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Villalba A, Coimbra RM, Pampín M, Iglesias D, Costas D, Mariño C, Blanco A, Vera M, Domínguez M, Cacabelos E, Abella E, Incera M, Otero RF, Martínez P. A common garden experiment supports a genetic component underlying the increased resilience of common cockle ( Cerastoderma edule) to the parasite Marteilia cochillia. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1789-1804. [PMID: 38029062 PMCID: PMC10681494 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The common cockle is a valuable bivalve species inhabiting the Atlantic European coasts. The parasite Marteilia cochillia has devastated cockle beds in the southern Galician (NW Spain) rias since 2012. Previous data suggested that cockles from Ría de Arousa acquired some resilience to this parasite through natural selection after consecutive annual marteiliosis outbreaks and candidate markers associated with marteiliosis resilience were identified using population genomics and transcriptomics approaches. Here, a common garden experiment was performed using a naïve stock (from Ría de Muros-Noia) and an affected stock (from Ría de Arousa) to test this hypothesis. Breeders from both stocks were used to produce seed cohorts at hatchery, which were pre-grown in a raft (outdoor nursery stage) and deployed in two shellfish beds affected by marteiliosis in Ría de Arousa (growing-out stage). In both beds, the naïve stock showed high marteiliosis prevalence and was fully depleted in a short period, while the affected stock barely showed evidence of marteiliosis. A set of 45 SNPs putatively associated with marteiliosis resilience were fitted for MassARRAY genotyping to check their role in the differential resilience detected between both stocks. Though no significant differentiation was found between the naïve and the affected stocks with neutral markers, 28 SNPs showed significant divergence between them, suggesting that these SNPs were involved in directional selection during eight generations (to the most) of marteiliosis pressure (long-term selection). Furthermore, signals of selection were also detected in the naïve stock along the marteiliosis outbreak in the growing-out stage (short-term selection) and six SNPs, all shared with the long-term evaluation, showed consistent signals of differentiation according to the infection severity. Some of these SNPs were located within immune genes pertaining to families such as proteasome, ubiquitin, tumor necrosis factor, and glutathione S-transferase. These resilience-associated markers will be useful to recover cockle production in Galicia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de GaliciaVilanova de ArousaSpain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE)University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)PlentziaSpain
| | - Raquel M. Coimbra
- Departamento de Pesca e AquiculturaUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoRecifeBrazil
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus TerraUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Marina Pampín
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus TerraUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - David Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de GaliciaVilanova de ArousaSpain
| | - Damián Costas
- Centro de Investigación MariñaUniversidade de Vigo, ECIMATVigoSpain
| | | | - Andrés Blanco
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus TerraUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Manuel Vera
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus TerraUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | | | - Eva Cacabelos
- Hydrosphere S. L.VigoSpain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasIIM‐CSICVigoSpain
| | - Emilio Abella
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de GaliciaVilanova de ArousaSpain
- Confraría de Pescadores A PastorizaVilanova de ArousaSpain
| | - Mónica Incera
- Centro Tecnolóxico do Mar ‐ Fundación CETMARVigoSpain
| | | | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus TerraUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
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2
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Iglesias D, Cao A, Carballal MJ, Villalba A. Decline of Marteilia cochillia in Ría de Arousa may be due to increased resistance in host Cerastoderma edule. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 156:7-13. [PMID: 37823560 DOI: 10.3354/dao03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A huge, unprecedented mortality of cockle Cerastoderma edule caused by the protist Marteilia cochillia, which had never before been detected in Galicia (NW Spain), brought on a cockle fishery collapse in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia) in 2012. Since then, the disease dynamic pattern in the shellfish bed of Lombos do Ulla (at the inner area of that ria) involved an overwhelming annual wave of infections and subsequent cockle mass mortality that caused the near extinction of every cohort recruited to that bed. However, a pattern shift was detected among wild cohorts recruiting since 2016, with progressive declines of marteiliosis prevalence and increments in cockle survival. This suggested 2 non-exclusive hypotheses: increasing marteiliosis resistance through natural selection, and reduced abundance and/or virulence of the parasite. A field experiment was performed to assess these hypotheses by comparing marteiliosis prevalence and severity, as well as mortality, in cockles that naturally recruited to this bed in 2017 and 2018 with those of naïve cockles collected from a marteiliosis-free area and transplanted into Lombos do Ulla in 2017 and 2018. Marteiliosis prevalence and cumulative cockle mortality quickly reached very high values among the transplanted cockles, demonstrating that the parasite remained present and virulent in the area. Conversely, marteiliosis prevalence and cockle mortality were much lower in the cockles that recruited to Lombos do Ulla, suggesting increased resistance that may have been driven by natural selection. The young age at which cockles start reproduction and the very high mortality caused by marteiliosis may have enhanced natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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3
