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Baeza-Hernández G, de la Soledad Vallejo-Ruiz M, Rubio-Aguilera RF, Romero-Maté A, Martínez-Morán C. An Unexpected Dermatophyte? Two Remarkable Cases of Tinea Barbae by Trichophyton benhamiae. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:dpc.1301a37. [PMID: 36892381 PMCID: PMC9946072 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1301a37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Re-discovery of Trichophyton bullosum in North Africa as a cause of severe dermatophytosis in donkeys. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:265-275. [PMID: 34761341 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the first verified cases of infection by Trichophyton bullosum in Africa since the description of the fungus, isolated in 1933 from the coat of horses in Tunisia and Mali. We found the fungus in cutaneous samples obtained from donkeys suffering from severe dermatitis with areas of alopecia and scaling in the surroundings of Cairo (Egypt). Fungal elements (arthroconidia and hyphae) were seen at the microscopy of material collected by skin scraping and digested in NaOH. Fungal colonies grown on various culture media were identified through PCR and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region. Since the original report in Africa and the Middle East, only a few cases have been reported thus far in humans in France and two cases in horses in the Czech Republic and Japan. Trichophyton bullosum seems thus an infrequent cause of dermatophytosis. However, the actual prevalence of this pathogen may be underestimated due to the similarity with T. verrucosum, a predominant cause of infection in cattle, occasionally found on horses and donkeys. Indeed, the two fungi can be distinguished only via molecular methods, which are poorly employed in epidemiological studies on equine and bovine dermatophytosis. The present study results add to our knowledge on the ecology of this poorly explored dermatophyte, supporting the concept that equines are the primary hosts of T. bullosum and confirming the presence of this pathogen in Africa. At the same time, these are the first unequivocally documented infections in donkeys due to T. bullosum.
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Discovery of New Trichophyton Members, T. persicum and T. spiraliforme spp. nov., as a Cause of Highly Inflammatory Tinea Cases in Iran and Czechia. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0028421. [PMID: 34468188 PMCID: PMC8557871 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00284-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens from the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are one of the most important causes of animal mycoses with significant zoonotic potential. In light of the recently revised taxonomy of this complex, we retrospectively identified 38 Trichophyton isolates that could not be resolved into any of the existing species. These strains were isolated from Iranian and Czech patients during molecular epidemiological surveys on dermatophytosis and were predominantly associated with highly inflammatory tinea corporis cases, suggesting possible zoonotic etiology. Subsequent phylogenetic (4 markers), population genetic (10 markers), and phenotypic analyses supported recognition of two novel species. The first species, Trichophyton persicum sp. nov., was identified in 36 cases of human dermatophytosis and one case of feline dermatophytosis, mainly in Southern and Western Iran. The second species, Trichophyton spiraliforme sp. nov., is only known from a single case of tinea corporis in a Czech patient who probably contracted the infection from a dog. Although the zoonotic sources of infections summarized in this study are very likely, little is known about the host spectrum of these pathogens. Awareness of these new pathogens among clinicians should refine our knowledge about their poorly explored geographic distribution. IMPORTANCE In this study, we describe two novel agents of dermatophytosis and summarize the clinical manifestation of infections. These new pathogens were discovered thanks to long-term molecular epidemiological studies conducted in Czechia and Iran. Zoonotic origins of the human infections are highly probable, but the animal hosts of these pathogens are poorly known. Further research is needed to refine our knowledge about these new dermatophytes.
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Lysková P, Dobiáš R, Čmoková A, Kolařík M, Hamal P, Šmatláková K, Hušek J, Mencl K, Mallátová N, Poláčková Z, Krnáčová A, Palkovičová K, Jablonská D, Macháčová J, Drlík Z, Bázsóová D, Jaworská P, Svobodová L, Hubka V. An Outbreak of Trichophyton quinckeanum Zoonotic Infections in the Czech Republic Transmitted from Cats and Dogs. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:684. [PMID: 34575722 PMCID: PMC8465542 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton quinckeanum, a zoophilic dermatophyte mostly known as the causative agent of rodent favus, is relatively rarely reported to cause human infections. Indeed, no infections were detected in Czechia between 2012 and 2015 despite routine verification of species identification by ITS rDNA sequencing. By contrast, 25 human and 11 animal cases of infection were documented from December 2016 to December 2020 and the rates tended to grow every following year. Interestingly, most of the cases were reported in the Olomouc region, suggesting a local outbreak. We bring the evidence that human T. quinckeanum infections are most commonly contracted from infected cats or, less frequently, dogs. Although rodents or contaminated soil and environment could be the source of infection to cats and dogs, the occurrence of infections in multiple animals in the same household suggests direct transmission among animals. Confirmation of the identification by molecular methods is highly recommended due to morphological similarity with T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates to eight antifungals was performed using EUCAST methodology (E.Def 11.0). Among the tested antifungals, terbinafine, amorolfine, ciclopirox and efinaconazole were most potent in vitro and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations were obtained for fluconazole and ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Lysková
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Mycobacteriology, Public Health Institute in Ústí nad Labem, 186 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Radim Dobiáš
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (D.B.); (P.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Č.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Č.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hamal
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Šmatláková
- Veterinární Klinika MVDr. Vlastimil Pospíšil, 68 201 Vyškov, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Hušek
- Veterinární Klinika Veterix, 79 601 Prostějov, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Mencl
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Pardubice Regional Hospital, 53 203 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Nad’a Mallátová
- Laboratory of Mycology and Parasitology, Hospital České Budějovice, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Zora Poláčková
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anežka Krnáčová
- Department of Dermatology, Přerov Hospital, 751 52 Přerov, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Daniela Jablonská
- Dermatology Center, Hranice Hospital, 753 22 Hranice, Czech Republic;
| | - Jitka Macháčová
- Dermatology Center, 757 01 Valašské Meziříčí, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Drlík
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (Z.D.)
