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Onzere CK, Bastos RG, Bishop RP, Suarez CE, Fry LM. Expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in horses experimentally infected with T. equi merozoites is associated with antibody production but not modulation of pro-inflammatory responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1370255. [PMID: 38803499 PMCID: PMC11128618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Theileria equi (T. equi) is an apicomplexan parasite that causes severe hemolytic anemia in equids. Presently, there is inadequate knowledge of the immune responses induced by T. equi in equid hosts impeding understanding of the host parasite relationship and development of potent vaccines for control of T. equi infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the host-parasite dynamics between T. equi merozoites and infected horses by assessing cytokine expression during primary and secondary parasite exposure, and to determine whether the pattern of expression correlated with clinical indicators of disease. Our findings showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was very low and inconsistent during both primary and secondary infection. There was also no correlation between the symptoms observed during primary infection and expression of the cytokines. This suggests that the symptoms might have occurred primarily due to hemolysis and likely not the undesirable effects of pro-inflammatory responses. However, IL-10 and TGF-β1 were highly expressed in both phases of infection, and their expression was linked to antibody production but not moderation of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K. Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Richard P. Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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PCR detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in apparently healthy horses in Paraguay. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 39:100835. [PMID: 36878622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in equids, including horses. EP has a global distribution and often leads to a significant socioeconomic impact on the equine industry. Infected animals remain as carriers and become a source of infection for tick vectors, thereby posing an immense challenge in the disease management. Therefore, detection of these carriers is crucial to assess the risk of transmission and to implement appropriate control measures in endemic countries. Paraguay is a tropical country where various tick-borne diseases are common among livestock; however, the status of EP remains unknown in this country. Because the tick vectors capable of transmitting T. equi and B. caballi are endemic in Paraguay, we hypothesised that Paraguayan horses are infected with these parasite species. To test our hypothesis, we prepared blood DNA samples from a total of 545 apparently healthy horses in 16 of the 17 departments of Paraguay and analysed them with specific PCR assays to detect T. equi and B. caballi. The PCR results showed that 178 (32.7%) and 8 (1.5%) of the horses were infected with T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Among the infected horses, two (0.4%) were infected with both parasite species. Our analyses further indicated that the positive rates of T. equi infection did not differ between horse breeds, males and females, or age groups. We also found that haematological parameters were the same between the non-infected animals and animals with single infections. By contrast, the two horses co-infected with T. equi and B. caballi had haemoglobin and haematocrit values lower than the normal ranges. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that Paraguayan horses are infected with T. equi and B. caballi and that the rate of T. equi infection is higher than that of B. caballi. Our findings highlight the need to add EP to the list of differential diagnoses when anaemic horses are presented to equine clinics in Paraguay.
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Kalantari M, Sharifiyazdi H, Ghaemi M, Ghane M, Nazifi S. Theileria equi in the horses of Iran: Molecular detection, genetic diversity, and hematological findings. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100792. [PMID: 36436901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In all equids worldwide, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi are believed to be two important erythrocytic protozoa that cause equine piroplasmosis. In addition, it was recently discovered that Theileria haneyi is another potential equine piroplasmosis (EP) agent. Ixodid ticks are the major vectors of these parasites. Equine piroplasmosis is of international importance and affects enormously the equine industry. In this study, for the first time, molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of piroplasma parasites (T. equi and B. caballi) in horses from Fars province (south of Iran) were determined. Also, hematological alterations of naturally infected horses were analyzed. PCR positive horses showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with a left shift of neutrophilia, and monocytosis. PCR results revealed that, from 133 blood samples of horses, 40 samples were positive (30.07%). The occurrence of T. equi in this area (30.07%) was more than the national average prevalence of T. equi (24.11%), but B. caballi prevalence in study area (0%) was less than the average of previous studies in Iran (5.47%). Our findings revealed that the T. equi was widespread in Fars province of Iran. PCR products of 18S rDNA and EMA-1 genes of T. equi strains were sequenced successfully. All 18S rDNA sequences collected in this experiment revealed 100% similarity together. According to the phylogenetic tree constructed using the 18S rDNA gene, Iranian T. equi is