustices) as important factors that drive landscape change and shape research questions relevant to environmental conservation. We outline the detrimental effects of conservationists not addressing negative human histories by likening this social phenomenon to the ecological concept of landscapes of fear, which describes how not acknowledging these histories produces a landscape that constrains where and how research is conducted by scientists. Finally, we provide three positive recommendations for scholars or practitioners to address the manifestation of historic place-based bias in ecological research. What we call the social-ecological landscapes of fear provides a conceptual framework for more inclusive practices in ecology to increase the success of environmental and conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel Golden
- Applied Wildlife Ecology (AWE) Lab, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Nyeema C Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology (AWE) Lab, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
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Lisboa SN, Domingos F, Vallius E, Lensu A, Macamo E, Sitoe A. Assessing the Impact of Road and Land Use on Species Diversity of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Grasses in the Mountain Landscape in Southern Africa. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.829690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountain landscape, described as a global biodiversity hotspot due to high endemism, is threatened by land-use change, including management and modification of vegetation. However, there is little knowledge about how road and land use affect plant diversity in mountains landscapes, particularly in southern Africa. Previous studies have studied the impact of the road or land use on plant species diversity separately and have concentrated on a single plant species. Here we compare the plant diversity of regenerated trees, shrubs, herbaceous plant, and grasses among Forest, Fallow, Agriculture, and Road in the Moribane Forest Reserve (MFR), in Eastern Chimanimani Mountain landscape in Mozambique. To assess how land-use change affects plant diversity, we conducted 45 transects along the roadside and randomly established 24 quadrats in the Agriculture fields and Fallow and 26 quadrats in the pristine Forest. In each transect and quadrats, we recorded the occurrence of four plant life forms (regenerated trees, shrubs, herbaceous, and grass species) to determine the alpha and beta-diversity across land-uses, and we assessed the invasiveness of each species. Species composition varied significantly among the land-uses types. Roadside had higher species diversity and the highest number of invasive species (138 total species of all plant life forms; 31 invasive species), following Agriculture (72; 30), Fallow (81; 20), and Forest (78; 19). There was no similarity in species between roadsides and other land-uses. Furthermore, roadside recorded the highest average species turnover for all plant life forms following Agriculture, Forest, and Fallow. Among the plants, the most important life form was herbaceous with 143 species, following grass with 86 species, shrubs with 86, and regenerated trees with 65 species. The land-use pattern makes the landscape more diversified in the study area and, as a result, increase the plant species richness and diversity by species replacement. This study is unique in collecting and analyzing data on different plant life forms on roadsides linked with a range of different land-use types within a small region of a mountain landscape in southern Africa.
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Herlosky KN, Benyshek DC, Mabulla IA, Pollom TR, Crittenden AN. Postpartum Maternal Mood Among Hadza Foragers of Tanzania: A Mixed Methods Approach. Cult Med Psychiatry 2020; 44:305-332. [PMID: 31646409 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-019-09655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infant and maternal mortality rates are among the highest in the world in low and middle-income countries where postpartum depression impacts at least one in five women. Currently, there is a dearth of data on maternal mood and infant health outcomes in small-scale non-industrial populations from such countries, particularly during the postnatal period. Here, we present the first investigation of postpartum maternal mood among a foraging population, the Hadza of Tanzania. We administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to twenty-three women, all with infants under the age of 12 months. Semi-structured interviews on happiness and unhappiness during the post-partum period served as a validity cross-check for the EPDS. The combined results of the EPDS surveys and the interview responses suggest that a high proportion of Hadza women experience significant mood disturbances following birth and that postpartum unhappiness is associated with self-reports of pain, anxiety, and disturbed sleep patterns. These findings suggest that many of the mothers in our sample are experiencing post-partum unhappiness at levels similar to or higher than those reported for low to middle income countries in general, including Tanzania. These data are critical for improving our understanding of the etiologies of postpartum mood disturbances cross-culturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Herlosky
- Nutrition and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Daniel C Benyshek
- Nutrition and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
| | | | - Trevor R Pollom
- Nutrition and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Alyssa N Crittenden
- Nutrition and Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA.