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Vera M, Wilmes SB, Maroso F, Hermida M, Blanco A, Casanova A, Iglesias D, Cao A, Culloty SC, Mahony K, Orvain F, Bouza C, Robins PE, Malham SK, Lynch S, Villalba A, Martínez P. Heterogeneous microgeographic genetic structure of the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: biogeographic barriers and environmental factors. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:292-305. [PMID: 37596415 PMCID: PMC10539317 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of genetic structure at the finest level is essential for the conservation of genetic resources. Despite no visible barriers limiting gene flow, significant genetic structure has been shown in marine species. The common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) is a bivalve of great commercial and ecological value inhabiting the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Previous population genomics studies demonstrated significant structure both across the Northeast Atlantic, but also within small geographic areas, highlighting the need to investigate fine-scale structuring. Here, we analysed two geographic areas that could represent opposite models of structure for the species: (1) the SW British Isles region, highly fragmented due to biogeographic barriers, and (2) Galicia (NW Spain), a putative homogeneous region. A total of 9250 SNPs genotyped by 2b-RAD on 599 individuals from 22 natural beds were used for the analysis. The entire SNP dataset mostly confirmed previous observations related to genetic diversity and differentiation; however, neutral and divergent SNP outlier datasets enabled disentangling physical barriers from abiotic environmental factors structuring both regions. While Galicia showed a homogeneous structure, the SW British Isles region was split into four reliable genetic regions related to oceanographic features and abiotic factors, such as sea surface salinity and temperature. The information gathered supports specific management policies of cockle resources in SW British and Galician regions also considering their particular socio-economic characteristics; further, these new data will be added to those recently reported in the Northeast Atlantic to define sustainable management actions across the whole distribution range of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vera
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Sophie B Wilmes
- School of Ocean Sciences, Marine Centre Wales, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK
| | - Francesco Maroso
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Miguel Hermida
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Adrián Casanova
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - David Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Sarah C Culloty
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences/Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University College Cork, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kate Mahony
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences/Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University College Cork, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francis Orvain
- UNICAEN - UMR BOREA "Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques" MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, University of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Carmen Bouza
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Peter E Robins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Marine Centre Wales, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Marine Centre Wales, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK
| | - Sharon Lynch
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences/Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University College Cork, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physics Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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Li X, Bai Y, Dong Z, Xu C, Liu S, Yu H, Kong L, Li Q. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) provides insights into its evolution and adaptation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101045. [PMID: 36470107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is an endangered and economically important marine bivalve species that plays a critical role in the coastal ecosystem. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of O. edulis, generated using PacBio HiFi-CCS long reads and annotated with Nanopore full-length transcriptome. The O. edulis genome covers 946.06 Mb (scaffold N50 94.82 Mb) containing 34,495 protein-coding genes and a high proportion of repeat sequences (58.49 %). The reconstructed demographic histories show that O. edulis population might be shaped by breeding habit (embryo brooding) and historical climatic change. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that transposable elements may drive lineage-specific evolution in oysters. Notably, the O. edulis genome has a Hox gene cluster rearrangement that has never been reported in bivalves, making this species valuable for evolutionary studies of molluscan diversification. Moreover, genome expansion of O. edulis is probably central to its adaptation to filter-feeding and sessile lifestyles, as well as embryo brooding and pathogen resistance, in coastal ecosystems. This chromosome-level genome assembly provides new insights into the genome feature of oysters, and presents an important resource for genetic research, evolutionary studies, and biological conservation of O. edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yitian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chengxun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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5