- Dr. Drlik Dermatovenereology, 789 85 Mohelnice, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Bázsóová
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (D.B.); (P.J.)
| | - Pavla Jaworská
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (D.B.); (P.J.)
| | - Lucie Svobodová
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Č.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Baert F, Lefevere P, D’hooge E, Stubbe D, Packeu A. A Polyphasic Approach to Classification and Identification of Species within the Trichophyton benhamiae Complex. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080602. [PMID: 34436141 PMCID: PMC8397008 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, considerable advances have been made in clearing up the phylogenetic relationships within the Arthrodermataceae family. However, certain closely related taxa still contain poorly resolved species boundaries. Here, we tried to elucidate the species composition of the Trichophyton benhamiae species complex using a combined approach consisting of multi-gene phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (BT) gene regions, morphological analysis, and spectral comparison using MALDI-ToF. We confirmed the existence of 11 different monophyletic clades within the complex representing either species or genetically distinct groups within species. MALDI-ToF spectrometry analysis revealed that most of these clades were readily distinguishable from one another; however, some closely related sister clades, such as T. europaeum and T. japonicum, were often misidentified as their counterpart. The distinct “yellow” and “white” phenotypes of T. benhamiae do not have a clear genetic basis and should thus be considered as different morphotypes of the same species. Strains traditionally considered T. benhamiae can be divided into three main clades: (i) T. benhamiae, (ii) T. europaeum/T. japonicum, and (iii) the phylogenetically distant T. africanum. While T. europaeum and T. japonicum are distinguishable based on their genotype, spectral and morphological analysis did not provide clear delimiting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Baert
- BCCM/IHEM Fungi Collection, Service of Mycology & Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.D.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
- Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-642-50-99
| | - Paulien Lefevere
- Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Elizabet D’hooge
- BCCM/IHEM Fungi Collection, Service of Mycology & Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.D.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
- Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Dirk Stubbe
- BCCM/IHEM Fungi Collection, Service of Mycology & Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.D.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
- Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Ann Packeu
- BCCM/IHEM Fungi Collection, Service of Mycology & Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (E.D.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
- Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Sciensano, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Trościańczyk A. Real-Time PCR as an Alternative Technique for Detection of Dermatophytes in Cattle Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1662. [PMID: 34199680 PMCID: PMC8229919 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are filamentous fungi with the ability to digest and grow on keratinized substrates. The ongoing improvements in fungal detection techniques give new scope for clinical implementations in laboratories and veterinary clinics, including the monitoring of the disease and carrier status. The technologically advanced methods for dermatophyte detection include molecular methods based on PCR. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out tests on the occurrence of dermatophytes in cattle herds using qPCR methods and a comparative analysis with conventional methods. Each sample collected from ringworm cases and from asymptomatic cattle was divided into three parts and subjected to the real-time PCR technique, direct light microscopy analysis, and culture-based methods. The use of the real-time PCR technique with pan-dermatophyte primers detected the presence of dermatophytes in the sample with a 10.84% (45% vs. 34.17%) higher efficiency than direct analysis with light microscopy. Moreover, a dermatophyte culture was obtained from all samples with a positive qPCR result. In conclusion, it seems that this method can be used with success to detect dermatophytes and monitor cowsheds in ringworm cases and carriers in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.N.); (A.T.)
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Baumbach CM, Müller S, Reuschel M, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P, Baums CG, Schrödl W. Identification of Zoophilic Dermatophytes Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:631681. [PMID: 33996620 PMCID: PMC8113951 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.631681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses represent a major health burden in animals and man. Zoophilic dermatophytes usually show a high specificity to their original animal host but a zoonotic transmission is increasingly recorded. In humans, these infections elicit highly inflammatory skin lesions requiring prolonged therapy even in the immunocompetent patient. The correct identification of the causative agent is often crucial to initiate a targeted and effective therapy. To that end, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a promising tool. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of species identification of zoophilic dermatophytes using MALDI-TOF MS. The investigation of isolates from veterinary clinical samples suspicious of dermatophytoses suggests a good MALDI-TOF MS based identification of the most common zoophilic dermatophyte Microsporum canis. Trichophyton (T.) spp. usually achieved scores only around the cutoff value for secure species identification because of a small number of reference spectra. Moreover, these results need to be interpreted with caution due to the close taxonomic relationship of dermatophytes being reflected in very similar spectra. In our study, the analysis of 50 clinical samples of hedgehogs revealed no correct identification using the provided databases, nor for zoophilic neither for geophilic causative agents. After DNA sequencing, adaptation of sample processing and an individual extension of the in-house database, acceptable identification scores were achieved (T. erinacei and Arthroderma spp., respectively). A score-oriented distance dendrogram revealed clustering of geophilic isolates of four different species of the genus Arthroderma and underlined the close relationship of the important zoophilic agents T. erinacei, T. verrucosum and T. benhamiae by forming a subclade within a larger cluster including different dermatophytes. Taken together, MALDI-TOF MS proofed suitable for the identification of zoophilic dermatophytes provided fresh cultures are used and the reference library was previously extended with spectra of laboratory-relevant species. Performing independent molecular methods, such as sequencing, is strongly recommended to substantiate the findings from morphologic and MALDI-TOF MS analyses, especially for uncommon causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Müller
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reuschel
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Shamsizadeh F, Ansari S, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Hubka V, Čmoková A, Guillot J, Rafiei A, Zomorodian K, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Diba K, Mohammadi T, Zarrinfar H, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. In vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of Trichophyton benhamiae complex isolates from diverse origin. Mycoses 2021; 64:1378-1386. [PMID: 33864711 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species from the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are mostly zoophilic dermatophytes which cause inflammatory dermatophytosis in animals and humans worldwide. OBJECTIVES This study was purposed to (a) to identify 169 reference and clinical dermatophyte strains from the T benhamiae complex species by molecular method and adhering to the newest taxonomy in the complex (b) to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of these strains against eight common and new antifungal agents that may be used for the treatment of dermatophytosis. METHODS All isolates, mainly originated from Europe but also from Iran, Japan and USA, were subjected to ITS-rDNA sequencing. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles of eight common and new antifungal drugs against the isolates were determined by CLSI M38-A2 protocol and according to microdilution method. RESULTS Based on the ITS-rDNA sequencing, T benhamiae was the dominant species (n = 102), followed by T europaeum (n = 29), T erinacei (n = 23), T japonicum (n = 10), Trichophyton sp (n = 4) and T eriotrephon (n = 1). MIC ranges across all isolates were as follows: luliconazole: 0.0002-0.002 µg/ml, terbinafine: 0.008-0.125 µg/ml, efinaconazole: 0.008-0.125 µg/ml, ciclopirox olamine: 0.03-0.5 µg/ml, itraconazole: 0.06-2 µg/ml, griseofulvin: 0.25-4 µg/ml, amorolfine hydrochloride: 0.125-4 µg/ml and tavaborole: 1-16 µg/ml. CONCLUSION Luliconazole, efinaconazole and terbinafine were the most potent antifungals against T benhamiae complex isolates, regardless of the geographic locations where strains were isolated. These data might help dermatologists to develop effective therapies for successful treatment of infections due to T benhamiae complex species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Shamsizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vít Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamic Research Group UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Abdollah Rafiei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Kambiz Diba
