1
|
Botvid S, Simonsen AB, Jørgensen C, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Christensen AB, Johansen JD. Fragrance allergens in cosmetic products marketed for children in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:374-381. [PMID: 37591237 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are among the most common contact allergens in children. Cosmetic products are the most frequent source of skin exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate exposure to fragrance allergens among Danish children, based on a sample of 1179 cosmetic products marketed for children. METHODS Information regarding cosmetic products marketed to children was obtained using a non-profit smartphone application registry, with data from December 2015 to November 2022. RESULTS The number of validated products was 26 537, of which 1349 marketed for children. After elimination of duplicates, 1179 (4.4%) individual products remained. The majority 53.8% (634/1179) of the products were fragranced. The highest frequency of declared fragrances was found in 'Facial care'-products: 93.0% (80/86), of which 97.7% were lip balms. The highest number of labelled fragrances in one single product (n = 16) was found in a baby perfume. Fragrance mix I (FMI) or II (FMII) allergens were found in 25.3% (298/1179) of the products. Limonene and linalool were the two most frequently labelled fragrance allergens. CONCLUSION Children can be exposed to a vast number of fragrance allergens from scented cosmetic products. Allergens from FM I and FMII are widely used in cosmetic products marketed to children. Patch testing with FMI and FMII remains relevant in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Botvid
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Simonsen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Claus Jørgensen
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stine Müller
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Beck Christensen
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Larese Filon F, Ricci F, Piapan L, Fortina AB, Mauro M, Rui F. Sensitization to Fragrance Markers From 1996 to 2016 in Northeastern Italy and Analysis of Occupational Relevance. Dermatitis 2023; 34:468-469. [PMID: 37729038 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Larese Filon
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Linda Piapan
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Mauro
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Rui
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong LS, Huang BQ, Tang WT, Zhuo ZQ. Bullous impetigo-like irritant contact dermatitis caused by perfume. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:320-321. [PMID: 35014095 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis usually presents as erythematous macules, papules, and vesicles. Sometimes, unusual clinical presentations of contact dermatitis are reported, including pustular, lymphomatoid, lichenoid, and pigmented variants. We describe the first patient with bullous irritant contact dermatitis caused by perfume, mimicking impetigo lesions. We report this case to raise awareness concerning the possibility of serious cutaneous reactions, such as bullous impetigo-like irritant contact dermatitis due to perfumes which are ubiquitous, especially after direct contact with the solution. Perfume ingredients, such as fragrance, solvents, and preservatives all may cause or contribute to irritant contact dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Sheng Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing-Qing Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Tao Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhuo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ogueta IA, Christensson JB, Giménez-Arnau E, Brans R, Wilkinson M, Stingeni L, Foti C, Aerts O, Svedman C, Gonçalo M, Giménez-Arnau A. Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: pros and cons for routine patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:1-12. [PMID: 35122274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre-haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ogueta
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Johanna Brared Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Citysjukhuset +7, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen J, Yi Z, Sun R, Ning W, Zhou C, Tian Z, Sun C, Li Y. Analysis of Fragrance Allergens in Personal Care Products, Toys, and Water Samples: A Review. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:396-412. [PMID: 34951644 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can cause irritation and negative reactions. A large number of emerging FAs are widely used in household goods, and cause contact allergy or allergic contact dermatitis in eczema population and the general population. It shows an increasing prevalence and is regarded as a concern to public health. Recently, more and more studies have focused on the analytical methods of FAs in a variety of samples with different matrices. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive overview of recent progress of analysis of FAs in various samples is needed. In this review, the physical and chemical properties, applications, hazards, and the recent advances of sample preparation and determination methods of common FAs in personal care products, toys, and water samples are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the advantages and limitations of different sample pretreatment and detection methods, thus offering a deep-going discussion of the development and future trends in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057 China
| | - Zonghui Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Rui Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Wei Ning