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Gundappa MK, Peñaloza C, Regan T, Boutet I, Tanguy A, Houston RD, Bean TP, Macqueen DJ. Chromosome-level reference genome for European flat oyster ( Ostrea edulis L.). Evol Appl 2022; 15:1713-1729. [PMID: 36426132 PMCID: PMC9679249 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) is a bivalve naturally distributed across Europe, which was an integral part of human diets for centuries, until anthropogenic activities and disease outbreaks severely reduced wild populations. Despite a growing interest in genetic applications to support population management and aquaculture, a reference genome for this species is lacking to date. Here, we report a chromosome-level assembly and annotation for the European Flat oyster genome, generated using Oxford Nanopore, Illumina, Dovetail OmniC™ proximity ligation and RNA sequencing. A contig assembly (N50: 2.38 Mb) was scaffolded into the expected karyotype of 10 pseudochromosomes. The final assembly is 935.13 Mb, with a scaffold-N50 of 95.56 Mb, with a predicted repeat landscape dominated by unclassified elements specific to O. edulis. The assembly was verified for accuracy and completeness using multiple approaches, including a novel linkage map built with ddRAD-Seq technology, comprising 4016 SNPs from four full-sib families (eight parents and 163 F1 offspring). Annotation of the genome integrating multitissue transcriptome data, comparative protein evidence and ab-initio gene prediction identified 35,699 protein-coding genes. Chromosome-level synteny was demonstrated against multiple high-quality bivalve genome assemblies, including an O. edulis genome generated independently for a French O. edulis individual. Comparative genomics was used to characterize gene family expansions during Ostrea evolution that potentially facilitated adaptation. This new reference genome for European flat oyster will enable high-resolution genomics in support of conservation and aquaculture initiatives, and improves our understanding of bivalve genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kumar Gundappa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Carolina Peñaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Isabelle Boutet
- Station Biologique de RoscoffLaboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS‐Sorbonne Université)RoscoffFrance
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Station Biologique de RoscoffLaboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS‐Sorbonne Université)RoscoffFrance
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Daniel J. Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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6
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Boutet I, Alves Monteiro HJ, Baudry L, Takeuchi T, Bonnivard E, Billoud B, Farhat S, Gonzales‐Araya R, Salaun B, Andersen AC, Toullec J, Lallier FH, Flot J, Guiglielmoni N, Guo X, Li C, Allam B, Pales‐Espinosa E, Hemmer‐Hansen J, Moreau P, Marbouty M, Koszul R, Tanguy A. Chromosomal assembly of the flat oyster ( Ostrea edulis L.) genome as a new genetic resource for aquaculture. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1730-1748. [PMID: 36426129 PMCID: PMC9679248 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) is a native bivalve of the European coasts. Harvest of this species has declined during the last decades because of the appearance of two parasites that have led to the collapse of the stocks and the loss of the natural oyster beds. O. edulis has been the subject of numerous studies in population genetics and on the detection of the parasites Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia refringens. These studies investigated immune responses to these parasites at the molecular and cellular levels. Several genetic improvement programs have been initiated especially for parasite resistance. Within the framework of a European project (PERLE 2) that aims to produce genetic lines of O. edulis with hardiness traits (growth, survival, resistance) for the purpose of repopulating natural oyster beds in Brittany and reviving the culture of this species in the foreshore, obtaining a reference genome becomes essential as done recently in many bivalve species of aquaculture interest. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation for the European flat oyster, generated by combining PacBio, Illumina, 10X linked, and Hi-C sequencing. The finished assembly is 887.2 Mb with a scaffold-N50 of 97.1 Mb scaffolded on the expected 10 pseudochromosomes. Annotation of the genome revealed the presence of 35,962 protein-coding genes. We analyzed in detail the transposable element (TE) diversity in the flat oyster genome, highlighted some specificities in tRNA and miRNA composition, and provided the first insight into the molecular response of O. edulis to M. refringens. This genome provides a reference for genomic studies on O. edulis to better understand its basic physiology and as a useful resource for genetic breeding in support of aquaculture and natural reef restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boutet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | | | - Lyam Baudry
- Institut PasteurUnité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Takeshi Takeuchi
- Marine Genomics UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Eric Bonnivard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | - Bernard Billoud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRSUMR 8227, Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | - Sarah Farhat
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Benoit Salaun
- Centre Régional de la Conchyliculture Bretagne NordMorlaixFrance
| | - Ann C. Andersen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | - Jean‐Yves Toullec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | - François H. Lallier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
| | - Jean‐François Flot
- Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Nadège Guiglielmoni
- Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal SciencesRutgers UniversityPort NorrisNew JerseyUSA
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Bassem Allam
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Emmanuelle Pales‐Espinosa
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Jakob Hemmer‐Hansen
- National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkSilkeborgDenmark
| | - Pierrick Moreau
- Institut PasteurUnité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Martial Marbouty
- Institut PasteurUnité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Romain Koszul
- Institut PasteurUnité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144Station Biologique de RoscoffRoscoffFrance
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7
