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Vezyroglou A, Akilapa R, Barwick K, Koene S, Brownstein CA, Holder-Espinasse M, Fry AE, Németh AH, Tofaris GK, Hay E, Hughes I, Mansour S, Mordekar SR, Splitt M, Turnpenny PD, Demetriou D, Koopmann TT, Ruivenkamp CAL, Agrawal PB, Carr L, Clowes V, Ghali N, Holder SE, Radley J, Male A, Sisodiya SM, Kurian MA, Cross JH, Balasubramanian M. The Phenotypic Continuum of ATP1A3-Related Disorders. Neurology 2022; 99:e1511-e1526. [PMID: 36192182 PMCID: PMC9576304 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ATP1A3 is associated with a broad spectrum of predominantly neurologic disorders, which continues to expand beyond the initially defined phenotypes of alternating hemiplegia of childhood, rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, sensorineural hearing loss syndrome. This phenotypic variability makes it challenging to assess the pathogenicity of an ATP1A3 variant found in an undiagnosed patient. We describe the phenotypic features of individuals carrying a pathogenic/likely pathogenic ATP1A3 variant and perform a literature review of all ATP1A3 variants published thus far in association with human neurologic disease. Our aim is to demonstrate the heterogeneous clinical spectrum of the gene and look for phenotypic overlap between patients that will streamline the diagnostic process. METHODS Undiagnosed individuals with ATP1A3 variants were identified within the cohort of the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study with additional cases contributed by collaborators internationally. Detailed clinical data were collected with consent through a questionnaire completed by the referring clinicians. PubMed was searched for publications containing the term "ATP1A3" from 2004 to 2021. RESULTS Twenty-four individuals with a previously undiagnosed neurologic phenotype were found to carry 21 ATP1A3 variants. Eight variants have been previously published. Patients experienced on average 2-3 different types of paroxysmal events. Permanent neurologic features were common including microcephaly (7; 29%), ataxia (13; 54%), dystonia (10; 42%), and hypotonia (7; 29%). All patients had cognitive impairment. Neuropsychiatric diagnoses were reported in 16 (66.6%) individuals. Phenotypes were extremely varied, and most individuals did not fit clinical criteria for previously published phenotypes. On review of the literature, 1,108 individuals have been reported carrying 168 different ATP1A3 variants. The most common variants are associated with well-defined phenotypes, while more rare variants often result in very rare symptom correlations, such as are seen in our study. Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion (CADD) scores of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were significantly higher and variants clustered within 6 regions of constraint. DISCUSSION Our study shows that looking for a combination of paroxysmal events, hyperkinesia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment and evaluating the CADD score and variant location can help identify an ATP1A3-related condition, rather than applying diagnostic criteria alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Vezyroglou
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
| | - Rhoda Akilapa
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Katy Barwick
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Saskia Koene
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Catherine A Brownstein
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Muriel Holder-Espinasse
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Andrea H Németh
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - George K Tofaris
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Eleanor Hay
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Imelda Hughes
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Santosh R Mordekar
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Miranda Splitt
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Peter D Turnpenny
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Demetria Demetriou
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Tamara T Koopmann
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Lucinda Carr
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Virginia Clowes
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Neeti Ghali
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Susan Elizabeth Holder
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Jessica Radley
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Alison Male
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- From the Developmental Neurosciences (A.V., K.B., M.A.K., J.H.C.), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology (A.V., L.C., M.A.K., J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (R.A., M.H.-E.), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.K., T.T.K., C.A.L.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Division of Genetics and Genomics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.B., P.B.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; All Wales Medical Genomics Service (A.E.F.), NHS Wales Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics (A.E.F.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.H.N., G.K.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics (E.H., A.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (I.H.), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SW Thames Regional Genetics Service (S.M.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S.R.M.), Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.S.), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Clinical Genetics (P.D.T.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (D.D.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK; Division of Newborn Medicine (P.B.A.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service (V.C., N.G., S.E.H., J.R.), Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism (M.B.), University of Sheffield, UK; and Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service (M.B.), Sheffield Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Balestrini S, Mikati MA, Álvarez-García-Rovés R, Carboni M, Hunanyan AS, Kherallah B, McLean M, Prange L, De Grandis E, Gagliardi A, Pisciotta L, Stagnaro M, Veneselli E, Campistol J, Fons C, Pias-Peleteiro L, Brashear A, Miller C, Samões R, Brankovic V, Padiath QS, Potic A, Pilch J, Vezyroglou A, Bye AME, Davis AM, Ryan MM, Semsarian C, Hollingsworth G, Scheffer IE, Granata T, Nardocci N, Ragona F, Arzimanoglou A, Panagiotakaki E, Carrilho I, Zucca C, Novy J, Dzieżyc K, Parowicz M, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Weckhuysen S, Pons R, Groppa S, Sinden DS, Pitt GS, Tinker A, Ashworth M, Michalak Z, Thom M, Cross JH, Vavassori R, Kaski JP, Sisodiya SM. Cardiac phenotype in ATP1A3-related syndromes: A multicenter cohort study. Neurology 2020; 95:e2866-e2879. [PMID: 32913013 PMCID: PMC7734736 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the risks and consequences of cardiac abnormalities in ATP1A3-related syndromes. METHODS Patients meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) with ATP1A3 genetic analysis and at least 1 cardiac assessment were included. We evaluated the cardiac phenotype in an Atp1a3 knock-in mouse (Mashl+/-) to determine the sequence of events in seizure-related cardiac death. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients with AHC, 9 with RDP, and 3 with CAPOS (63 female, mean age 17 years) were included. Resting ECG abnormalities were found in 52 of 87 (60%) with AHC, 2 of 3 (67%) with CAPOS, and 6 of 9 (67%) with RDP. Serial ECGs showed dynamic changes in 10 of 18 patients with AHC. The first Holter ECG was abnormal in 24 of 65 (37%) cases with AHC and RDP with either repolarization or conduction abnormalities. Echocardiography was normal. Cardiac intervention was required in 3 of 98 (≈3%) patients with AHC. In the mouse model, resting ECGs showed intracardiac conduction delay; during induced seizures, heart block or complete sinus arrest led to death. CONCLUSIONS We found increased prevalence of ECG dynamic abnormalities in all ATP1A3-related syndromes, with a risk of life-threatening cardiac rhythm abnormalities equivalent to that in established cardiac channelopathies (≈3%). Sudden cardiac death due to conduction abnormality emerged as a seizure-related outcome in murine Atp1a3-related disease. ATP1A3-related syndromes are cardiac diseases and neurologic diseases. We provide guidance to identify patients potentially at higher risk of sudden cardiac death who may benefit from insertion of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Balestrini
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Reyes Álvarez-García-Rovés
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Michael Carboni
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Arsen S Hunanyan
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Bassil Kherallah
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Melissa McLean
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Lyndsey Prange
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa De Grandis
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gagliardi
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Livia Pisciotta
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Michela Stagnaro
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Edvige Veneselli
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jaume Campistol
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmen Fons
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Leticia Pias-Peleteiro
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Allison Brashear
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Charlotte Miller
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Raquel Samões
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Vesna Brankovic
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Quasar S Padiath
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ana Potic
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jacek Pilch
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Vezyroglou
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ann M E Bye
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrew M Davis
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Monique M Ryan
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Georgina Hollingsworth
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleni Panagiotakaki
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Inês Carrilho
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Zucca
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jan Novy
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Karolina Dzieżyc
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Marek Parowicz
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Roser Pons
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniel S Sinden
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrew Tinker
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Michael Ashworth
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Zuzanna Michalak
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Thom
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - J Helen Cross
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Vavassori
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan P Kaski
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (S.B., S.M.S.), Bucks, UK; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., A.S.H., B.K., M.M., L.P.), Department of Neurobiology, and Division of Cardiology (M.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases (R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Institute of Cardiovascular Science(R.A.G.-R., J.P.K.), University College London, London, UK; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (E.D.G., A.G., L.P., M.S., E.V.), IRCCs Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, DINOG-MI, University of Genoa; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (A.G., T.G., N.N., F.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (L.P.), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Paediatric Neurology Department (J.C., C.F., L.P.-P., A.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona University, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., C.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Neurology Department (R.S.), Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto-Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry (V.B., A.P.), Department of Child Neurology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Human Genetics (Q.S.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatric Neurology (J.P.), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Clinical Neurosciences (K.V., J.H.C.), Developmental Neuroscience Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, London, UK; Sydney Children's Hospital (A.M.E.B.), Randwick; Department of Cardiology (A.M.D.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Melbourne; Department of Neurology (M.M.R.), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology (C.S.), Centenary Institute, University of Sydney; Epilepsy Research Centre (G.H., I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., E.P.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of the International Alternating Hemiplegia in Childhood Research Consortium IAHCRC and of the European Reference Network ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France; Paediatric Neurology Unit (I.C.), CMIN, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit (C.Z.), IRCCS "E. Medea," Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy; Department of Neurology (J.N.), CHUV and Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Neurology (K.D.), Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Association AHC18+ e. V. (Germany) and Polish Association for People Affected by AHC, ahc-pl (M.P.); Department of Developmental Neurology (M.M.B.), Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Neurology Department (S.W.), University Hospital Antwerp; Neurogenetics Group (S.W.), University Antwerp, Belgium; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), "Agia Sofia" Children Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology (S.G.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Ion Channel Research Unit (D.S.S.), Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.S.P.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The Heart Centre (A.T.), Queen Mary University of London; Department of Pathology (M.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and ICT and Data Analysis Section (R.V.), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy.
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