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ziyi Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pluym N, Stöckelhuber M, Weber T, Scherer G, Scherer M, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time trend of the exposure to geraniol in 24-h urine samples derived from the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 2004 to 2018. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 239:113880. [PMID: 34773764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Geraniol (trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene-1-ol) is an acyclic isoprenoid monoterpene with a widespread use as fragrance in consumer products, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The class of terpene chemicals has been associated with varying sensitizing potencies. A recently developed sensitive LC- MS/MS method for the analysis of geraniol metabolites was further improved and validated for the two metabolites, 8-carboxygeraniol and Hildebrandt acid. The successfully validated method was applied to 250 urine samples derived from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected between 2004 and 2018. Both metabolites of this allergen of special concern were quantified in all urine samples of this study. Correlation analysis revealed that 8-carboxygeraniol appears to be the sole specific biomarker in urine for geraniol exposure. Overall, the excreted amounts of 8-carboxygeraniol remained unchanged in urine samples collected from 2004 to 2018. However, a significantly higher 8-carboxygeraniol excretion per 24 h was observed in females compared to males across the sampling years from 2004 to 2012. This trend equalized in the years 2015 and 2018. We could demonstrate that 8-carboxygeraniol may be a suited biomarker for assessing the geraniol exposure in the general population. Regardless of the fact that additional, preferably population representative studies combining HBM and health examination were helpful to further elucidate the risks of a geraniol exposure, the current study adds important data for identifying time trends and body burden of geraniol in the environment and shows the ubiquitous exposure towards mixtures of sensitizing chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Pluym
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Markus Stöckelhuber
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alrasheed M, Albalawi O, Aljallal M, Alqahtani AS. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Self-Reported Perfume Sensitivity in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9101248. [PMID: 34682928 PMCID: PMC8535261 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfumes are widely used products; however, several fragrance substances used in perfuming are well-established allergenic substances and have been attributed to various adverse health reactions. The nature and significance of perfume sensitivity reactions have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence, nature, and associated risk factors of self-reported perfume sensitivity among the general population in Saudi Arabia. A nationally representative cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Saudi Arabia in October 2020. Significant associated risk factors were explored using multivariate regression analyses. A total of 1078 participants completed the survey, with a mean age of 36.7 years (SD ± 10.36). Perfume sensitivity reactions were reported in 14.6% of participants. From among these participants, 17.8% reported moderate to severe reactions. Respiratory and skin symptoms were the most reported reactions, with total rates of 40.1% and 35.7%, respectively. History of asthma (OR = 3.2, 95%CI 1.88–4.37, p < 0.001) and the use of counterfeit perfume products (OR = 1.9, 95%CI 1.23–2.94, p < 0.003) were significantly associated with a higher risk of perfume sensitivity. Our study revealed that a considerable number of the general population in Saudi Arabia has experienced adverse health reactions due to perfume products. The enormous volume of the perfume market thus necessitates further quantitative analysis studies to determine the presence of allergenic fragrance substances in perfumes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Karlberg AT, Lepoittevin JP. One hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes: What we can learn from old research on turpentine allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:627-636. [PMID: 34453446 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although in recent years the focus on sensitizing terpene oxidation products has been on oxidized limonene and linalool, the autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine causing occupational contact dermatitis in painters. This review is written in a way as to allow us to get closer to the work of the scientists in earlier days, to participate in the successes, and also to observe the weak points. The researchers concluded that the main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine which is of the Iberian type with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Historical exposure to turpentine showed that ending the industrial exposure stopped the occupational skin sensitization. Patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population. A hundred years of extensive chemical and clinical studies worldwide should be sufficient to meet the evidence requirement regarding allergic contact dermatitis caused by terpenes. HIGHLIGHTS: The autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine. The main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Recent patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shcherbakova A, Strömstedt AA, Göransson U, Gnezdilov O, Turanov A, Boldbaatar D, Kochkin D, Ulrich-Merzenich G, Koptina A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Evernia prunastri extracts and their isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:129. [PMID: 34232401 PMCID: PMC8263414 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms formed by a fungus and one or more photosynthetic partners which are usually alga or cyanobacterium. Their diverse and scarcely studied metabolites facilitate adaptability to extreme living conditions. We investigated Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., a widely distributed lichen, for its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. E. prunastri was sequentially extracted by hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM) and acetonitrile (ACN) that were screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial (against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans) activities. The Hex extract possessed the highest antioxidant capacity (87 mg ascorbic acid/g extract) corresponding to the highest content of phenols (73 mg gallic acid/g extract). The DCM and Hex extracts were both active against S. aureus (MICs of 4 and 21 µg/ml, respectively) but were less active against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. The ACN extract exhibited activity on both S. aureus (MIC 14 µg/ml) and C. albicans (MIC 38 µg/ml) and was therefore further fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The active compound of the most potent fraction was subsequently characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and identified as evernic acid. Structural similarity analyses were performed between compounds from E. prunastri and known antibiotics from different classes. The structural similarity was not present. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of E. prunastri extracts originate from multiple chemical compounds; besides usnic acid, most notably evernic acid and derivatives thereof. Evernic acid and its derivatives represent possible candidates for a new class of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Shcherbakova