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Sambade IM, Casanova A, Blanco A, Gundappa MK, Bean TP, Macqueen DJ, Houston RD, Villalba A, Vera M, Kamermans P, Martínez P. A single genomic region involving a putative chromosome rearrangement in flat oyster ( Ostrea edulis) is associated with differential host resilience to the parasite Bonamia ostreae. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1408-1422. [PMID: 36187184 PMCID: PMC9488685 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is an ecologically and economically important marine bivalve, that has been severely affected by the intracellular parasite Bonamia ostreae. In this study, a flat oyster SNP array (~14,000 SNPs) was used to validate previously reported outlier loci for divergent selection associated with B. ostreae exposure in the Northeast Atlantic Area. A total of 134 wild and hatchery individuals from the North Sea, collected in naïve (NV) and long-term affected (LTA) areas, were analysed. Genetic diversity and differentiation were related to the sampling origin (wild vs. hatchery) when using neutral markers, and to bonamiosis status (NV vs. LTA) when using outlier loci for divergent selection. Two genetic clusters appeared intermingled in all sampling locations when using outlier loci, and their frequency was associated with their bonamiosis status. When both clusters were compared, outlier data sets showed high genetic divergence (F ST > 0.25) unlike neutral loci (F ST not ≠ 0). Moreover, the cluster associated with LTA samples showed much higher genetic diversity and significant heterozygote excess with outlier loci, but not with neutral data. Most outliers mapped on chromosome 8 (OE-C8) of the flat oyster genome, supporting a main genomic region underlying resilience to bonamiosis. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes previously reported between NV and LTA strains showed higher mapping density on OE-C8. A range of relevant immune functions were specifically enriched among genes annotated on OE-C8, providing hypotheses for resilience mechanisms to an intracellular parasite. The results suggest that marker-assisted selection could be applied to breed resilient strains of O. edulis to bonamiosis, if lower parasite load and/or higher viability of the LTA genetic cluster following B. ostreae infection is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Martínez Sambade
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Adrian Casanova
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Andrés Blanco
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Manu K. Gundappa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesMidlothianUK
| | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesMidlothianUK
| | - Daniel J. Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesMidlothianUK
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesMidlothianUK
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA)Vilanova de ArousaSpain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE)University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)PlentziaSpain
| | - Manuel Vera
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Pauline Kamermans
- Wageningen Marine ResearchYersekeThe Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
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8
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Peñaloza C, Barria A, Papadopoulou A, Hooper C, Preston J, Green M, Helmer L, Kean-Hammerson J, Nascimento-Schulze JC, Minardi D, Gundappa MK, Macqueen DJ, Hamilton J, Houston RD, Bean TP. Genome-Wide Association and Genomic Prediction of Growth Traits in the European Flat Oyster ( Ostrea edulis). Front Genet 2022; 13:926638. [PMID: 35983410 PMCID: PMC9380691 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.926638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is a bivalve mollusc that was once widely distributed across Europe and represented an important food resource for humans for centuries. Populations of O. edulis experienced a severe decline across their biogeographic range mainly due to overexploitation and disease outbreaks. To restore the economic and ecological benefits of European flat oyster populations, extensive protection and restoration efforts are in place within Europe. In line with the increasing interest in supporting restoration and oyster farming through the breeding of stocks with enhanced performance, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of genomic selection for improving growth traits in a European flat oyster population obtained from successive mass-spawning events. Four growth-related traits were evaluated: total weight (TW), shell height (SH), shell width (SW) and shell length (SL). The heritability of the growth traits was in the low-moderate range, with estimates of 0.45, 0.37, 0.22, and 0.32 for TW, SH, SW and SL, respectively. A genome-wide association analysis revealed a largely polygenic architecture for the four growth traits, with two distinct QTLs detected on chromosome 4. To investigate whether genomic selection can be implemented in flat oyster breeding at a reduced cost, the utility of low-density SNP panels was assessed. Genomic prediction accuracies using the full density panel were high (> 0.83 for all traits). The evaluation of the effect of reducing the number of markers used to predict genomic breeding values revealed that similar selection accuracies could be achieved for all traits with 2K SNPs as for a full panel containing 4,577 SNPs. Only slight reductions in accuracies were observed at the lowest SNP density tested (i.e., 100 SNPs), likely due to a high relatedness between individuals being included in the training and validation sets during cross-validation. Overall, our results suggest that the genetic improvement of growth traits in oysters is feasible. Nevertheless, and although low-density SNP panels appear as a promising strategy for applying GS at a reduced cost, additional populations with different degrees of genetic relatedness should be assessed to derive estimates of prediction accuracies to be expected in practical breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Peñaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Agustin Barria
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Athina Papadopoulou
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Chantelle Hooper
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Preston
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Green
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Helmer
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Blue Marine Foundation, London, United Kingdom
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jennifer C. Nascimento-Schulze
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Minardi
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Kumar Gundappa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Yáñez JM, Xu P, Carvalheiro R, Hayes B. Genomics applied to livestock and aquaculture breeding. Evol Appl 2022; 15:517-522. [PMID: 35505887 PMCID: PMC9046759 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias Universidad de Chile
| | - Peng Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms College of Ocean and Earth Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Roberto Carvalheiro