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Tooba Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ansari S, Ahmadi B, Tabatabaeifar SN, Hedayati MT, Javidnia J, Taghizadeh Armaki M, Shokoohi GR, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. Familial Cases of Trichophyton benhamiae Infection Transmitted from a Guinea Pig in Iran. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:119-125. [PMID: 33394270 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton benhamiae is a zoophilic dermatophyte mainly transmitted to humans from guinea pigs. This zoophilic species can also cause dermatophytosis as reported by human contact with other animals, such as rabbit, cat, and fox. Here, we report the tinea faciei and tinea corporis cases: a 12-year-old girl and her 53-year-old father, with no history of immunodeficiency and underlying disease, caused by T. benhamiae transmitted from a guinea pig in Iran. Dermatological examination revealed several erythematous, round, scaly, and approximately 1-4-cm-diameter lesions in both patients. The girl had seven skin lesions, and her father presented two skin lesions on the front side of his neck. The girl's lesions had started 3 weeks before and her father's lesions appeared 7 days after the first clinical appearance of the lesions in the daughter. The girl had daily close contact with a guinea pig, while her father did not have any direct exposure to the pet. Examination of the lesions scraping with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH 10%) revealed hyaline septate hyphae and arthroconidia. The dermatophyte isolated in culture was identified as T. benhamiae using molecular analysis. The patients were successfully treated using topical sertaconazole nitrate 2% cream twice a day for 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Taghizadeh Armaki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Shokoohi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. .,Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ansari S, Ahmadi B, Hedayati MT, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Taghizadeh-Armaki M, Fathi M, Deravi N, Shokoohi GR, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. Investigation of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and genetic diversity of clinical isolates of Trichophyton benhamiae and Trichophyton eriotrephon in Iran. Mycoses 2020; 64:316-323. [PMID: 33190353 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton benhamiae is a zoophilic dermatophyte, known as one of the causative agents of dermatophytosis. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore the genotypes of T. benhamiae strains isolated from geographically different areas of Iran and also to evaluate in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of these strains against seven antifungal drugs. METHODS Twenty-two strains of T. benhamiae and two strains of T. eriotrephon were isolated from patients with distinct types of dermatophytosis. DNA extraction and amplification of rDNA regions using ITS1 and ITS4 primers were conducted on the isolates. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility of posaconazole (PSC), voriconazole (VRC), itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KET), caspofungin (CAS), terbinafine (TRB) and griseofulvin (GRZ) was evaluated according to CLSI M38-A2 protocol. RESULTS The multiple alignment of the ITS-rDNA sequences of T. benhamiae indicated a mean similarity of 99.5%, with 0-3 interspecies nucleotide difference. The geometric mean (GM) values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum effective concentrations (MECs) across the all isolates were respectively: TRB: 0.025 mg/L, PSC: 0.032 mg/L, ITC: 0.050 mg/L and VRC: 0.059 mg/L with lower values and CAS: 0.31 mg/L, KTZ: 0.56 mg/L and GRZ: 0.76 mg/L with higher values. CONCLUSION Diverse ITS sequence types of T. benhamiae were shown in different geographical regions of Iran. The TRB, PSC and ITC were the most effective drugs against T. benhamiae strains, respectively. Furthermore, in our study, two strains of T. eriotrephon as a scarce dermatophyte species were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Taghizadeh-Armaki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Medical Student Research, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Medical Student Research, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Reza Shokoohi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Zoonoses Research center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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11
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. Dermatophytosis with concurrent Trichophyton verrucosum and T. benhamiae in calves after long-term transport. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:414-e111. [PMID: 32845554 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is a common problem in cattle. The aetiological factors associated with this disease are filamentous fungi with the ability to digest and grow on keratinized substrates. In cattle, and less frequently in other domestic animals and people, the dermatophyte Trichophyton verrucosum is most commonly isolated from skin lesions. The dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae is an important zoonotic pathogen, and the main sources of transmission are guinea pigs and other small rodents. OBJECTIVES In this report, we show multispecies infection in calves (Bos taurus) after long-term transport and vaccination against trichophytosis. ANIMALS Sixty animals were imported of which 32 were observed to be affected with superficial infection nine to 12 days after vaccination for dermatophytosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Diagnosis was made correlating the clinical signs with a micro- and macroscopic examination of cultured fungi. Molecular differentiation was used to confirm the species affiliation. RESULTS Eight of the calves were infected with T. verrucosum alone, and 24 calves with both T. verrucosum and T. benhamiae. We suggest that the cause of this large outbreak was immunosuppression of the animals resulting from the stress of transport and administration of vaccine. CONCLUSION Both T. verrucosum and T. benhamiae can be seen concurrently in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
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12
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Baumbach CM, Michler JK, Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Schrödl W. Visualising virulence factors: Trichophyton benhamiaes subtilisins demonstrated in a guinea pig skin ex vivo model. Mycoses 2020; 63:970-978. [PMID: 32620041 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytoses rank among the most frequent communicable diseases in humans, and the zoonotic transmission is increasing. The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) benhamiae is nowadays one of the main causes of tinea faciei et corporis in children. However, scientific data on molecular pathomechanisms and specific virulence factors enabling this ubiquitous occurrence are scarce. OBJECTIVES To study tissue invasion and the expression of important virulence factors of T. benhamiae, isolates that were recovered from two groups of hosts (humans vs. guinea pigs (GP)) using an ex vivo skin model. METHODS After confirmation of species identity by ITS sequencing, CFU suspensions of dermatophyte isolates (n = 20) were applied to the skin infection model and cultured. Employing specific immunofluorescence staining techniques, the expression of subtilisin 3 and 6 and metallocarboxypeptidase A was analysed. The general mode of invasion was explored. Results were compared with biopsies of naturally infected GP. RESULTS All isolates were successfully recovered and proliferated well after application to the infection model. Progressive invasion of hyphae through all skin structures and destruction of explants were observed with early events being comparable to natural infection. An increasing expression of the examined virulence factors towards the end of culture was noticed but no difference between the two groups of isolates. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, important in vivo markers of dermatophytosis were visualised immunohistochemically in an ex vivo skin infection model and in skin biopsies of GP naturally infected with T. benhamiae. More research on the underlying pathomechanisms of dermatophyte infection is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule Kristin Michler