- Volga State University of Technology, Lenin Sq., 3, Yoshkar-Ola, Russia, 424000
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
- Medical Clinic III, AG Synergy Research and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - A A Strömstedt
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Göransson
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - O Gnezdilov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, Kazan, Russia, 420029
| | - A Turanov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, Kazan, Russia, 420029
| | - D Boldbaatar
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Liver Center, Dalai Tower, Unesco Street 31, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar, 14230, Mongolia
| | - D Kochkin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-12 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119234
| | - G Ulrich-Merzenich
- Medical Clinic III, AG Synergy Research and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Koptina
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez-Pujol MJ, Docampo-Simón A, Mercader P, González-Pérez R, Hervella-Garcés M, Sanz-Sánchez T, Córdoba S, Sánchez-Pérez J, Heras-Mendaza F, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gatica-Ortega ME, Pastor-Nieto MA, Zaragoza V, Carrascosa JM, García-Bravo B, Ruiz-González I, Borrego L, Sánchez-Pedreño P, de Frutos JO, Armario-Hita JC, García-Gavín J, Fernández-Redondo V, Serra E, Silvestre JF. Frequency of sensitization to the individual fragrances of fragrance mix I and II according to the factors included in the MOAHLFA index. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:395-406. [PMID: 33534191 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances constitute the second most frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis in Spain. OBJECTIVES To determine the rate of sensitization to the individual fragrances of fragrance mix (FM) I and FM II for each of the demographic and clinical factors included in the MOAHLFA (male, occupational dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, hand dermatitis, leg dermatitis, facial dermatitis, age) index. METHODS We conducted a 5-year retrospective study in 23 Spanish centres. We identified the patients who had undergone patch testing with a specific fragrance series after reacting positively to fragrance markers in a baseline series. We obtained the MOAHLFA index items in this population, then calculated for each demographic and clinical factor the frequencies of sensitization to the individual fragrances of FM I and FM II. RESULTS A specific fragrance series was patch tested in 1013 patients. The most frequent allergens in men, women, children, and retired people were Evernia prunastri (16%), geraniol (16.6%), isoeugenol (17.9%), and geraniol (22.4%), respectively. Citral (20.5%) and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC) (14.5%) were the most common allergens in occupational eczemas and were also associated with a large proportion of hand and facial dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS Frequency of sensitization to the individual fragrances of FM I and FM II varies with age, sex, affected body region, and history of occupational or atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Sánchez-Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alexandre Docampo-Simón
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Mercader
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario Jose M Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Susana Córdoba
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María A Pastor-Nieto
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Violeta Zaragoza
- Department of Dermatology, Consorci Hospital Universitari de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Carrascosa
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Begoña García-Bravo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Javier O de Frutos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Armario-Hita
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan García-Gavín
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Virginia Fernández-Redondo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther Serra
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan F Silvestre
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Scherer M, Petreanu W, Weber T, Scherer G, Pluym N, Kolossa-Gehring M. Human biomonitoring in urine samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank reveals a decreasing trend over time in the exposure to the fragrance chemical lysmeral from 2000 to 2018. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128955. [PMID: 33220982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde (trade names, e.g. lysmeral or lilial) is a fragrance chemical frequently used in cosmetic products where it is labelled as Butylphenyl methylpropional. A recently developed LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of four lysmeral metabolites (tert-butylbenzoic acid (TBBA), lysmerol, lysmerylic acid, and hydroxy-lysmerylic acid) was applied to 329 urine samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank collected between 2000 and 2018. The two major metabolites TBBA and lysmerol were found in quantifiable concentrations in almost all samples in this study and correlated significantly. Hence, both analytes proved to be specific biomarkers indicating the broad exposure to lysmeral. A significant decline was found for TBBA and lysmerol for the monitored years with the most pronounced decrease from 2012 to 2015. The daily intake (DI) was used to evaluate potential health risks with respect to the derived no-effect level (DNEL) as a threshold for exposure of the general population. The median DI (1.63 μg/kg bw/d) and the 95th percentile (4.69 μg/kg bw/d) corresponded to 2.6% and 7.5% of the lowest DNEL (62.5 μg/kg bw/d for oral administration), respectively. Even though a decreasing trend in exposure was observed the data still calls for efforts to reduce the exposure towards lysmeral since metabolites of lysmeral were detected in nearly all samples and adverse effects cannot be excluded. Clearly, these results need to be substantiated by HBM campaigns in population representative samples like the German Environmental Survey in adults (GerES VI) to provide more robust data for the adult population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Wolf Petreanu
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pastor-Nieto MA, Gatica-Ortega ME. Ubiquity, Hazardous Effects, and Risk Assessment of Fragrances in Consumer Products. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2021; 8:21-41. [PMID: 33520600 PMCID: PMC7825391 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-020-00275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review The main aims of fragrances are to create pleasing scents or to mask unpleasant odors. We hereby review their main exposure sources, presumed benefits, and unwanted effects, with special attention to allergic contact dermatitis (prevalence, regulatory environment, risk assessment methodology, and preventive measures). Recent findings Fragrances elicit positive emotions and presumably have therapeutic benefits related to stress reduction and memory enhancement. However, they also cause detrimental health or environmental effects including contact dermatitis (irritant and/or allergic), non-eczematous contact reactions, photosensitivity, photo-allergy, and immediate contact reactions, which can negatively impact the quality of life. Fragrances are the most frequent chemicals causing contact dermatitis. Their main sources are cosmetics, household products, industrial substances, food flavorings, oral hygiene products, and topical medications. It is difficult for sensitized patients to avoid contact with fragrances, due to their ubiquity and because manufacturers are not willing to volunteer information regarding fragrance ingredients. Summary The treatment of contact dermatitis relies on allergens avoidance which does not “cure” the disease (sensitization persists for life) but prevents disabling illness. The patient should understand that avoiding perfume means to avoid all scented goods and not just perfumes. Labeling fragrances is key in primary prevention (by giving the healthy individual the chance to make an informed choice to avoid risky substances), diagnosis (by helping the practitioner to plan and interpret patch tests), secondary prevention, and prognosis (by allowing the sensitized patient to follow the avoidance instructions). However, only 26 fragrances are mandatory to be declared in cosmetics. The vague labeling of other fragrance ingredients as “perfume” or “fragrance” hampers the diagnostic and preventive approaches. Therefore, in our opinion, declaration should be mandatory for all fragrance ingredients as well as straightforward so most consumers can understand it. Moreover, legislation should be improved to prevent inappropriately high exposures by forbidding stronger allergens, restricting maximum concentrations in the finished product or fields of application, delivering information regarding the risks to the general public, and controlling the compliance of manufacturers with the regulations. Besides, manufacturers should share information regarding the composition in the final products and provide physicians with samples of all fragrance chemicals whenever needed for patch test investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Pastor-Nieto
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, C/ Donantes de Sangre s.n., 19002 Guadalajara, Spain.,Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Kumar M, Devi A, Sharma M, Kaur P, Mandal UK. Review on perfume and present status of its associated allergens. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:391-399. [PMID: 32445606 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfume is basically a cosmetic product applied to human body for an amusing scent or the feeling of freshness. A certain amount of perfume penetrates and remains attached to the protein of the skin when perfume is applied on the body. It evokes a surge of events in human immune system which results with allergic symptoms. Fragrance ingredients are leading cause that can be responsible for the occurrence of allergic contact dermatitis that is recently studied under cosmetic adverse reaction. AIM The aim of this review article was to define the allergies that are caused by fragrance ingredients. This review highlights the various aspects of perfume with respect to its manufacturing process, compositions, and fragrance ingredients identified as allergens and its present regulatory status. METHOD There area 175 frangrance ingredients that are used in perfumes cause allergic reaction. Several studies were conducted on the patients. The study was conducted on four fragrance markers in the baseline series: fragrance mix I (FM I), Myroxylon pereirae, fragrance mix II (FM II), and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde. RESULT Around 658 patients showed allergy due to fragrance ingredients when the patch test was performed. In other study, out of 1253 patients, 90% of the FM I and M. pereirae detected 90% of the cases. CONCLUSION Majority of the fragrance ingredients can cause allergic reactions and hence act as allergens and thus increase the risk of sensitization on activation. If any individual suffers from allergy or contact dermatitis on use of any perfume, he/she should be aware of it and should reduce or avoid its use to overcome such problems of hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, India
| | - Arpna Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, India
| | - Maninder Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, India
| | - Palakdeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Uter W, Gefeller O, Mahler V, Geier J. Trends and current spectrum of contact allergy in Central Europe: results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) 2007–2018*. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:857-865. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen/Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - O. Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen/Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - V. Mahler
- Paul Ehrlich Institut Langen Germany
| | - J. Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
An N, Pourzal S, Luccioli S, Vukmanović S. Effects of diet on skin sensitization by nickel, poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111137. [PMID: 31982450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin contact or exposure to sensitizers often occurs as a consequence of occupational exposures (e.g. poison ivy in forestry), wearing jewelry (e.g. nickel), or use of cosmetics (e.g. fragrances). However, many of the known skin sensitizers or their chemical variants are also consumed orally through foods or other sources. Since oral exposure to antigenic substances can lead to tolerance, consumption of sensitizers may impact the development and potency of skin sensitization, especially if the sensitizer is consumed early in life, prior to the first skin contact. To address this issue, we have reviewed human clinical and epidemiological literature relevant to this subject and evaluated whether early oral exposures to relevant sensitizers, or their chemical variants, are associated with reduced prevalence of skin sensitization to three main allergic sensitizers - nickel, urushiols of poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones of chrysanthemum and other plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan An
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Selma Pourzal
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stefano Luccioli
- Office of Compliance (OC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_86-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Sensitization to Fragrance mix-1 in Patients with Contact Dermatitis in Nord-East of Italy: 1996–2016 Time Trend and Gender Effect. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Fragrance sensitization is common in Italy and their constituents are used in many cosmetics and detergents. The objective of the study was to analyze the temporal trend of sensitivity to fragrance mix-1 in northeastern Italy and to evaluate gender differences; (2) Methods: From 1996 to 2016, 27,381 consecutive patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested. Individual characteristics were collected through a standardized questionnaire in six departments of dermatology or occupational medicine; (3) Results: The overall prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix-1 was 7.3%; the prevalence was significantly higher in women (7.7%) than in men (6.3%). From 1996 to 2016, we observed an increase of this sensitization, ranging from 6.2% to 7.7% in males and from 7.2% to 9.1% in females; (4) Conclusions: Our study showed that contact allergy to fragrance mix-1 is important in both sexes and prevalence is increasing over time, despite the introduction of new fragrances with lower sensitization potential. There is the need to reduce the use of fragrances mix-1 to stop the increase of sensitization in exposed subjects.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Alinaghi F, Bennike NH, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Alexander Egeberg
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schnuch A, Griem P. Duftstoffe als Allergene. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Fragrance allergens in household detergents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Uter W. Extended patch-test screening for fragrance contact allergy: findings and challenges. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:592-593. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bennike NH, Oturai NB, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Jørgensen C, Christensen AB, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Fragrance contact allergens in 5588 cosmetic products identified through a novel smartphone application. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:79-85. [PMID: 28796916 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 25% of the adult European population suffers from contact allergy, with fragrance substances recognized as one of the main causes. Since 2005, 26 fragrance contact allergens have been mandatory to label in cosmetic products within the EU if present at 10 ppm or above in leave-on and 100 ppm or above in wash-off cosmetics. OBJECTIVE To examine exposure, based on ingredient labelling, to the 26 fragrances in a sample of 5588 fragranced cosmetic products. METHODS The investigated products were identified through a novel, non-profit smartphone application (app), designed to provide information to consumers about chemical substances in cosmetic products. Products registered through the app between December 2015 and October 2016 were label checked according to International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) for the presence of the 26 fragrance substances or the wording 'fragrance/parfum/aroma'. RESULTS The largest product categories investigated were 'cream, lotion and oil' (n = 1192), 'shampoo and conditioner' (n = 968) and 'deodorants' (n = 632). Among cosmetic products labelled to contain at least one of the 26 fragrances, 85.5% and 73.9% contained at least two and at least three of the 26 fragrances, respectively. Linalool (49.5%) and limonene (48.5%) were labelled most often among all investigated products. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC/Lyral® ) was found in 13.5% of deodorants. Six of the 26 fragrance substances were labelled on less than one per cent of all products, including the natural extracts Evernia furfuracea (tree moss) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). A total of 329 (5.9%) products had one or more of the 26 fragrance substances labelled but did not have 'parfum/fragrance/aroma' listed on the label. CONCLUSIONS Consumers are widely exposed to, often multiple, well-established fragrance contact allergens through various cosmetic products intended for daily use. Several fragrance substances that are common causes of contact allergy were rarely labelled in this large sample of cosmetic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Bennike