- Departamento de Zootecnia Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista Jaboticabal, São Paulo Brazil
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ben Hayes
- Centre for Animal Science Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation The University of Queensland Australia
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10
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Vera M, Maroso F, Wilmes SB, Hermida M, Blanco A, Fernández C, Groves E, Malham SK, Bouza C, Robins PE, Martínez P. Genomic survey of edible cockle ( Cerastoderma edule) in the Northeast Atlantic: A baseline for sustainable management of its wild resources. Evol Appl 2022; 15:262-285. [PMID: 35233247 PMCID: PMC8867702 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on correlations between environmental factors and genome divergence between populations of marine species is crucial for sustainable management of fisheries and wild populations. The edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) is a marine bivalve distributed along the Northeast Atlantic coast of Europe and is an important resource from both commercial and ecological perspectives. We performed a population genomics screening using 2b-RAD genotyping on 9309 SNPs localized in the cockle's genome on a sample of 536 specimens pertaining to 14 beds in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean to analyse the genetic structure with regard to environmental variables. Larval dispersal modelling considering species behaviour and interannual/interseasonal variation in ocean conditions was carried out as an essential background to which compare genetic information. Cockle populations in the Northeast Atlantic displayed low but significant geographical differentiation between populations (F ST = 0.0240; p < 0.001), albeit not across generations. We identified 742 and 36 outlier SNPs related to divergent and balancing selection in all the geographical scenarios inspected, and sea temperature and salinity were the main environmental correlates suggested. Highly significant linkage disequilibrium was detected at specific genomic regions against the very low values observed across the whole genome. Two main genetic groups were identified, northwards and southwards of French Brittany. Larval dispersal modelling suggested a barrier for larval dispersal linked to the Ushant front that could explain these two genetic clusters. Further genetic subdivision was observed using outlier loci and considering larval advection. The northern group was divided into the Irish/Celtic Seas and the English Channel/North Sea, while the southern group was divided into three subgroups. This information represents the baseline for the management of cockles, designing conservation strategies, founding broodstock for depleted beds and producing suitable seed for aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vera
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
- Institute of AquacultureUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Francesco Maroso
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
- Department of Life Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Sophie B. Wilmes
- School of Ocean SciencesMarine Centre WalesBangor UniversityMenai BridgeUK
| | - Miguel Hermida
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
- Institute of AquacultureUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Andrés Blanco
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
| | - Carlos Fernández
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
- Institute of AquacultureUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Emily Groves
- School of Ocean SciencesMarine Centre WalesBangor UniversityMenai BridgeUK
| | - Shelagh K. Malham
- School of Ocean SciencesMarine Centre WalesBangor UniversityMenai BridgeUK
| | - Carmen Bouza
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
- Institute of AquacultureUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | | | - Peter E. Robins
- School of Ocean SciencesMarine Centre WalesBangor UniversityMenai BridgeUK
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical AnthropologyACUIGEN GroupFaculty of VeterinaryUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of LugoLugoSpain
- Institute of AquacultureUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
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11
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Agudelo JFG, Mastrochirico‐Filho VA, de Souza Borges CH, Ariede RB, Lira LVG, de Oliveira Neto RR, de Freitas MV, Sucerquia GAL, Vera M, Berrocal MHM, Hashimoto DT. Genomic selection signatures in farmed Colossoma macropomum from tropical and subtropical regions in South America. Evol Appl 2022; 15:679-693. [PMID: 35505878 PMCID: PMC9046916 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tambaqui or cachama (Colossoma macropomum) is one of the most important neotropical freshwater fish used for aquaculture in South America, and its production is concentrated at low latitudes (close to the Equator, 0°), where the water temperature is warm. Therefore, understanding how selection shapes genetic variations and structure in farmed populations is of paramount importance in evolutionary biology. High‐throughput sequencing to generate genome‐wide data for fish species allows for elucidating the genomic basis of adaptation to local or farmed conditions and uncovering genes that control the phenotypes of interest. The present study aimed to detect genomic selection signatures and analyze the genetic variability in farmed populations of tambaqui in South America using single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained with double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing. Initially, 199 samples of tambaqui farmed populations from different locations (located in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru), a wild population (Amazon River, Brazil), and the base population of a breeding program (Aquaculture Center, CAUNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil) were genotyped. Observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.231–0.350 and 0.288–0.360, respectively. Significant genetic differentiation was observed using global FST analyses of SNP loci (FST = 0.064, p < 0.050). Farmed populations from Colombia and Peru that differentiated from the Brazilian populations formed distinct groups. Several regions, particularly those harboring the genes of significance to aquaculture, were identified to be under positive selection, suggesting local adaptation to stress under different farming conditions and management practices. Studies aimed at improving the knowledge of genomics of tambaqui farmed populations are essential for aquaculture to gain deeper insights into the evolutionary history of these fish and provide resources for the establishment of breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raquel Belini Ariede