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Kopiński Ł. Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2099-2113. [PMID: 32607909 PMCID: PMC7561545 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The major problems in determining the causative factors of the high prevalence of dermatophytoses include the lack of a well-standardized antifungal susceptibility testing method, the low consistency of in vitro and clinical minimal inhibitory concentration values, the high genomic diversity of the population, and the unclear mechanism of pathogenicity. These factors are of particular importance when the disease is recalcitrant and relapses. Herein, we identified and characterized Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates obtained from therapy-resistant cases in humans and animals. We used genomic diversity analysis of 17 human and 27 animal clinical isolates with the MP-PCR technique, determined their phenotypic enzymatic activity and host range, and performed antifungal susceptibility testing to currently available antifungal drugs from various chemical groups. Genomic diversity values of 35.3% and 33.3% were obtained for clinical isolates from humans and animals, respectively, yet without any relationship to the host species or antifungal drug to which resistance in therapy was revealed. The highest activity of keratinase enzymes was recorded for fox, guinea pig, and human hairs. These hosts can be considered as the main species in the host range of these isolates. A phenyl morpholine derivative, i.e. amorolfine, exhibited superior activity against strains obtained from both humans and animals with the lowest MIC50. Interestingly, high compliance of terbinafine in vitro resistance with clinical problems in the treatment with this substance was shown as well. The high resistance of dermatophytes to drugs is the main cause of the recalcitrance of the infection, whereas the other features of the fungus are less important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kopiński
- Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Department of Management and Marketing, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-626, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Bontems O, Fratti M, Salamin K, Guenova E, Monod M. Epidemiology of Dermatophytoses in Switzerland According to a Survey of Dermatophytes Isolated in Lausanne between 2001 and 2018. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020095. [PMID: 32604976 PMCID: PMC7345625 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the most common pathogenic agents of superficial mycoses in humans and animals. Knowledge of their epidemiology can facilitate the prevention of dermatophytosis and improve prophylactic measures. We sought to determine the incidence of the different dermatophyte species diagnosed in Lausanne (Switzerland) from 2001 to 2018. In total, 10,958 dermatophytes were isolated from patients and 459 from pets. Overall, 99% of tinea unguium and tinea pedis were caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale with a prevalence ratio of 3:1. Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense were mainly found in tinea capitis in patients of African and Mediterranean origin. Interestingly, while Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton verrucosum were prevalent 50 years ago in an epidemiological analysis carried out in the same laboratory from 1967 to 1970, these two species were rarely detected from 2001 to 2018. Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton benhamiae and Microsporum canis were the prevalent zoophilic pathogenic species in children and young adults. Our investigation of animal samples revealed the main reservoirs of these zoophilic species to be cats and dogs for T. mentagrophytes and M. canis, and Guinea pigs for T. benhamiae. This study provides an epidemiological overview of dermatophytoses in Switzerland to improve their surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia Bontems
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (O.B.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Marina Fratti
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (O.B.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Karine Salamin
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (O.B.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (O.B.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Monod
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (O.B.); (M.F.); (K.S.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-21-314-0376; Fax: +41-21-314-0378
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15
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Dyląg M. Identification of emerging trends in the prevalence of dermatophytoses in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) farmed in Poland. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2702-2712. [PMID: 32406160 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of dermatophytoses among animals observed recently in developed countries may be connected with relocation of many exotic species outside their natural living environment. Moreover, an impact on this situation may also be exerted by relapses related to limited compliance with antifungal treatment regimes. Many exotic animals, including camelids, imported to European countries are connected with cases of tuberculosis or zoophilic dermatophytoses in humans. In the present study, we identified and comprehensively analysed dermatophyte infections in alpacas from breeding farms in Poland. As part of this study, we determined the prevalence of dermatophyte infections in alpacas. The conventional and molecular mycological diagnostic procedures applied led to unambiguous identification of the aetiological factors of symptomatic dermatophytoses and asymptomatic animals, that is Trichophyton benhamiae and T. verrucosum. Furthermore, the susceptibility tests allowed choosing the best therapeutic option and revealed superior activity of allylamine drugs against all strains. Finally, in the case of strains isolated from symptomatic dermatophytoses, our study revealed a significantly higher virulence level expressed by high activity of chosen enzymes, especially related to keratinolytic and haemolytic activity. In conclusion, this report indicates that farmed alpacas can be a reservoir or vector for contagious zoophilic dermatophyte infection. For this reason, imported animals should be subjected to meticulous monitoring to detect not only symptomatic infections but also asymptomatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Gamage H, Sivanesan P, Hipler UC, Elsner P, Wiegand C. Superficial fungal infections in the department of dermatology, University Hospital Jena: A 7-year retrospective study on 4556 samples from 2007 to 2013. Mycoses 2020; 63:558-565. [PMID: 32187409 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial fungal infections are often seen in day-to-day clinical practice, and their prevalence continues to rise worldwide. Over the years, a change in the pattern of dermatophytoses has been noted. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the epidemiologic profile of dermatophytes at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, from 2007 to 2013. METHODS The retrospective study was carried out with a total of 4556 samples collected from 3607 patients suspected of superficial fungal infections during the 7-year study period. RESULTS Among the 3607 suspected patients, 1951 (54.09%) were men and 1656 (45.91%) were women. Of 4556 samples, 703 (15.43%) samples were positive for fungal culture, which included 585 (83.21%) dermatophytes and 118 (16.79%) non-dermatophytes. Trichophyton (T.) rubrum was the most common isolated pathogen in 73.33% of the dermatophyte cases. Among dermatophyte-infected patients, men were most likely to be affected (63.48%) as well as those of higher age (61 to 80). The most commonly affected areas were nails (33.16%) and feet (33%). T rubrum was recurrently isolated in several regions with exception of the scalp where M canis (58.33%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen. About 16.04% of cases had a history of treatment taken prior to sampling. The majority of the affected individuals did not have any prior animal contact (77.26%). T benhamiae was exclusively associated with contact to guinea pigs. CONCLUSION Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated pathogen in several regions except the scalp. New dermatophyte species emerged with time especially T benhamiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanga Gamage