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Ungar PS, Livengood SV, Crittenden AN. Dental microwear of living Hadza foragers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:356-367. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Ungar
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
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Walelign SZ, Nielsen MR, Jacobsen JB. Roads and livelihood activity choices in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213089. [PMID: 30849100 PMCID: PMC6407761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Road development is occurring at an unprecedented rate in important conservation areas in tropical countries with limited understanding of how local people will adjust their livelihood activities in response. We use a discrete choice experiment to explore the effect of road development on respondents ex-ante preferences for changes in livelihood activities-crop and livestock production, hunting and trading bushmeat, and business and wage employment-under different incentives-provision of loans, livestock and crop extension services-in scenarios with reduced travel time to nearest district town in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem in Tanzania. We test four hypotheses about the effects of roads with opposing implication for conservation. Hypothesis 1 predicts that increased market access will lead to intensification of crop and livestock production activities (achieved through extension services and loans), and Hypothesis 2 that market access will facilitate the development of non-farm Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) providing new livelihood opportunities (e.g. business income and wage employment)-both reducing environmental pressure. Hypotheis 3 on the other hand predicts that improved market access will lead to extensification and expansion of crop and livestock production activities, while Hypotheis 4 suggests that it will encourage exploitation of environmental goods (here in the form of hunting and trading bushmeat and illegal grazing inside protected areas)-both increasing environmental pressure. We find increasing preferences for more cropland and more cattle as travel time to market is reduced but no preference for increased allocation of household members to hunting and trading bushmeat supporting hypothesis 3 while contradicting hypothesis 4. However, second-order effects might support hypothesis 4 as we find aversion towards decreasing effort invested in hunting and trading bushmeat. Preferences for increased cropland and livestock may furthermore interact to increase land use change and illegal grazing inside protected areas. Crop extension services had a negative modifying effect on preferences for more cropland (supporting hypothesis 1) while livestock extension services had a positive modifying effect on preferences for more cattle (contradicting hypothesis 1). Providing loans had a negative modifying effect on preferences for increasing cropland and number of cattle. Marginal rates of substitution suggest that 950,000 TSH borrowed at a 10% interest rate will reduce preferences for more cropland and cattle by 11.8 and 38.4% respectively. Crop extension services reduce preferences for more cropland by 27% whereas livestock extension services increase preferences for more cattle by 104%. Contradicting Hypothesis 2, we found no preference for increasing the number of households members engaged in business and wage employment in response to reduced travel time. Targeted efforts to increase the educational level as well as entrepreneurship skills in the GSE could promote engagement in the labour market and development of business enterprises diverting focus from traditional activities such as farming and livestock production and hence reducing pressure on the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Zena Walelign
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- School of Economics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jette Bredahl Jacobsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Sloan S, Bertzky B, Laurance WF. African development corridors intersect key protected areas. Afr J Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Sloan
- Center for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; Cairns Qld 4870 Australia
| | - Bastian Bertzky
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES); Via Enrico Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra VA Italy
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); World Heritage Programme; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - William F. Laurance
- Center for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; Cairns Qld 4870 Australia
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES); Via Enrico Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra VA Italy
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Caro T, Davenport TRB. Wildlife and wildlife management in Tanzania. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:716-723. [PMID: 26681228 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tanzania, arguably mainland Africa's most important nation for conservation, is losing habitat and natural resources rapidly. Moving away from a charcoal energy base and developing sustainable finance mechanisms for natural forests are critical to slowing persistent deforestation. Addressing governance and capacity deficits, including law enforcement, technical skills, and funding, across parts of the wildlife sector are key to effective wildlife protection. These changes could occur in tandem with bringing new models of natural resource management into play that include capacity building, corporate payment for ecosystem services, empowering nongovernmental organizations in law enforcement, greater private-sector involvement, and novel community conservation strategies. The future of Tanzania's wildlife looks uncertain-as epitomized by the current elephant crisis-unless the country confronts issues of governance, embraces innovation, and fosters greater collaboration with the international community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A..
| | - Tim R B Davenport
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Tanzania Program, P.O. Box 922, Zanzibar, East Africa
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Fyumagwa R, Hassan S, Kideghesho JR, Kohi EM, Magige F, Mfunda IM, Mwakatobe A, Ntalwila J, Nyahongo JW, Runyoro V, Røskaft E. Human rights and conservation of biodiversity considerations associated with roads in the Serengeti: response to Hopcraft et al. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:937-938. [PMID: 25711171 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Fyumagwa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - S Hassan
- Department of Wildlife Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. Box 3073, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - J R Kideghesho
- Department of Wildlife Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. Box 3073, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - E M Kohi
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - F Magige
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - I M Mfunda
- Division of Policy & Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), P.O. Box 9372, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - A Mwakatobe
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - J Ntalwila
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - J W Nyahongo
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma (UDOM), P.O. Box 259, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - V Runyoro
- Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, (NCAA), P.O. Box 1, Ngorongoro Crater, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - E Røskaft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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