- São Paulo State University (Unesp) Aquaculture Center of Unesp 14884‐900 Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Vera
- Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC) ES27002 Lugo Spain
| | | | - Diogo Teruo Hashimoto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp) Aquaculture Center of Unesp 14884‐900 Jaboticabal SP Brazil
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12
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de la Ballina NR, Villalba A, Cao A. Shotgun analysis to identify differences in protein expression between granulocytes and hyalinocytes of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:678-691. [PMID: 34748932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of wild populations of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis is important for ecosystem health and conservation of this species, because native oyster populations have dramatically declined or disappeared in most European waters. Diseases have contributed to oyster decline and are important constrains for oyster recovery. Understanding oyster immune system should contribute to design effective strategies to fight oyster diseases. Haemocytes play a pivotal role in mollusc immune responses protecting from infection. Two main types of haemocytes, granulocytes and hyalinocytes, are distinguished in O. edulis. A study aiming to explore differential functions between both haemocyte types and, thus, to enrich the knowledge of Ostrea edulis immune system, was performed by comparing the proteome of the two haemolymph cell types, using a shotgun approach through liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Cells from oyster haemolymph were differentially separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Shotgun LC-MS/MS performance allowed the identification of 145 proteins in hyalinocytes and 138 in the proteome of granulocytes. After a comparative analysis, 55 proteins with main roles in defence were identified, from which 28 were representative of granulocytes and 27 of hyalinocytes, plus 11 proteins shared by both cell types. Different proteins involved in signal transduction, apoptosis, oxidative response, processes related with the cytoskeleton and structure, recognition and wound healing were identified as representatives of each haemocyte type. Important signalling pathways in the immune response such as MAPK, Ras and NF-κβ seemed to be more relevant for granulocytes, while the Wnt signalling pathway, particularly relevant for wound healing, more relevant in hyalinocytes. The differences in proteins involved in recognition and in cytoskeleton and structure suggest differential specialisation in processes of phagocytosis and internalisation of pathogens between haemocyte types. Apoptosis seemed more active in granulocytes. The differences in proteins involved in oxidative response also suggest different redox processes in each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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13
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Hu B, Tian Y, Li Q, Liu S. Genomic signatures of artificial selection in the Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas. Evol Appl 2021; 15:618-630. [PMID: 35505882 PMCID: PMC9046764 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is an important aquaculture shellfish around the world with great economic and ecological value. Selective breeding programs have been carried out globally to improve production and performance traits, while genomic signatures of artificial selection remain largely unexplored. In China, we performed selective breeding of C. gigas for over a decade, leading to production of several fast‐growing strains. In the present study, we conducted whole‐genome resequencing of 20 oysters from two fast‐growing strains that have been successively selected for 10 generations, and 20 oysters from the two corresponding wild populations. Sequencing depth of >10× was achieved for each sample, leading to identification of over 12.20 million SNPs. The population structures investigated with three independent methods (principal component analysis, phylogenetic tree, and structure) suggested distinct patterns among selected and wild oyster populations. Assessment of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay clearly indicated the changes in genetic diversity during selection. Fixation index (Fst) combined with cross‐population composite likelihood ratio (XP‐CLR) allowed for identification of 768 and 664 selective sweeps (encompassing 1042 and 872 genes) tightly linked to selection in the two fast‐growing strains. KEGG enrichment and functional analyses revealed that 33 genes are important for growth regulation, which act as key components of various signaling pathways with close connection and further take part in regulating the process of cell cycle. This work provides valuable information for the understanding of genomic signatures for long‐term selective breeding and will also be important for growth study and genome‐assisted breeding of the Pacific oyster in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
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14
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Egerton S, Lynch SA, Prado-Alvarez M, Flannery G, Brennan E, Hugh-Jones T, Hugh-Jones D, Culloty SC. A Naïve Population of European Oyster Ostrea edulis with Reduced Susceptibility to the Pathogen Bonamia ostreae: Are S-Strategy Life Traits Providing Protection? Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:249-260. [PMID: 32533837 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