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Tan J, Liu X, Gao Z, Yang H, Yang L, Wen H. A case of Tinea Faciei caused by Trichophyton benhamiae: first report in China. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:171. [PMID: 32087692 PMCID: PMC7036192 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichophyton benhamiae is a zoophilic dermatophyte that can cause tinea in humans and animals. Lesions caused by T. benhamiae tend to be highly inflammatory, and patients are often infected by animals or other patients infected with T. benhamiae. In this paper, we report the first case of tinea faciei caused by T. benhamiae in a Chinese girl who might be transmitted from a fox. Case presentation A 4-year-old girl from HaiNing city developed an itchy, erythematous, and annular plaque on her right face for the past 2 months. Before the lesion appeared, she was in close contact with the fur of a fox for almost 1 week. Septate hyaline hyphae were detected by direct mycological examination of the scales. Cultures grew on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) at 26 °C for 2 weeks revealed the presence of T. mentagrophytes. A molecular sequencing test confirmed that the isolate was consistent with reference strains to T. benhamiae. Then, the diagnosis of tinea faciei due to T. benhamiae was made. Treatment with terbinafine (oral 125 mg/d) and sertaconazole nitrate cream (topical, twice daily) for 4 weeks was initiated and achieved significant improvement of the skin lesions. Conclusions This rare dermatophytosis case highlights the importance of ITS sequencing in helping to recognize rare pathogenic fungi that can be easily misdiagnosed with a conventional morphological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Tan
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lianjuan Yang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Hai Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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18
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Tryptanthrin promotes keratinocyte and fibroblast responses in vitro after infection with Trichophyton benhamiae DSM6916. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1863. [PMID: 32024909 PMCID: PMC7002663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceedingly virulent pathogens and growing antimicrobial resistances require new therapeutic approaches. The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae causes highly inflammatory, cutaneous fungal infections. Recently, it could be shown that the plant-derived alkaloid tryptanthrin (TRP) exhibits strong anti-microbial activities against yeasts and dermatophytes. The aim of this study was to analyse the bioactivity of TRP under infectious conditions using an in-vitro dermatophytosis model employing fibroblasts and keratinocytes infected with T. benhamiae DSM6916. Analyses comprised determination of cell viability, effects on the innate immune response including expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines as well as expression of various antimicrobial peptides (AMP), toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and proliferation marker MKI67. T. benhamiae caused severe inflammation in the cutaneous cell models. TRP almost fully prevented T. benhamiae-derived damage of dermal fibroblasts and substantially reduced it in epidermal keratinocytes. A distinct down-regulation of the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed. Further, TRP promoted AMP expression, especially of HBD2 and HBD3, in keratinocytes even without fungal presence. This study provides crucial evidence that TRP is not only a strong antifungal agent but also potentially modulates the innate immune response. This makes it interesting as a natural antimycotic drug for adjuvant treatment and prevention of fungal re-infection.
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19
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Santana AE, Reche-Junior A, Sellera FP, Taborda CP. A comment on "First report of tinea corporis caused by Arthroderma benhamiae in Brazil". Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1463-1464. [PMID: 31898250 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Elisa Santana
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Archivaldo Reche-Junior
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Parra Sellera
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Baumbach CM, Schrödl W, Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Mülling CKW, Michler JK. Modeling dermatophytosis: Guinea pig skin explants represent a highly suitable model to study Trichophyton benhamiae infections. J Dermatol 2019; 47:8-16. [PMID: 31782188 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophyte infections are a growing health concern worldwide with increasing patient numbers, especially in children. However, detailed knowledge about infection mechanisms and virulence factors are scarce. This study aimed to establish an infection model based on guinea pig skin explants mimicking the in vivo situation as closely as possible to survey the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses. A fundamental prerequisite was the detailed description of native guinea pig skin and its morphological changes during tissue culture because comprehensive data on guinea pig skin characteristics were not available. Skin explants were harvested from healthy, adult guinea pigs and transferred to cell culture inserts. One group was inoculated with defined suspensions of colony-forming units of zoonotic Trichophyton benhamiae isolates; others served as controls to assess the tissue viability during the 10-day culture. Samples were taken on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Standard tissue culture conditions provoked acantholysis and regional orthokeratotic alterations. The reduced desquamation caused hyperkeratosis paralleled by hypogranulosis or regional hyperplasia. During T. benhamiae infection, keratinocyte proliferation came to a complete halt on day 5 whereas the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay-positive cells increased moderately up to day 7. Hyphae grew massively into the skin explants causing strong keratinolysis and tricholysis. By the end of the culture, complete disintegration of the basement membrane and dermal tissue was observed. A realistic and reliable skin infection model was established to study dermatophytoses in general and cutaneous T. benhamiae infections in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule Kristin Michler
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010-2017. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040171. [PMID: 31575004 PMCID: PMC6963859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve wild North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) out of a total of 44 of this species examined in an 8-year period were diagnosed with dermatopathies while being cared for at two wildlife rehabilitation clinics. Biopsy and necropsy were performed on seven and five animals, respectively. Atypical dermatophytosis was diagnosed in all cases. Lesions consisted of diffuse severe epidermal hyperkeratosis and mild hyperplasia with mild lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis and no folliculitis. Dermatophytes were noted histologically as hyphae and spores in hair shafts, and follicular and epidermal keratin. Trichophyton sp. was grown in 5/6 animals where culture was performed, with a molecular diagnosis of Arthroderma benhamiae/Trichophyton mentagrophytes in these five cases. Metagenomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from three cases identified fungi from 17 orders in phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Alteration of therapy from ketaconazole, which was unsuccessful in four out of five early cases, to terbinafine or nitraconazole led to the resolution of disease and recovery to release in four subsequent animals. In all, six animals were euthanized or died due to dermatopathy, no cases resolved spontaneously, and six cases were resolved with therapy. The work we present demonstrates an atypical lesion and anatomical distribution due to dermatophytosis in a series of free-ranging wild porcupines and the successful development of novel techniques for extracting and sequencing nucleic acids from fungus in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded animal tissue.