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - N B Oturai
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S Müller
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C S Kirkeby
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Jørgensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A B Christensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Uter W. Contact allergy to fragrances: current clinical and regulatory trends. Allergol Select 2017; 1:190-199. [PMID: 30402616 PMCID: PMC6040011 DOI: 10.5414/alx01604e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
. Several fragrances are important contact allergens. Compared to the immense multitude of more than 2,500 fragrances used in cosmetics, the spectrum of single substances and natural extracts used for patch testing appears limited, albeit comprising the supposedly most important contact allergens. The present review summarizes the most important results of the opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety on fragrance allergens in cosmetic products from July 2012. Clinical results beyond abovementioned screening allergens, animal results in terms of the LLNA and structure activity considerations point to 100 single substances and extracts, respectively, which, in addition to those 26 already identified, must be considered contact allergens, and the presence of which should be declared in cosmetics. In case of the most commonly used fragrance terpenes limonene and linalool hydroperoxides resulting from autoxidation constitute the major allergens. These have become available as patch test material recently. Altogether 12 single substances have caused a (very) high number of published cases of sensitization. Thus their use concentration should be (further) reduced or, in case of hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC, e.g., Lyral®), use should be abandoned altogether. This is also recommended in case of oak moss and tree moss due to their content of the strong sensitizers atranol and chloroatranol. As generic maximum dose for the remaining 11 single substances 0.8 µg/cm2 are suggested, which corresponds, under conservative assumptions, a maximum concentration of 100 ppm in the finished product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Uter
- Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Positive Patch-Test Reactions to Essential Oils in Consecutive Patients From North America and Central Europe. Dermatitis 2017; 28:246-252. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Kroona L, Warfvinge G, Isaksson M, Ahlgren C, Dahlin J, Sörensen Ö, Bruze M. Quantification of l-carvone in toothpastes available on the Swedish market. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:224-230. [PMID: 28524256 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toothpastes have widespread use in the population, and contain flavours to give a pleasant and often minty aroma. Flavours are prevalent allergens in toothpastes, and adverse reactions often present as perioral dermatitis or stomatitis. l-Carvone, a mint flavour found in spearmint oil, is one of these allergens. There are few studies on contact allergy to l-carvone, and some of them have indicated a positive relationship with oral lichenoid lesions. OBJECTIVES To qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the presence of l-carvone in commercially available toothpastes on the Swedish market. METHODS l-Carvone in 66 toothpastes was analysed with straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The product labels were studied with regard to limonene. RESULTS l-Carvone was found in 64 of 66 toothpastes (concentration: 0.00005-0.35%). In 10 of these, the concentration exceeded 0.1%. Higher concentrations of l-carvone were found if limonene was listed on the label. CONCLUSION The majority of toothpastes on the Swedish market contain l-carvone, but the concentration hardly relates to the advertised flavour or labelled ingredients. It is hitherto unknown whether the found concentrations are sufficient for induction of contact allergy in individuals with healthy oral mucosa or in those with oral lichenoid lesions or other mucosal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liv Kroona
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Warfvinge
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Camilla Ahlgren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Östen Sörensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lidén C, Yazar K, Johansen JD, Karlberg AT, Uter W, White IR. Comparative sensitizing potencies of fragrances, preservatives, and hair dyes. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 75:265-275. [PMID: 27633650 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is used for assessing sensitizing potential in hazard identification and risk assessment for regulatory purposes. Sensitizing potency on the basis of the LLNA is categorized into extreme (EC3 value of ≤0.2%), strong (>0.2% to ≤2%), and moderate (>2%). To compare the sensitizing potencies of fragrance substances, preservatives, and hair dye substances, which are skin sensitizers that frequently come into contact with the skin of consumers and workers, LLNA results and EC3 values for 72 fragrance substances, 25 preservatives and 107 hair dye substances were obtained from two published compilations of LLNA data and opinions by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety and its predecessors. The median EC3 values of fragrances (n = 61), preservatives (n = 19) and hair dyes (n = 59) were 5.9%, 0.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The majority of sensitizing preservatives and hair dyes are thus strong or extreme sensitizers (EC3 value of ≤2%), and fragrances are mostly moderate sensitizers. Although fragrances are typically moderate sensitizers, they are among the most frequent causes of contact allergy. This indicates that factors other than potency need to be addressed more rigorously in risk assessment and risk management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kerem Yazar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ian R White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Criteria for the evidence-based categorisation of skin sensitisers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:14-21. [PMID: 28341136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