European populations of the native flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, have been heavily depleted by two protozoan parasites, Marteila refringens and Bonamia ostreae, with mortalities of up to 90% reported in naïve populations. However, in studies carried out over a 10-year period, researching the parasite-host relationship of B. ostreae and O. edulis in several age cohorts within a naïve O. edulis population from Loch Ryan (LR), Scotland, 1364 specimens were challenged and only 64 (5%), across multiple testing protocols, screened positive for B. ostreae. This article presents a case for the development of S-strategy life traits in the LR population that coincide with enhanced immune function and survival. Oysters are considered typical r-strategists (small in size with fast development and high fecundity) while S-strategists, as outlined in Grime's (1977) competitor-stress tolerant-ruderal (C-S-R) triangle theory, are characterized by slow growth and investment in the durability of individuals. This study hypothesizes that slower growth and reduced reproductive output in LR oysters has resulted in the investment of an enhanced immune function and reduced susceptibility to B. ostreae that is, r-strategists with S-strategy life traits equates to protection from significant pathogens. The findings presented here within provide a strong case study for local adaptation of energy allocation and provides empirical support for the C-S-R triangle theory in a marine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Egerton
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon A Lynch
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria Prado-Alvarez
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Elaine Brennan
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tristan Hugh-Jones
- Atlantic Shellfish Ltd, Rossmore, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Loch Ryan Oysters, Loch Ryan, Scotland, UK
| | - David Hugh-Jones
- Atlantic Shellfish Ltd, Rossmore, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork, Ireland.,Loch Ryan Oysters, Loch Ryan, Scotland, UK
| | - Sarah C Culloty
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,MaREI centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Holbrook Z, Bean TP, Lynch SA, Hauton C. What do the terms resistance, tolerance, and resilience mean in the case of Ostrea edulis infected by the haplosporidian parasite Bonamia ostreae. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 182:107579. [PMID: 33811850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The decline of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis represents a loss to European coastal economies both in terms of food security and by affecting the Good Environmental Status of the marine environment as set out by the European Council's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC). Restoration of O. edulis habitat is being widely discussed across Europe, addressing key challenges such as the devastating impact of the haplosporidian parasite Bonamia ostreae. The use of resistant, tolerant, or resilient oysters as restoration broodstock has been proposed by restoration practitioners, but the definitions and implications of these superficially familiar terms have yet to be defined and agreed by all stakeholders. This opinion piece considers the challenges of differentiating Bonamia resistance, tolerance, and resilience; challenges which impede the adoption of robust definitions. We argue that, disease-resistance is reduced susceptibility to infection by the parasite, or active suppression of the parasites ability to multiply and proliferate. Disease-tolerance is the retention of fitness and an ability to neutralise the virulence of the parasite. Disease-resilience is the ability to recover from illness and, at population level, tolerance could be interpreted as resilience. We concede that further work is required to resolve practical uncertainty in applying these definitions, and argue for a collaboration of experts to achieve consensus. Failure to act now might result in the future dispersal of this disease into new locations and populations, because robust definitions are important components of regulatory mechanisms that underpin marine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Holbrook
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK
| | - Tim P Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sharon A Lynch
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Chris Hauton
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK.
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16
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Jørgensen LVG, Nielsen JW, Villadsen MK, Vismann B, Dalvin S, Mathiessen H, Madsen L, Kania PW, Buchmann K. A non-lethal method for detection of Bonamia ostreae in flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) using environmental DNA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16143. [PMID: 32999302 PMCID: PMC7527985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance and diagnosis of parasitic Bonamia ostreae infections in flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) are prerequisites for protection and management of wild populations. In addition, reliable and non-lethal detection methods are required for selection of healthy brood oysters in aquaculture productions. Here we present a non-lethal diagnostic technique based on environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples and demonstrate applications in laboratory trials. Forty oysters originating from Limfjorden, Denmark were kept in 30 ppt sea water in individual tanks. Water was sampled 6 days later, after which all oysters were euthanized and examined for infection, applying PCR. Four oysters (10%) were found to be infected with B. ostreae in gill and mantle tissue. eDNA purified from the water surrounding these oysters contained parasite DNA. A subsequent sampling from the field encompassed 20 oysters and 15 water samples from 5 different locations. Only one oyster turned out positive and all water samples proved negative for B. ostreae eDNA. With this new method B. ostreae may be detected by only sampling water from the environment of isolated oysters or isolated oyster populations. This non-lethal diagnostic eDNA method could have potential for future surveys and oyster breeding programs aiming at producing disease-free oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Bent Vismann
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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17