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Wiegand C, Burmester A, Tittelbach J, Darr-Foit S, Goetze S, Elsner P, Hipler UC. [Dermatophytosis caused by rare anthropophilic and zoophilic agents]. Hautarzt 2019; 70:561-574. [PMID: 31139861 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-4429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The basis for effective treatment of any dermatomycosis is the correct and timely identification of the pathogen, which allows the targeted choice of the most suitable antimycotic and is important for the prevention of repeated infections. In recent years, infections with dermatophytes seem to have increased. In fact, from 2007 to 2018, there was an increase in the number of samples processed in the Mycology Laboratory of the Department of Dermatology at the University Hospital Jena. The most common isolated dermatophytes between 2007 and 2018 were Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. interdigitale, Microsporum (M.) canis and T. benhamiae. However, dermatophytoses may also be caused by rare anthropophilic agents such as Epidermophyton floccosum, zoophiles such as T. verrucosum, T. quinckeanum or Nannizzia (N.) persicolor as well as by geophiles such as N. gypsea. Therefore, these dermatophytes should at least be known, so that in case of unusual observations investigations can be performed accordingly. Changes in the pathogen spectrum of dermatophytoses have taken place over time and it is expected that the occurrence of dermatophytes will be subject of continuous fluctuations, which may mean that the incidence of some of these "rare" dermatophytes, as described here in five clinical examples, may be changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiegand
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - A Burmester
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - J Tittelbach
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - S Darr-Foit
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - S Goetze
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - P Elsner
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - U C Hipler
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
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de Freitas RS, de Freitas THP, Siqueira LPM, Gimenes VMF, Benard G. First report of tinea corporis caused by Arthroderma benhamiae in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:985-987. [PMID: 31463867 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthroderma benhamiae is a zoophilic dermathophyte that can cause highly inflammatory tinea corporis and tinea capitis in humans. This is the first report of a patient with dermatophytosis caused by A. benhamiae in Brazil. The lesion was an erythematous, annular plaque on the lumbar region that appeared few weeks after playing with a street cat in a 19-month-old girl. Initial presumed diagnosis was tinea corporis caused by Microsporum canis. Topical treatments were ineffective and the patient required systemic treatment with griseofulvin. Mycological diagnosis was inconclusive: morphological differentiation between M. canis and Trichophyton benhamiae may be difficult, especially when the latter present yellow colonies. The etiological agent was identified only by ITS sequencing of the isolates aligned with reference strains to A. benhamiae. This report highlights the importance of ITS sequencing in the identification of isolates from some cases of dermatophytosis, because conventional morphological diagnosis may result in misdiagnosis of the agent and delay proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Santos de Freitas
- Laboratório de Micologia Medica (LIM 53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical and Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, LIM 53 - Av Dr Eneas de, Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 0504-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Lumena Pereira Machado Siqueira
- Laboratório de Micologia Medica (LIM 53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical and Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, LIM 53 - Av Dr Eneas de, Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 0504-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Mazo Fávero Gimenes
- Laboratório de Micologia Medica (LIM 53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical and Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, LIM 53 - Av Dr Eneas de, Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 0504-000, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratório de Micologia Medica (LIM 53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical and Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, LIM 53 - Av Dr Eneas de, Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 0504-000, Brazil
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24
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[7-year-old male with suppurative, abscess-forming, pressure painful lesions of the scalp : Preparation for the medical specialist examination: Part 14]. DER HAUTARZT 2019; 69:136-144. [PMID: 30374535 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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25
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[Genome detection of dermatophytes : Current findings from the external quality assessment test]. Hautarzt 2019; 70:627-637. [PMID: 31165909 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-4435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to morphological diagnostics, molecular methods have become available for the diagnosis of suspected dermatophytoses. Since March 2016, INSTAND e. V., in cooperation with the National Reference Laboratory for Dermatophytes, has provided an external quality assessment (EQA) test for the genome detection of dermatophytes twice a year. More than half of the participants used commercial kits for the analysis of the samples. All kits with a high level of accuracy correctly determined the presence of Trichophyton rubrum or no dermatophytes. In species diagnostics beyond Trichophyton rubrum there are large differences between the kits. These are examined in more detail based on clinical studies and the results of the EQA test.
