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Llamas-Velasco M, Martos-Cabrera L, Butrón B, Sánchez-Pérez J. [Translated article] Low Clinical Relevance of Positive Patch Test Reactions to Limonene and/or Linalool Hydroperoxides in 247 Consecutive Patients with Eczema. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T309-T311. [PMID: 38242436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España.
| | - L Martos-Cabrera
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - B Butrón
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - J Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
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Llamas-Velasco M, Martos-Cabrera L, Butrón B, Sánchez-Pérez J. Low Clinical Relevance of Positive Patch Test Reactions to Limonene and/or Linalool Hydroperoxides in 247 Consecutive Patients with Eczema. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:309-311. [PMID: 37879497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España.
| | - L Martos-Cabrera
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - B Butrón
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - J Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
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Schubert S, Geier J, Brans R, Heratizadeh A, Kränke B, Schnuch A, Bauer A, Dickel H, Buhl T, Vieluf D, Wagner N, Worm M. Patch testing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool in consecutive patients-Results of the IVDK 2018-2020. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37177844 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroperoxides of limonene (Lim-OOHs) and linalool (Lin-OOHs) are potent contact sensitizers. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of positive patch test (PT) reactions to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in consecutive patients, their demographic factors and concomitant reactions. METHODS Between 7/2018 and 12/2020, Lim-OOHs 0.3% pet. and Lin-OOHs 1% pet. were patch tested in 5511 consecutive patients. We assessed PT reactivity and analysed data from patients with either positive or negative PTs to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs. RESULTS Positive PT results to Lim-OOHs (n = 170, 3.1%) and Lin-OOHs (n = 483, 8.8%) were frequent. Most of the positive reactions were weak (LimOOHs n = 134/LinOOHs n = 429), and even more frequently, doubtful (n = 252/n = 578) or irritant reactions (n = 81/n = 178) were documented. PT reactivity to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs was increased in patients with irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The proportion of leg dermatitis and concomitant positive reactions to fragrances and essential oils was increased in patients with reactivity to these hydroperoxides. CONCLUSION The observed reaction pattern suggests that both test preparations display an irritant potential with an increased risk of false positive reactions. Preparations should be chemically monitored in order to reduce irritancy. Mindful interpretation of PT results and aimed patch testing of lower concentrations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Annice Heratizadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birger Kränke
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Vieluf
- Department of Allergology, Photodermatology and Occupational Dermatology, Dermatologikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Mollova S, Dzhurmanski A, Fidan H, Bojilov D, Manolov S, Dincheva I, Stankov S, Stoyanova A, Ercisli S, Assouguem A, Marc RA, Ullah R, Bari A. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Nepeta transcaucasica Grossh. and Nepeta cataria L. Cultivated in Bulgaria and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15441-15449. [PMID: 37151483 PMCID: PMC10157675 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, includes about 300 species, most of which are used in folk medicine due to their pronounced biological properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the agrobiological characteristics of Nepeta transcaucasica (N. transcaucasica) Grossh. and Nepeta cataria (N. cataria) L., cultivated in Bulgaria, and obtain their essential oils and determine their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The agrobiological characteristics of the two species growing in Kazanlak were analyzed; therefore, high variability in the population of N. transcaucasica and comparative homogeneity in N. cataria was shown. The species N. transcaucasica contained 0.28% essential oil with main components β-citronellol (52.05%), eucalyptol (7.34%), β-citronellal (6.06%), germacrene D (5.45%), (Z)-β-ocimene (5.14%), and β-caryophyllene (3.06%). The species N. cataria consisted of 0.19% essential oil with main components β-citronellol (26.31%), geraniol (15.92%), neral (11.45%), nerol (9.56%), carvacrol (6.04%), and β-citronellal (5.35%). The antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abony was determined. The essential oils showed antimicrobial activity only against E. coli. The diameters of the inhibition zones were found to be 26 mm for the species N. transcaucasica and 10 mm for the species N. cataria. The antioxidant activity of the two essential oils was also determined by four different methods, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC, with the highest values for the ABTS radical, for the species N. transcaucasica (48.72 μM TE/mL), and the species N. cataria (310 μM TE/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Mollova
- Institute
of Roses, Essential and Medical Plants, Agricultural Academy, Kazanlak 6100, Bulgaria
| | - Anatoli Dzhurmanski
- Institute
of Roses, Essential and Medical Plants, Agricultural Academy, Kazanlak 6100, Bulgaria
| | - Hafize Fidan
- University
of Food Technologies, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Bojilov
- Paisii
Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Stanimir Manolov
- Paisii
Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant
Genetic Research Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
- HGF
Agro, Ata Teknokent, TR-25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory
of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, P.O. Box 2202, Fez 2202, Morocco
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food
Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Technological
Transfer Center “CTT-BioTech”, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Floreşti Street, No.