clustered with strains from Cuba (KY111762, KY111761) and USA (CP001669, JX177672). So, this could be concluded that T. equi studied in this research, and those strains are initiated from a common T. equi ancestor at an unknown time ago. Also, the phylogenetic tree based on EMA-1 gene demonstrated a genetically diverse population of Iranian T. equi strains (10 different genotypes). As EMA-1 is one of the most immunogenic antigens in this parasite, such variability could be a concern about the efficacy of T. equi vaccines. Finally, more studies on equine piroplasmosis in the provinces of the southern region of Iran are recommended to create a better vision of disease in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Kalantari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehran Ghaemi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Ahedor B, Kothalawala H, Kanagaratnam R, Vimalakumar SC, Otgonsuren D, Tuvshintulga B, Batmagnai E, Silva SSP, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. First detection of Theileria equi in free-roaming donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) in Sri Lanka. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105244. [PMID: 35149223 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in equids, including horses, donkeys, zebras, and mules. It is globally endemic with significant economic impact on the equine industry. Infected animals may serve as carriers, and they may be a source of infection for ticks, thereby posing a great challenge for disease management. Sri Lanka is a tropical country, where infections by various tick-borne parasites are common among livestock animals. However, infections by T. equi and B. caballi remain unstudied in Sri Lanka. Therefore, in the present study, we conducted an epidemiological survey to investigate the presence of T. equi and B. caballi in apparently healthy free-roaming donkeys. Blood samples were randomly taken from 111 donkeys in Mannar (n = 100) and Kilinochchi (n = 11) districts in Sri Lanka. Thin blood smears were prepared from the blood samples and subjected to microscopic examination. Additionally, blood DNA samples were prepared and screened for T. equi and B. caballi infections using species-specific PCR assays. Our results showed that 64 (57.7%) and 95 (85.6%) of the donkeys were positive for T. equi by microscopy and PCR, respectively. However, all samples were negative for B. caballi. Phylogenetic analysis of the T. equi 18S rRNA sequences detected two distinct genotypes, namely C and D. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. equi in Sri Lanka and of genotype C in donkeys. The present study highlights the importance of monitoring the shrinking donkey population in Sri Lanka owing to EP caused by T. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Believe Ahedor
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Enkhbaatar Batmagnai
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; OIE Reference Laboratory for Equine Piroplasmosis, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Abdullah HHAM, Aboelsoued D, Farag TK, Abdel-Shafy S, Abdel Megeed KN, Parola P, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Molecular characterization of some equine vector-borne diseases and associated arthropods in Egypt. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106274. [PMID: 34954258 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine vector-borne diseases (EVBDs) are emerging and re-emerging diseases, and most of them are zoonotic. This study aimed to investigate EVBDs in equines and associated arthropods (ticks and flies) from Egypt using molecular analyses, in addition to a preliminary characterization of associated ticks and flies by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and molecular techniques. In this study, 335 blood samples were obtained from equines that appeared to be in good health (320 horses and 15 donkeys) in Cairo and Beni Suef provinces, Egypt. From the same animals, 166 arthropods (105 sucking flies and 61 ticks) were collected. Ticks and flies were preliminary characterized by the MALDI-TOF and molecular tools. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and standard PCR coupled with sequencing were performed on the DNA of equines, ticks, and flies to screen multiple pathogens. The MALDI-TOF and molecular characterization of arthropods revealed that louse fly (Hippobosca equina) and cattle tick (Rhipicephalus annulatus) infesting equines. Anaplasma platys-like (1.6%), Anaplasma marginale (1.6%), Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica (6.6%), a new Ehrlichia sp. (4.9%), and Borrelia theileri (3.3%) were identified in R. annulatus. Anaplasma sp. and Borrelia sp. DNAs were only detected in H. equina by qPCR. A. marginale, Anaplasma ovis, and Theileria ovis recorded the same low infection rate (0.6%) in donkeys, while horses were found to be infected with Theileria equi and a new Theileria sp. Africa with recorded prevalence rates of 1.2% and 2.7%, respectively. In conclusion, different pathogens were first detected such as A. platys-like, Candidatus E. rustica, and a new Ehrlichia sp. in R. annulatus; A. marginale, A. ovis, and T. ovis in donkeys; and a new Theileria sp. "Africa" in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend H A M Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek K Farag