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Tekin HG, Sigsgaard V, Zachariae C, Hare RK, Arendrup MC, Saunte DML. Would you like to purchase a rodent with dermatophytes? Mycoses 2019; 62:584-587. [PMID: 31050372 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae has received attention due to increasing infections in human in recent years. Trichophyton benhamiae has been found on asymptomatic rodents from pet shops in several countries posing a potential risk for transmission to humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive dermatophyte cultures from rodents in Danish pet shops in order to clarify the magnitude of potential sources of zoophilic infections and to prevent further spread. Specimen sampling was performed in 17 Danish pet shops using the brush technique (MacKenzie technique). After incubation, cultures were sent to ITS DNA sequencing for molecular species identification. Pet shop employees were asked to fulfil a five-question survey regarding purchase and procedures of diseased animals. A total of 98 animals were sampled (N = 32 rabbits, N = 32 guinea pigs and N = 34 hamsters). Trichophyton benhamiae was found in 14/98 samples (14%); 12/32 guinea pigs (38%) were positive with T benhamiae, 2/34 (6%) hamsters and 0/32 rabbits (0%). We found that hamsters and particularly guinea pigs from Danish pet shops are common asymptomatic carriers of the dermatophyte T benhamiae. Although a larger study is warranted to test this postulate, and it raises the question if infection control measures should be implemented in pet shops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Gökcer Tekin
- Department of Dermatology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktoria Sigsgaard
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Krøger Hare
- Mycology Unit, Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Cavling Arendrup
- Mycology Unit, Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Lindhardt Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Mycology Unit, Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bartosch T, Frank A, Günther C, Uhrlaß S, Heydel T, Nenoff P, Baums CG, Schrödl W. Trichophyton benhamiae and T. mentagrophytes target guinea pigs in a mixed small animal stock. Med Mycol Case Rep 2018; 23:37-42. [PMID: 30560049 PMCID: PMC6290094 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton benhamiae is an emerging zoonotic dermatophyte. We present a case of a small animal stock infected with two Trichophyton species. T. benhamiae was isolated from 15 out of 26 (58%) guinea pigs including two morphologically different phenotypes. Eight guinea pigs were infected with T. benhamiae and T. mentagrophytes simultaneously. The animals showed alopecia and crusts or no clinical signs at all. T. benhamiae was not detected in rats, rabbits and mice kept in the same stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bartosch
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agnes Frank
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Candy Günther
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Mycological Laboratory Mölbis, Mölbiser Hauptstraße 8, D-04571 Mölbis, Germany
| | - Tilo Heydel
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Mycological Laboratory Mölbis, Mölbiser Hauptstraße 8, D-04571 Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Grob H, Wyss F, Wenker C, Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Mayser P, Nenoff P. [Trichophyton mentagrophytes-from snow leopard to man : A molecular approach for uncovering the chain of infection]. Hautarzt 2018; 69:1021-1032. [PMID: 30120492 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sources of infection for Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes-a zoophilic dermatophyte-comprise pet rodents (guinea pigs, mice, rabbits) and sometimes cats. Human infections due to dermatophytes after contact with zoo animals, however, are extreme rare. Four zoo keepers from Basel Zoo were diagnosed to suffer from tinea manus and tinea corporis due to T. mentagrophytes. The 22-year-old daughter of one zoo keeper was also infected with tinea corporis after having worked in the snow leopard section for one day. The strain of the index patient was confirmed by a direct uniplex-PCR-EIA and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (18S rRNA, ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, 28S rRNA) as T. mentagrophytes. Three young snow leopards from Basel Zoo were identified as the origin of the fungal skin infection. The transmission occurred due to direct contact of the zoo keepers with the young snow leopards when removing hedgehog ticks (Ixodes hexagonus). Two adult snow leopards had developed focal alopecia of the facial region which was diagnosed as dermatomycoses due to T. mentagrophytes by the zoo veterinarians. By sequence analysis, both the strains from the animals and a single strain of the index patient showed 100% accordance proving transmission of T. mentagrophytes from animals to the zoo keepers. Molecular biological identification revealed a strong relationship to a strain of T. mentagrophytes from European mink (Mustela lutreola) from Finland. Treatment of patients was started using topical ointment with azole antifungals, and oral terbinafine 250 mg once daily for 4 weeks. Both adult snow leopards and the asymptomatic young animals were treated with oral itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Grob
- Hautarzt, Praxis Reinacherhof, 4153, Reinach BL, Schweiz
| | - F Wyss
- Zoologischer Garten Basel AG, Binningerstr. 40, 4054, Basel, Schweiz
| | - C Wenker
- Zoologischer Garten Basel AG, Binningerstr. 40, 4054, Basel, Schweiz
| | - S Uhrlaß
- Partnerschaft Prof. Dr. med. Pietro Nenoff & Dr. med. Constanze Krüger, Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbiser Hauptstr. 8, 04571, Rötha OT Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - C Krüger
- Partnerschaft Prof. Dr. med. Pietro Nenoff & Dr. med. Constanze Krüger, Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbiser Hauptstr. 8, 04571, Rötha OT Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - P Mayser
- , Hofmannstr. 11, 35444, Biebertal, Deutschland
| | - P Nenoff
- Partnerschaft Prof. Dr. med. Pietro Nenoff & Dr. med. Constanze Krüger, Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbiser Hauptstr. 8, 04571, Rötha OT Mölbis, Deutschland.
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29
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Abstract
Humans are exceptional among vertebrates in that their living tissue is directly exposed to the outside world. In the absence of protective scales, feathers, or fur, the skin has to be highly effective in defending the organism against the gamut of opportunistic fungi surrounding us. Most (sub)cutaneous infections enter the body by implantation through the skin barrier. On intact skin, two types of fungal expansion are noted: (A) colonization by commensals, i.e., growth enabled by conditions prevailing on the skin surface without degradation of tissue, and (B) infection by superficial pathogens that assimilate epidermal keratin and interact with the cellular immune system. In a response-damage framework, all fungi are potentially able to cause disease, as a balance between their natural predilection and the immune status of the host. For this reason, we will not attribute a fixed ecological term to each species, but rather describe them as growing in a commensal state (A) or in a pathogenic state (B).