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Ezgeta-Balić D, Šantić D, Šegvić-Bubić T, Bojanić N, Bužančić M, Vidjak O, Varezić DB, Stagličić N, Kundid P, Peharda M, Žužul I, Grubišić L, Briski E. Competitive feeding interactions between native Ostrea edulis and non-native Crassostrea gigas with implications of introducing C. gigas into commercial aquaculture in the eastern Adriatic Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 160:105051. [PMID: 32907717 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect the possible regulatory effect of non-native C. gigas on the native O. edulis, under aquaculture conditions, feeding interactions between them were investigated in a highly productive environment of Lim Bay (Adriatic Sea). The present study uses a multi-methodological approach, including stomach content, DNA barcoding and stable isotope analysis to elucidate the feeding ecology of two oyster species. The research confirmed a high overlap throughout the year in the feeding traits among native and non-native oyster species. Competition for food was not the only relationship that exists between the investigated species as the presence of O. edulis larvae in C. gigas stomach content was confirmed by DNA analysis. Findings are not in favour of introducing C. gigas to commercial aquaculture in any new areas in the Adriatic Sea and support the need to improve the existing O. edulis aquaculture and conserve its wild stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ezgeta-Balić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Danijela Šantić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Tanja Šegvić-Bubić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Natalia Bojanić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Mia Bužančić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Olja Vidjak
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Nika Stagličić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Petra Kundid
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Melita Peharda
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Iva Žužul
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Leon Grubišić
- Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Elizabeta Briski
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany
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18
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Hine PM. Haplosporidian host:parasite interactions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:190-199. [PMID: 32437861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The host:parasite interactions of the 3 serious haplosporidian pathogens of oysters, on which most information exists, are reviewed. They are Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea spp. and Crassostrea gigas; Bonamia exitiosa in Ostrea spp.; and Haplosporidium nelsoni in Crassostrea spp. Understanding the haemocytic response to pathogens is constrained by lack of information on haematopoiesis, haemocyte identity and development. Basal haplospridians in spot prawns are probably facultative parasites. H. nelsoni and a species infecting Haliotis iris in New Zealand (NZAP), which have large extracellular plasmodia that eject haplosporosomes or their contents, lyse surrounding cells and are essentially extracellular parasites. Bonamia spp. have small plasmodia that are phagocytosed, haplosporosomes are not ejected and they are intracellular obligate parasites. Phagocytosis by haemocytes is followed by formation of a parasitophorous vacuole, blocking of haemocyte lysosomal enzymes and the endolysosomal pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are blocked by antioxidants, and host cell apoptosis may occur. Unlike susceptible O. edulis, the destruction of B. ostreae by C. gigas may be due to higher haemolymph proteins, higher rates of granulocyte binding and phagocytosis, production of ROS, the presence of plasma β-glucosidase, antimicrobial peptides and higher levels of haemolymph and haemocyte enzymes. In B.exitiosa infection of Ostrea chilensis, cytoplasmic lipid bodies (LBs) containing lysosomal enzymes accumulate in host granulocytes and in B. exitiosa following phagocytosis. Their genesis and role in innate immunity and inflammation appears to be the same as in vertebrate granulocytes and macrophages, and other invertebrates. If so, they are probably the site of eicosanoid synthesis from arachidonic acid, and elevated numbers of LBs are probably indicative of haemocyte activation. It is probable that the molecular interaction, and role of LBs in the synthesis and storage of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, is conserved in innate immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, it seems likely that haplosporidians are more diverse than realized, and that there are many variations in host parasite interactions and life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hine
- 73, rue de la Fée au Bois, 17450, Fouras, France.
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19
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de la Ballina NR, Villalba A, Cao A. Differences in proteomic profile between two haemocyte types, granulocytes and hyalinocytes, of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:456-466. [PMID: 32205190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Haemocytes play a dominant role in shellfish immunity, being considered the main defence effector cells in molluscs. These cells are known to be responsible for many functions, including chemotaxis, cellular recognition, attachment, aggregation, shell repair and nutrient transport and digestion. There are two basic cell types of bivalve haemocytes morphologically distinguishable, hyalinocytes and granulocytes; however, functional differences and specific abilities are poorly understood: granulocytes are believed to be more efficient in killing microorganisms, while hyalinocytes are thought to be more specialised in clotting and wound healing. A proteomic approach was implemented to find qualitative differences in the protein profile between granulocytes and hyalinocytes of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, as a way to evaluate functional differences. Oyster haemolymph cells were differentially separated by Percoll® density gradient centrifugation. Granulocyte and hyalinocyte proteins were separated by 2D-PAGE and their protein profiles were analysed and compared with PD Quest software; the protein spots exclusive for each haemocyte type were excised from gels and analysed by MALDI-TOF/TOF with a combination of mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS for sequencing and protein identification. A total of 34 proteins were identified, 20 unique to granulocytes and 14 to hyalinocytes. The results suggested differences between the haemocyte types in signal transduction, apoptosis, oxidation reduction processes, cytoskeleton, phagocytosis and pathogen recognition. These results contribute to identify differential roles of each haemocyte type and to better understand the oyster immunity mechanisms, which should help to fight oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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