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sobhy Abdel-Shafy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kadria N Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Spatial and Temporal Circulation of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in France Based on Seven Years of Serological Data. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020227. [PMID: 35215171 PMCID: PMC8876836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caused by two blood parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease that poses major health and economic issues for the equine industry. Our objective was to gain insight into the spatio-temporal variations of parasite circulation in France, where the disease is known to be enzootic, but has been the subject of few studies. Seroprevalence was assessed for each parasite thanks to 16,127 equine sera obtained between 1997 and 2003 from all over France and analysed through complement fixation tests. Results indicated that 13.2% (5–27% depending on the region) of horses were seropositive for T. equi and 9.5% (3–25%) for B. caballi. Regardless of the year, horses from the southern regions of France were the most affected by B. caballi or T. equi infection, while the proportion of horses having antibodies against T. equi increased over time. These results highlight the heterogeneity of the circulation of both piroplasms, which may be linked with ecological diversity and vector distribution. Our data provide baseline information regarding the sero-epidemiology of B. caballi and T. equi infection in horses in France, making it now possible to select regions for future studies on risk factors, and design and implement effective targeted measures against equine piroplasms.
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The Role of Ticks in the Emergence of Borrelia burgdorferi as a Zoonotic Pathogen and Its Vector Control: A Global Systemic Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122412. [PMID: 34946014 PMCID: PMC8709295 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are widely distributed across the globe, serving as hosts for numerous pathogens that make them major contributors to zoonotic parasitosis. Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species that causes an emerging zoonotic tick-borne disease known as Lyme borreliosis. The role of ticks in the transmission of this pathogen was explored in this study. According to this systematic review, undertaken according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 19 tick species are known to carry Borrelia burgdorferi, with more than half of the recorded cases in the last two decades related to Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis ticks. Forty-six studies from four continents, Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa, reported this pathogen in ticks collected from vegetation, animals, and humans. This study highlights an increasing distribution of tick-associated Borrelia burgdorferi, likely driven by accelerated tick population increases in response to climate change coupled with tick dispersal via migratory birds. This updated catalogue helps in compiling all tick species responsible for the transmission of B. burgdorferi across the globe. Gaps in research exist on Borrelia burgdorferi in continents such as Asia and Africa, and in considering environmentally friendly vector control strategies in Europe and North America.
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Rataud A, Henry PY, Moutailler S, Marsot M. Research effort on birds' reservoir host potential for Lyme borreliosis: A systematic review and perspectives. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2512-2522. [PMID: 34453490 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic tick-borne diseases threat human and animal health. Understanding the role of hosts in the production of infected ticks in an epidemiological system is essential to be able to design effective measures to reduce the exposure of humans and animals to infectious tick bites. The reservoir host potential, that is, number of infected ticks produced by a host species, depends on three components: tick production, realized reservoir competence and host density. The parameters and factors that determine the reservoir host potential need to be characterized to achieve a robust understanding of the dynamics of pathogen-tick-host systems, and thus to mitigate the acarological risk of emerging infections. Few studies have investigated the role of birds in the local spread of Lyme borreliosis Borrelia. Knowledge of the research effort on the reservoir host potential of birds in Lyme borreliosis Borrelia circulation is necessary to prioritize future research on this topic. We provide a systematic review of the research effort on components of the reservoir host potential of wild birds for Lyme borreliosis Borrelia circulation, and factors that modulate these components in the European epidemiological system. Our review of 242 selected publications showed that tick production has been 1.4 and 21 times more studied than realized reservoir competence and bird density respectively. Only one study achieved to characterize the global host reservoir potential of birds in a given epidemiological system. Investigated factors were mostly related to bird species identity, individual characteristics of birds and tick characteristics, whereas the influence of bird life-history traits have been largely under-investigated. Because simultaneous characterization of all parameters is notoriously complex, interdisciplinary research is needed to combine and accumulate independent field and laboratory investigations targeting each parameter on specific epidemiological system or host species. This can help gain an integrated appraisal of the functioning of the studied system at a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Rataud
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Henry
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV UMR 7179), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brunoy, France.,Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d'Oiseaux (CRBPO), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maud Marsot