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Lee WJ, Eun DH, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Bang YJ, Jun JB. Tinea Faciei in a Mother and Daughter Caused by Arthroderma benhamiae. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:241-242. [PMID: 29606829 PMCID: PMC5839903 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Eun
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Jun Bang
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Catholic Skin Clinic, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Jun
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Catholic Skin Clinic, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
Swainsonine—a cytotoxic fungal alkaloid and a potential cancer therapy drug—is produced by the insect pathogen and plant symbiont Metarhizium robertsii, the clover pathogen Slafractonia leguminicola, locoweed symbionts belonging to Alternaria sect. Undifilum, and a recently discovered morning glory symbiont belonging to order Chaetothyriales. Genome sequence analyses revealed that these fungi share orthologous gene clusters, designated “SWN,” which included a multifunctional swnK gene comprising predicted adenylylation and acyltransferase domains with their associated thiolation domains, a β-ketoacyl synthase domain, and two reductase domains. The role of swnK was demonstrated by inactivating it in M. robertsii through homologous gene replacement to give a ∆swnK mutant that produced no detectable swainsonine, then complementing the mutant with the wild-type gene to restore swainsonine biosynthesis. Other SWN cluster genes were predicted to encode two putative hydroxylases and two reductases, as expected to complete biosynthesis of swainsonine from the predicted SwnK product. SWN gene clusters were identified in six out of seven sequenced genomes of Metarhzium species, and in all 15 sequenced genomes of Arthrodermataceae, a family of fungi that cause athlete’s foot and ringworm diseases in humans and other mammals. Representative isolates of all of these species were cultured, and all Metarhizium spp. with SWN clusters, as well as all but one of the Arthrodermataceae, produced swainsonine. These results suggest a new biosynthetic hypothesis for this alkaloid, extending the known taxonomic breadth of swainsonine producers to at least four orders of Ascomycota, and suggest that swainsonine has roles in mutualistic symbioses and diseases of plants and animals.
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Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Nenoff P. [Microsporum canis: Current data on the prevalence of the zoophilic dermatophyte in central Germany]. Hautarzt 2016; 66:855-62. [PMID: 26446665 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-015-3697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporum (M.) canis, whose source of infection is mostly cats, is still considered as the most frequently occurring zoophilic dermatophyte in Germany and Europe. In distinct areas of Germany, the zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) anamorph of Arthroderma (A.) benhamiae also presents a frequent and emerging causative agent of dermatophytoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a period of 3 years, from March 2010 to March 2013, skin samples from scalp, face, trunk, and limbs were investigated using mycological cultivation and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for dermatophytes. Materials originated in particular from the German Free States Saxony and Thuringia, and from the Federal State Saxony-Anhalt, but also included samples submitted from around Germany. The cultural detection of dermatophytes was performed on Sabouraud's 4% glucose agar with and without cycloheximide. For dermatophyte DNA detection, a uniplex PCR-ELISA was used. RESULTS In all, 8464 samples from a total of 7680 patients were investigated. In 114 (1.5%) of 7680 patients, M. canis could be detected both by culture and/or PCR. M. canis was detected culturally in 100 samples, in 107 samples by PCR, in 91 samples both culturally and by PCR. For 12 patients, only cultural detection was done (without PCR). Also detected was tinea corporis due to M. canis in 59 patients, tinea capitis 8, tinea faciei 5, and tinea manus 2 patients. Of the patients, 45% were younger than 20 years, 42% were 20-49 years old, and 13% were 50 years or older. In comparison, T. anamorph of A. benhamiae was detectable by culture and/or PCR in 231 of 7680 patients (2.9%). M. canis was the second most common zoophilic dermatophyte. CONCLUSIONS M. canis is still a frequent zoophilic dermatophyte in Germany. Since a few years ago, a rise of infections due to T. anamorph of A. benhamiae has been observed in Germany and other European countries. At least in distinct regions of Germany, this zoophilic dermatophyte, which is transferred from guinea pigs to human beings, currently seems to be more frequent when compared to M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uhrlaß
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbiser Hauptstraße 8, 04571, Rötha/OT Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - C Krüger
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbiser Hauptstraße 8, 04571, Rötha/OT Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - P Nenoff
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbiser Hauptstraße 8, 04571, Rötha/OT Mölbis, Deutschland.
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Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Rafiei A, Makimura K, Gräser Y, Gharghani M, Sadeghi-Nejad B. Epidemiological Aspects of Dermatophytosis in Khuzestan, southwestern Iran, an Update. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:547-53. [PMID: 26886443 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-9990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is among the most common superficial mycoses in Iran. The purpose of this report was to update the clinical and mycological features of human dermatophytosis in the Khuzestan, southwestern Iran. In the framework of a one-year survey, a total of 4120 skin, hair and nail samples obtained from the outpatients with symptoms suggestive of tinea were analyzed by using direct microscopy, culture and molecular identification methods. Strains isolated from cultures were subjected to amplification of the nuclear rDNA ITS regions in a PCR assay followed by an early established RFLP analysis. For confirmation of species identification, 100 isolates as representatives of all presumable species were subjected to ITS sequencing. Infection was confirmed in 1123 individuals (27.25 %) in the age range of 1-89 years by direct microscopy and/or culture including 603 males versus 520 females. Frequencies of infections were the highest and the lowest in age groups of 21-30 and 11-20 years, respectively. Tinea corporis was the most prevalent clinical manifestation followed by tinea cruris, tinea capitis, tinea manuum, tinea pedis, tinea unguium, tinea faciei and tinea barbae. Trichophyton interdigitale (58.7 %) was the most dominant isolate followed by Epidermophyton floccosum (35.4 %), Microsporum canis (3 %), T. rubrum (1.5 %), T. species of Arthroderma benhamiae (0.5 %), T. tonsurans (0.3 %) and T. violaceum (0.3 %). Other species included M. gypseum, M. fulvum and T. verrucosum (each one 0.1 %). Such a high occurrence of infection with T. interdigitale, which has not been reported from Iran, is due to the use of accurate molecular methods based on new species concept in dermatophytes. The prevalence of dermatophytoses caused by zoophilic species remarkably increased and Trichophyton species of A. benhamiae has emerged as a new agent of dermatophytosis in southwestern Iran, while infections due to anthropophilic species, except E. floccosum, took a decreasing trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Rafiei
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Consiliary Laboratory for Dermatophytes, Institute of Microbiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheenstrasse 96, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maral Gharghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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