33
|
Contact Allergy Cross-reactions: Retrospective Clinical Data and Review of the Literature. Dermatitis 2017; 28:128-140. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Rocha VB, Machado CJ, Bittencourt FV. Program for Contact Allergen Research (PPAC) - a new tool for dermatologists. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91:390-2. [PMID: 27438216 PMCID: PMC4938293 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil there is no classification of dermatological products by the presence
of vehicles with sensitizing potential. The objective of this study is to create
a database to classify such products based on the absence of the selected
allergens, aiming at making it available for medical consultation. We conducted
an observational study, from the content of labels and/or inserts on the
composition of 966 dermatological products in the Brazilian market. No chemical
analysis was performed. The database called Programa para Pesquisa de
Alérgenos de Contato (www.ppac.com.br) was created,
in which safe products for patients allergic to dermatological vehicles are
provided.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fragrance Allergens, Overview with a Focus on Recent Developments and Understanding of Abiotic and Biotic Activation. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
36
|
Sabroe RA, Holden CR, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact allergy to essential oils cannot always be predicted from allergy to fragrance markers in the baseline series. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:236-41. [PMID: 26806578 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils are fragrance substances that are labelled on cosmetic products by their INCI names, potentially confusing consumers. OBJECTIVES To establish whether contact allergy to essential oils might be missed if not specifically tested for. METHODS We tested 471 patients with 14 essential oils and 2104 patients with Melaleuca alternifolia oil between January 2008 and June 2014. All patients were tested with fragrance mix I, fragrance mix II, hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, and Myroxylon pereirae. Three hundred and twenty-six patients were tested with hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool. RESULTS Thirty-four patients had a +/++/+++ reaction to at least one essential oil. Eleven had no reaction to any of the six marker fragrance substances. Thus, 4 of 11 positive reactions to M. alternifolia oil, 2 of 7 reactions to Cymbopogon flexuosus oil, 1 of 5 reactions to Cananga odorata oil, 3 of 4 reactions to Santalum album oil and 2 of 3 reactions to Mentha piperita oil would have been missed without individual testing. CONCLUSION A small number of patients who are allergic to essential oils could be missed if these are not specifically tested. Labelling by INCI names means that exposure may not be obvious. Careful inspection of so-called 'natural' products and targeted testing is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Sabroe
- Department of Dermatology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Catherine R Holden
- Department of Dermatology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - David J Gawkrodger
- Department of Dermatology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
White IR. Time to say 'goodbye'. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 73:325. [PMID: 26768995 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Uter W, Rustemeyer T, Wilkinson M, Duus Johansen J. Quality in epidemiological surveillance of contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:175-80. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology; VU University Medical Centre; 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; LS7 4SA Leeds UK
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schwensen JF, Bregnbak D, Johansen JD. Recent trends in epidemiology, sensitization and legal requirements of selected relevant contact allergens. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:289-300. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob F. Schwensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - David Bregnbak
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lagrelius M, Wahlgren CF, Matura M, Kull I, Lidén C. High prevalence of contact allergy in adolescence: results from the population-based BAMSE birth cohort. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:44-51. [PMID: 26538115 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy is common among adults. However, little is known about the prevalence in adolescents. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of allergy to common contact allergens in Swedish adolescents in the general population. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS The BAMSE cohort is a population-based birth cohort with the main aim of studying the risk factors for asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Patch testing was performed at the 16-year follow-up. The test (TRUE Test(®) ) was applied at home, and removed 2 days later by nurses, who recorded and photographed the results. Dermatologists made final assessments on the basis of photographs and protocols. RESULTS Two thousand two hundred and eighty-five participants (88% of all 16-year follow-up participants) were patch tested; 15.3% had at least one positive reaction. Contact allergy was more common in girls than in boys (17.0% versus 13.4%, p = 0.018). Sensitization to nickel was most common (7.5%), followed by sensitization to fragrance mix I (2.1%) and p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (1.9%). Nickel allergy was more frequent in girls (9.8% versus 4.9%, p < 0.001). Solitary sensitization to cobalt was more common than co-sensitization to nickel and cobalt. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of contact allergy in adolescents is of almost the same high magnitude as in adults. The applied method was feasible in the population-based setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagrelius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, SE-113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Wahlgren