64, 400509 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Iliev I, Nedelchev V, Gandova V, Stoyanova A. Influence of vegetation on the composition of essential oil from (Melissa officinalis L.). BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20235801018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is a perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae, which is used in folk medicine and the food industry, as well as being processed to obtain essential oil. The aim of the special work is to monitor the influence of vegetation on the composition of the essential oil. The chemical composition of essential oils, obtained by steam distillation from lemon balm cultivated in North-eastern Bulgaria, has been determined. The plants were harvested in two periods of vegetation - the first at the end of June and second - at the end of August 2020. The main components in the oil from the first cut are geranial (26.41%), neral (19.55%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.46%), germacrene D (7.86%) and β-citronellal (3.24%). In the oil from the second cut, the main components are geranial (37.26%), neral (28.46%), (E)-β- caryophyllene (6.65%), geraniol (4.72%), and β-citronellal (3.04%). The oil from the second harvest has a high content of the main components of geranial, neral and geraniol and a lower content of (E)-β- caryophyllene and germacrene D. Variations in the amounts are also present in other compounds.
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Development and validation of a method for determining d-limonene and its oxidation products in vegetables and soil using GC–MS. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ogueta IA, Christensson JB, Giménez-Arnau E, Brans R, Wilkinson M, Stingeni L, Foti C, Aerts O, Svedman C, Gonçalo M, Giménez-Arnau A. Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: pros and cons for routine patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:1-12. [PMID: 35122274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre-haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ogueta
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Johanna Brared Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Citysjukhuset +7, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Antelmi A, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Dahlin J, Hamnerius N, Hauksson I, Isaksson M, Lejding T, Pontén A, Svedman C. Contact allergy to oxidized linalool and oxidized limonene: Patch testing in consecutive patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:15-24. [PMID: 34561893 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to oxidized (ox.) linalool and ox. limonene has been reported to have a high prevalence, raising the question of inclusion into the baseline series. However, several important issues should be clarified and further investigated before inclusion can be warranted. OBJECTIVES To report the trends of ox. terpenes allergy in patients with dermatitis, features of the patch test reactions, and clinical characteristics of the patients. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 5773 patients was performed. All patients were patch tested with baseline series, individual ingredients of fragrance mix I and II, ox. linalool, and ox. limonene from 2013 to 2020. RESULTS The prevalence rates of contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene were 7.0% and 5.1%, respectively. Significantly increasing trends of contact allergy were observed. More than 95% of contact allergy cases were identified on Day 3/4. Patients with contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene were significantly younger than those with contact allergy to other fragrances and were predominantly female. Strong reactions were associated with older age and multiple fragrance allergies. CONCLUSIONS Contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene is becoming increasingly important, and findings show intriguing features. More studies concerning the clinical relevance before recommending these substances for screening are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inese Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Lichter J, Silva E Sousa M, Peter N, Sahli F, Vileno B, Kuresepi S, Gourlaouen C, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Skin sensitization to fragrance hydroperoxides: interplay between dendritic cells, keratinocytes and free radicals. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:1143-1152. [PMID: 33205411 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin sensitization to hydroperoxides (R-OOHs) of the commonly used fragrance terpenes limonene, linalool and citronellol is frequently reported. R-OOHs are believed to initiate the process leading to sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. Thus, radical intermediates, keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) may act in concert to initiate the process. OBJECTIVES To evaluate individual DC activation profiles by R-OOHs in the context of keratinocytes with regard to frequency, specificity and magnitude of upregulation. METHODS We used 2D and 3D cocultures with keratinocytes/reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and DCs to evaluate cell surface levels of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD80 and the adhesion molecule CD54 on cocultured DCs. Analysis of radical formation from limonene hydroperoxides in RHE was performed using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with the spin trapping technique. RESULTS R-OOHs induce donor-dependent DC activation. Major differences were found between the limonene-OOHs. Limonene-1-OOH was stronger with respect to both frequency and magnitude of response. Using a 3D coculture model, no DC activation was detected after topical application of 0·2% limonene-OOHs (20 µg cm-2 ), while 1·2% limonene-1-OOH or 2% limonene-2-OOH induced DC activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated differences in the carbon and oxygen radicals formed from the limonene-OOHs using RHE, mimicking what may happen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We report clear individual differences in DC maturation induced by the most important hydroperoxides. Response rates and magnitude of response both indicate that very small structural alterations in the hydroperoxides are translated into specific DC responses. In addition, we provide more insight into the amounts of hydroperoxides that can activate DCs and induce sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - M Silva E Sousa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - N Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - F Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France.,French EPR Federation of Research, Réseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire (RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443), Strasbourg, France
