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Liu Q, Tang X, Hang T, Wu Y, Liu Y, Song T, Song Y. Exploring the performance of protected areas in alleviating future human pressure. AMBIO 2024; 53:1323-1335. [PMID: 38653867 PMCID: PMC11300414 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) are effective in mitigating human pressures, yet their future pressure alleviating effects remain unclear. In this study, we employed the ConvLSTM model to forecast the future human footprint and analyzed human pressure trends using Theil-Sen median and Mann-Kendall tests. We further evaluated the mitigating effects of PAs within their buffer zones (1-10 km) and the contributions of different IUCN categories of PAs to mitigating human pressure using linear regression models. The results indicate that by 2035, the average human pressure value is expected to increase by 11%, with trends exhibiting a polarized pattern. Furthermore, PAs also effectively mitigate human pressure within their 1 km buffer zones. Different categories of PAs vary in their effectiveness in mitigating human pressure, and stricter conservation areas are not always the most effective. This study can offer insights for evaluating the effectiveness of PAs in reducing human pressure and advocate for their targeted management in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Liu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaolan Tang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Academy of Chinese Ecological Progress and Forestry Studies, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Hang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Department of Art and Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Song
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Youngkeun Song
- Department of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Wang X, Tu Y, Yao W, Zhou J, Jia Z, Ma J, Sun Z. Systematic conservation planning considering ecosystem services can optimize the conservation system in the Qinling-Daba Mountains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122096. [PMID: 39121629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Protected area are the cornerstone of biodiversity and ecosystem service conservation at the local, regional, and global levels. In 2019, China proposed the establishment of a nature reserve system (NRS)centered on national parks, integrating and improving various existing protected areas. This study focuses on the Qinling‒Daba Mountains, an area crucial for both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Through assessments of carbon storage (CS), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ), different conservation scenarios are considered in the context of Systematic conservation planning (SCP). An optimization scheme for the NRS in the Qinling-Daba Mountains is proposed, incorporating ecosystem services and comparing them with the existing system. Research indicates that the main protected areas are concentrated in the Min Mountain‒Motian Mountain‒Longmen Mountain region, the central Qinling region, and the Shennongjia‒Daba Mountain region. Compared with the original system, the area of protected regions in the NRS expanded by 52,000 km2 after the SCP scheme was incorporated. The number of patches decreased to 50, and the patch density reduced from 2.1 × 10-4(/100 ha) to 1.7 × 10-4(/100 ha), thereby reducing the fragmentation of the conservation system. Additionally, the optimized scheme achieved a conservation ratio of over 30% for CS, WY, SC, and HQ, with the conservation efficiency for WY and HQ increasing by 0.18 and 0.22, respectively. The study results provide support for optimizing the Qinling-Daba Mountains NRS and offer a reference for constructing NRSs in other regions. Considering ecosystem services in the optimization of the NRS helps enhance the supply capacity of ecological products, maintain national ecological security, and achieve harmonious coexistence and sustainable development between humans and nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Xi'an Territorial and Spatial Information, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Land Consolidation, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - You Tu
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenjie Yao
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jitao Zhou
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zixu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zechong Sun
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
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Bogota‐Gregory JD, Jenkins DG, Acosta‐Santos A, Agudelo Córdoba E. Fish diversity of Colombian Andes-Amazon streams at the end of conflict is a reference for conservation before increased land use. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11046. [PMID: 38487746 PMCID: PMC10937820 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Reference conditions are difficult to find in the Anthropocene but essential for effective biodiversity conservation. Aquatic ecosystems in the Andes-Amazon transition zone of Colombia are now at high risk due to expanded human activities after peace agreements in 2016 ended armed conflict because lands formerly controlled by FARC and other armed groups are now prone to agricultural and urban expansion. Particularly, expanding human land use may reduce fish diversity across the altitudinal gradient, especially in the premontane streams (i.e., <500 m a.s.l.) because lands are more amenable to human use than at greater altitudes. We evaluated fish α-diversity (measured as species richness, total abundance, and effective species number) and β-diversity (spatial and temporal) in 12 sites over 8 years bracketing the end of armed conflict. All α-diversity and β-diversity analyses were evaluated relative to categorical altitude (< or >500 m) and continuous altitude. Strong differences in fish community structure among sites occurred as a function of altitude. Fish communities exhibit altitudinal biodiversity gradients that are consistent in space and time, and that need to be accounted for conservation and management considerations. Our results provide a reference to identify short- and long-term changes due to impending human land use at a critical moment for the conservation of tropical fish diversity. Similar studies in other areas of the upper Amazon Basin are needed to evaluate effects of subsequent human activities on diversity patterns and our study area to compare to reference conditions reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David G. Jenkins
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Astrid Acosta‐Santos
- Aquatic Ecosystems GroupInstituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHILeticiaColombia
| | - Edwin Agudelo Córdoba
- Aquatic Ecosystems GroupInstituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHILeticiaColombia
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Li WB, Teng Y, Zhang MY, Shen Y, Liu JW, Qi JW, Wang XC, Wu RF, Li JH, Garber PA, Li M. Human activity and climate change accelerate the extinction risk to non-human primates in China. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17114. [PMID: 38273577 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Human activity and climate change affect biodiversity and cause species range shifts, contractions, and expansions. Globally, human activities and climate change have emerged as persistent threats to biodiversity, leading to approximately 68% of the ~522 primate species being threatened with extinction. Here, we used habitat suitability models and integrated data on human population density, gross domestic product (GDP), road construction, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the location of protected areas (PAs), and climate change to predict potential changes in the distributional range and richness of 26 China's primate species. Our results indicate that both PAs and NDVI have a positive impact on primate distributions. With increasing anthropogenic pressure, species' ranges were restricted to areas of high vegetation cover and in PAs surrounded by buffer zones of 2.7-4.5 km and a core area of PAs at least 0.1-0.5 km from the closest edge of the PA. Areas with a GDP below the Chinese national average of 100,000 yuan were found to be ecologically vulnerable, and this had a negative impact on primate distributions. Changes in temperature and precipitation were also significant contributors to a reduction in the range of primate species. Under the expected influence of climate change over the next 30-50 years, we found that highly suitable habitat for primates will continue to decrease and species will be restricted to smaller and more peripheral parts of their current range. Areas of high primate diversity are expected to lose from 3 to 7 species. We recommend that immediate action be taken, including expanding China's National Park Program, the Ecological Conservation Redline Program, and the Natural Forest Protection Program, along with a stronger national policy promoting alternative/sustainable livelihoods for people in the local communities adjacent to primate ranges, to offset the detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change on primate survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Wei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fu M, Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Evaluation of the Protection Effectiveness of Natural Protected Areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Ecosystem Services. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2605. [PMID: 36767971 PMCID: PMC9915441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the protection effectiveness of natural protected areas is an important step in successful management. Adopting 330 natural protected areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as research subjects, the regional dominant ecosystem service function was selected, and various temporal and spatial analysis methods were employed to analyze the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem service patterns from 2000 to 2020. Our results indicated that (1) the water conservation function stabilized after fluctuation and decline, the soil conservation function fluctuated upward, and the windbreak and sand fixation function exhibited an increase after a decreasing fluctuation. (2) The protection effectiveness of25 protected areas significantly improved, that of 151 protected areas improved, that of 84 protected areas stabilized, that of 56 protected areas worsened, and that of 14 protected areas significantly worsened. (3) The top three influencing factors in descending order were precipitation change > altitude > mining area density. (4) Remarkable protection results were achieved in national protected areas, established management institutions, earlier established areas (before 2000), and areas exhibiting alow built-up area density (<0.75%) and low mining density (<1%). Our study provides technical support for the construction and management of protected areas and improvement in ecosystem service functions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Biodiversity and Nature Reserve, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center, Beijing 100076, China
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