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihály Matura
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, SE-113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Kull
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm South General Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children's Hospital, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Belloni Fortina A, Cooper SM, Spiewak R, Fontana E, Schnuch A, Uter W. Patch test results in children and adolescents across Europe. Analysis of the ESSCA Network 2002-2010. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:446-55. [PMID: 25939691 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact sensitization in children is more frequent than previously thought. METHODS The ESSCA collected patch test data from 11 European countries aggregated to 4 European regions. RESULTS Six thousand and eight patients aged 1-16 years old with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were analyzed during a period of 8 years (2002-2010). The overall prevalence of at least one positive reaction to a hapten was 36.9%. The 10 most frequent haptens were as follows: nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride and potassium dichromate, neomycin sulfate, Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru), para-phenylenediamine, chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 3:1, fragrance mix, lanolin alcohols, and colophony. No difference was found in the prevalence of at least one positive reaction to at least one hapten between boys and girls and between children with atopic dermatitis and children without. Children without atopic dermatitis, when compared with those with, had a significantly higher prevalence of contact sensitization for nickel sulfate (20.91% vs 16.87%, respectively), 4-tert. butylphenol formaldehyde resin (1.61% vs. 0.7%), and para-phenylenediamine (2.49% vs. 1.3%). LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Chamber loading is not an exact science and variation may occur between staff and departments. Interinstitution variations in readings can occur. A possible geographic confounder is that the southern regions tested more children in the younger age group. Relevance was not addressed due to difficulties in the application of a set of uniform definitions. CONCLUSIONS Our study adds information on the most common contact allergens detected in children which could help to define a Standard European Pediatric Baseline Series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Belloni Fortina
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Susan M Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Radoslaw Spiewak
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elena Fontana
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), University Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Frosch PJ, Duus Johansen J, Schuttelaar MLA, Silvestre JF, Sánchez-Pérez J, Weisshaar E, Uter W. Patch test results with fragrance markers of the baseline series - analysis of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) network 2009-2012. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:163-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Frosch
- Department of Dermatology; University of Witten/Herdecke; 58448 Witten Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Klinikum Dortmund; 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Marie-Louise A. Schuttelaar
- Dermatology; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Juan F. Silvestre
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; 03010 Alicante Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario la Princesa; 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine; University Hospital Heidelberg; 69115 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Fragrances are a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis in Europe and in North America. They can affect individuals at any age and elicit a spectrum of reactions from contact urticaria to systemic contact dermatitis. Growing recognition of the widespread use of fragrances in modern society has fueled attempts to prevent sensitization through improved allergen identification, labeling, and consumer education. This review provides an overview and update on fragrance allergy. Part 1 discusses the epidemiology and evaluation of suspected fragrance allergy. Part 2 reviews screening methods, emerging fragrance allergens, and management of patients with fragrance contact allergy. This review concludes by examining recent legislation on fragrances and suggesting potential additions to screening series to help prevent and detect fragrance allergy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Skorek M, Jesionek W, Majer-Dziedzic B, Sajewicz M, Choma I, Kowalska T. Bioautographic Screening of Antibacterial Properties of Selected Juices, Herbal Infusions, and Cosmetic Ingredients. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1028296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skorek
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wioleta Jesionek
- Department of Chromatographic Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Irena Choma
- Department of Chromatographic Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Uter W, Fieβler C, Gefeller O, Geier J, Schnuch A. Contact sensitization to fragrance mix I and II, toMyroxylon pereiraeresin and oil of tupentine: multifactorial analysis of risk factors based on data of the IVDK network. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Cornelia Fieβler
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Better communication of the work of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:191-2. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
48
|
Schnuch A, Uter W, Lessmann H, Geier J. Risk of sensitization to fragrances estimated on the basis of patch test data and exposure, according to volume used and a sample of 5451 cosmetic products. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Uter W. Fragrance mix I: TRUE Test®versus pet.-based patch test. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:256-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- IMBE, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg; Waldstr. 6 Erlangen 91054 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
|