| | - S Kuresepi
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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10
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Calandra MJ, Wang Y. POV remediation agents: α‐ketoglutarate salts and the treatment of citrus oils and citrus‐based model fragrances. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT. Patch testing with purified and oxidized citronellol. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:372-379. [PMID: 32638395 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citronellol is a commonly used fragrance terpene included in fragrance mix II. As with many other fragrance terpenes, citronellol is susceptible to autoxidation. Citronellol hydroperoxides are formed in large amounts and are the only oxidation products identified as sensitizers in oxidized citronellol. AIM To compare frequencies of contact allergy to purified and oxidized citronellol and to investigate the pattern of concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series, oxidized linalool, and oxidized limonene. METHODS A total of 658 dermatitis patients were patch tested with purified and oxidized citronellol at 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0% petrolatum, respectively. The irritant properties of purified and oxidized citronellol were studied before patch testing. RESULTS Few irritant reactions were observed in the pretest. Purified citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.15%-0.31% of patients, while oxidized citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.61%-4.5%. Among patients reacting to oxidized citronellol, 34%-50% showed concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series and 75%-91% to oxidized linalool or oxidized limonene. CONCLUSION Oxidized citronellol detects more cases of contact allergy than purified citronellol, and these cases are not all detected using fragrance mix II. Patch testing with oxidized citronellol will add to the tools in the diagnosis of fragrance allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Limonene is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to limonene was considered rare because positive patch tests to it were infrequently observed. In recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that exposure of limonene to oxygen (air) results in the formation of a number of oxidation products, of which the hydroperoxides have a far stronger sensitizing potency than the pure compound. By routine testing of patients suspected of contact dermatitis with hydroperoxides of limonene, high frequencies of positive reactions were found, indicating that these chemicals are important fragrance allergens. It should be realized, however, that a number of "positive" reactions may well be false-positive, irritant responses.
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13
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Hennen J, Silva E Sousa M, Sahli F, Lichter J, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Sensitization potential and potency of terpene hydroperoxides in the cocultured activation test method. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:97-103. [PMID: 30963590 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive patch test reactions to mixtures of oxidized terpenes containing allergenic hydroperoxides are frequently reported. However, human sensitization data for these hydroperoxides are not available. OBJECTIVES To analyse and evaluate the human sensitization potential and potency of hydroperoxides in vitro by using human cells. MATERIALS/METHODS Limonene-1-hydroperoxide, limonene-2-hydroperoxide, citronellol-7-hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, 1-(1-hydroperoxy-1-methylethyl)cyclohexene and mixtures of citronellol hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) and linalool hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) were studied. All compounds were synthesized except for cumene hydroperoxide, which was commercially available. Their potential and potency to activate dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated by measuring the upregulation of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells upon exposure in the cocultured activation test (COCAT) consisting of HaCaT cells (human keratinocyte cell line) and THP-1 monocytes (as a surrogate for DCs). RESULTS Hydroperoxides upregulated CD86 and/or CD54 on cocultured THP-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results are comparable with their sensitization potency ranking in predictive animal models. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the human sensitization potential and potency of several hydroperoxides were determined by the use of human cells and the COCAT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Fatma Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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14
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Exposure source for skin sensitizing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool remains elusive: An analytical market surveillance. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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de Groot AC. Myroxylon pereirae
resin (balsam of Peru) – A critical review of the literature and assessment of the significance of positive patch test reactions and the usefulness of restrictive diets. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 80:335-353. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Bennike NH, Palangi L, Christensson JB, Nilsson U, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Hagvall L. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by hydroperoxides of limonene and dose‐response relationship—A repeated open application test (ROAT) study. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Palangi
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin AllergyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental ScienceStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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17
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Roberts DW, Api AM. Chemical applicability domain of the local lymph node assay (LLNA) for skin sensitisation potency. Part 4. Quantitative correlation of LLNA potency with human potency. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:76-84. [PMID: 29730445 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of skin sensitisation potential and potency by non-animal methods is the target of many active research programmes. Although the aim is to predict sensitisation potential and potency in humans, data from the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) constitute much the largest source of quantitative data on in vivo skin sensitisation. The LLNA has been the preferred in vivo method for identification of skin sensitising chemicals and as such is potentially valuable as a benchmark for assessment of non-animal approaches. However, in common with all predictive test methods, the LLNA is subject to false positives and false negatives with an overall level of accuracy said variously to be approximately 80% or 90%. It is also necessary to consider the extent to which, for true positives, LLNA potency correlates with human potency. In this paper LLNA potency and human potency are compared so as to express quantitatively the correlation between them, and reasons for non-agreement between LLNA and human potency are analysed. This leads to a better definition of the applicability domain of the LLNA, within which LLNA data can be used confidently to predict human potency and as a benchmark to assess the performance of non-animal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States
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18
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Water accelerated transformation of d-limonene induced by ultraviolet irradiation and air exposure. Food Chem 2018; 239:434-441. [PMID: 28873588 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
d-Limonene is a fragrant chemical that widely exists in aromatic products. Isotopic labelling of water molecules plus GC-MS and GC-PCI-Q-TOF analyses were used to investigate the influence of water molecules on chemical transformation of d-limonene induced by UV irradiation and air exposure. The results showed that the synergistic effect of UV irradiation, air exposure and water presence could facilitate d-limonene transformation into the limonene oxides: p-mentha-2,8-dienols, hydroperoxides, carveols, l-carvone and carvone oxide. UV irradiation, air exposure, or water alone, however, caused negligible d-limonene transformation. With the aid of isotopic labelling of water and oxygen molecules, it was found that water molecules were split into hydrogen radicals and hydroxyl radicals, and the hydrogen radicals, in particular, promoted the transformation reactions. This study has elucidated the mechanism and factors that influence the transformation of d-limonene, which will benefit industries involved in production and storage of d-limonene-containing products.
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19
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Raffalli C, Clouet E, Kuresepi S, Damiens MH, Lepoittevin JP, Pallardy M, Ferret PJ, Giménez-Arnau E, Kerdine-Römer S. Editor’s Highlight: Fragrance Allergens Linalool and Limonene Allylic Hydroperoxides in Skin Allergy: Mechanisms of Action Focusing on Transcription Factor Nrf2. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:139-148. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Karlberg AT. Oxidation products and the skin - the effect of hydroperoxides. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 76:63-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry; University of Gothenburg; SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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21
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Fragrance Allergens, Overview with a Focus on Recent Developments and Understanding of Abiotic and Biotic Activation. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Bennike NH, Lepoittevin JP, Johansen JD. Can contact allergy to p-phenylenediamine explain the high rates of terpene hydroperoxide allergy? - An epidemiological study based on consecutive patch test results. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:67-73. [PMID: 27251025 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to linalool hydroperoxides (Lin-OOHs) and limonene hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs) is common. Similarly to what occurs with the terpene hydroperoxides, reactive intermediates formed from p-phenylenediamine (PPD) can cause oxidative modifications of tryptophan residues on proteins in mechanistic studies. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that patients sensitized to PPD are at increased risk of concomitant reactivity to either of the terpene hydroperoxides, owing to a 'common pathway' of skin protein oxidation. METHODS A database study of consecutively patch tested eczema patients (n = 3843) from 2012 to 2015, tested concomitantly with PPD, Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs, was performed. Associations were examined by level of concordance and odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for age, sex, and contact allergy to fragrance mix I and fragrance mix II. RESULTS Concomitant reactions to PPD were seen in 2.2% of Lim-OOH-positive patients and in 4.9% of Lin-OOH-positive patients. Neither proportion was higher than expected by chance. No association existed between PPD and Lim-OOH patch test reactivity. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, PPD allergy was associated with an insignificantly increased risk (OR 2.11, 95%CI:0.92-4.80) of a positive patch test reaction to Lin-OOHs. CONCLUSIONS PPD sensitization cannot explain the high rates of sensitization to Lin-OOHs and/or Lim-OOHs. Contact allergy to oxidized linalool is more strongly associated with fragrance allergy than with PPD allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Højsager Bennike
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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23
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Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Johansen JD, Garcia-Bravo B, Giménez Arnau A, Goh CL, Nixon R, White IR. Oxidized limonene and oxidized linalool - concomitant contact allergy to common fragrance terpenes. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:273-80. [PMID: 26918793 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limonene and linalool are common fragrance terpenes. Both oxidized R-limonene and oxidized linalool have recently been patch tested in an international setting, showing contact allergy in 5.2% and 6.9% of dermatitis patients, respectively. OBJECTIVE To investigate concomitant reactions between oxidized R-limonene and oxidized linalool in consecutive dermatitis patients. METHODS Oxidized R-limonene 3.0% (containing limonene hydroperoxides 0.33%) and oxidized linalool 6% (linalool hydroperoxides 1%) in petrolatum were tested in 2900 consecutive dermatitis patients in Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. RESULTS A total of 281 patients reacted to either oxidized R-limonene or oxidized linalool. Of these, 25% had concomitant reactions to both compounds, whereas 29% reacted only to oxidized R-limonene and 46% only to oxidized linalool. Of the 152 patients reacting to oxidized R-limonene, 46% reacted to oxidized linalool, whereas 35% of the 200 patients reacting to oxidized linalool also reacted to oxidized R-limonene. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the patients (75%) reacted to only one of the oxidation mixtures, thus supporting the specificity of the reactions. The concomitant reactions to the two fragrance allergens suggest multiple sensitizations, which most likely reflect the exposure to the different fragrance materials in various types of consumer products. This is in accordance with what is generally seen for patch test reactions to fragrance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Dermatochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Dermatochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klaus E Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- The National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Begoña Garcia-Bravo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, 41007, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Giménez Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Médiques, Universitat Autònoma, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rosemary Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation, 3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian R White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, SE1 7EH, London, UK
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24
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Natsch A, Emter R, Badertscher R, Brunner G, Granier T, Kern S, Ellis G. Response to the Letter to the Editor Regarding Our Article (Natsch et al., 2015). Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2082-4. [PMID: 26496065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roger Emter
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Remo Badertscher
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Brunner
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Granier
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ellis
- RAPS Fragrance Toxicology, Givaudan International SA , 5 Chemin de la Parfumerie, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
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25
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Karlberg AT, Börje A, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Bråred Christensson J, Hagvall L. Letter to the Editor Regarding the Article by Natsch et al., 2015. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2079-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry
and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Börje
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry
and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Laboratoire de Dermatochimie, ILB 4, rue Blaise Pascal - CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Laboratoire de Dermatochimie, ILB 4, rue Blaise Pascal - CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry
and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska
Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 03 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska
Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 03 Gothenburg, Sweden
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27
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Hagvall L, Berglund V, Bråred Christensson J. Air-oxidized linalyl acetate - an emerging fragrance allergen? Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:216-23. [PMID: 25645423 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linalyl acetate is a fragrance chemical that is prone to autoxidation. Exposure to linalyl acetate occurs through cosmetic products and essential oils, but is difficult to assess, as linalyl acetate is not labelled in the EU. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequencies of contact allergy to oxidized linalyl acetate among dermatitis patients, and to investigate the autoxidation of linalyl acetate in terms of hydroperoxide formation and sensitization potency. PATIENTS AND METHODS Hydroperoxide formation in air-exposed linalyl acetate was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The sensitization potencies of hydroperoxides were determined with the local lymph node assay. One thousand seven hundred and seventeen patients were patch tested with oxidized linalyl acetate at 6.0% in petrolatum. RESULTS Of the patients, 2.2% showed positive reactions to oxidized linalyl acetate. Forty-three per cent of the positive patients also had positive patch test reactions to other fragrance markers. Linalyl acetate hydroperoxides were detected early in the autoxidation process, and accumulated to a concentration of 37% after 42 weeks of air exposure. The linalyl acetate hydroperoxides were classified as moderate sensitizers. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of positive reactions to oxidized linalyl acetate is comparable to that of previously studied oxidized fragrance terpenes. Oxidized linalyl acetate could thus be a common fragrance contact allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gröna stråket 16, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Pesonen M, Suomela S, Kuuliala O, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Aalto-Korte K. Occupational contact dermatitis caused by D-limonene. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:273-9. [PMID: 25141986 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limonene is widely used as a fragrance substance and solvent in cleansing products. Oxidized limonene is a frequent contact allergen among consumers of cosmetics, personal care products, and scented household cleaning products. Less is known about the sources of occupational exposure and occupational contact dermatitis caused by limonene. OBJECTIVE To report 14 patients with occupational contact allergy to limonene. METHODS The patients were examined in 2008-2013. An in-house preparation of oxidized limonene was patch tested as 3% and 5% in petrolatum from 2008 to August 2010, and after this as 3%, 1% and 0.3% pet. From 2012 onwards, a commercial test substance of limonene hydroperoxides was also used. We assessed the patients' occupational and domestic exposure to limonene. RESULTS Occupational limonene allergy was observed in workers who used limonene-containing machine-cleaning detergents and hand cleansers, and in workers who used limonene-containing surface cleaners and dishwashing liquids similar to those used by consumers. In 3 cases, the occupational limonene allergy resulted from work-related use of limonene-containing, leave-on cosmetic products. CONCLUSIONS Limonene is a frequent occupational sensitizer in hand cleansers and cleaning products. Occupational limonene contact allergy may also be caused by exposure to cosmetic products scented with limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250, Helsinki, Finland
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