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Nadal C, Bonnet SI, Marsot M. Eco-epidemiology of equine piroplasmosis and its associated tick vectors in Europe: A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis of prevalence. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2474-2498. [PMID: 34333863 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When studying a vector-borne disease, an eco-epidemiological approach is vital for a comprehensive understanding of how the pathogen circulates amongst populations. Equine piroplasmosis (EP), a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoans Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, is endemic in the Mediterranean basin of Europe and causes both animal health and economic issues for the equine sector. With no vaccine available, defining the episystem of the disease can help to identify which components of the host-pathogen-vector-environment system to target to improve preventive measures. In this systematic literature review, we collected relevant data on the eco-epidemiology of EP in Europe. The 62 studies remaining after the selection procedure explored potential vectors, indicators of parasite circulation and putative risk factors of EP. Eight hard tick species were identified as potential vectors of one or both piroplasm species. Meta-analyses were then conducted on prevalence and seroprevalence data in equids in European countries, demonstrating an estimated seroprevalence of 30% and 8% and prevalence of 25% and 2% for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Finally, herd management practices and environmental risk factors analysed in studies showed no real consensus between studies, but revealed a general trend highlighting age and exposure to ticks as risk factors, and vaccination as a protective factor. Through this study, we point out that only a few studies have focused on disease management practices and even fewer have studied the effect of environmental parameters on equid infections. Further investigation in these areas is required to better characterize the eco-epidemiology of EP and risk factors associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Nadal
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.,ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sarah I Bonnet
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maud Marsot
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Ali S, Ijaz M, Farooqi SH, Durrani AZ, Rashid MI, Ghaffar A, Ali A, Rehman A, Aslam S, Khan I, Masud A, Mehmood K. Molecular characterisation of
Theileria equi
and risk factors associated with the occurrence of theileriosis in horses of Punjab (Pakistan). EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - M. Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - S. H. Farooqi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - A. Z. Durrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - M. I. Rashid
- Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - A. Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - A. Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - A. Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - S. Aslam
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences LahorePakistan
| | - I. Khan
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Jhang Pakistan
| | - A. Masud
- District Diagnostic Laboratory Livestock and Dairy Development Department Mianwali Pakistan
| | - K. Mehmood
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
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Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Steinman A. Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny. Pathogens 2020; 9:E926. [PMID: 33171698 PMCID: PMC7695325 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by the hemoparasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi, is an important tick-borne disease of equines that is prevalent in most parts of the world. Infection may affect animal welfare and has economic impacts related to limitations in horse transport between endemic and non-endemic regions, reduced performance of sport horses and treatment costs. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological, serological, and molecular diagnostic data published in the last 20 years, and all DNA sequences submitted to GenBank database, to describe the current global prevalence of these parasites. We demonstrate that EP is endemic in most parts of the world, and that it is spreading into more temperate climates. We emphasize the importance of using DNA sequencing and genotyping to monitor the spread of parasites, and point to the necessity of further studies to improve genotypic characterization of newly recognized parasite species and strains, and their linkage to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tirosh-Levy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (Y.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (Y.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (L.M.F.); (D.P.K.)
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (L.M.F.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (Y.G.); (A.S.)
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Natural Theileria equi infection in captive Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101452. [PMID: 32360027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect natural Theileria equi infection in captive tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in the Brazilian Amazon. Samples from 19 captive tapirs were collected from zoological and botanical gardens and conservation parks in the Pará (n = 18) and Amazonas (n = 1) states. Whole-blood samples were collected for subsequent screening of T. equi DNA by PCR using the BEC-UF2 and EQUI-R primer set. Microscopic analyses of blood smears revealed T. equi trophozoites in 37% (7/19) of the animals examined, and T. equi DNA was detected in 58% (11/19) of the blood samples analyzed. Sequencing of amplified PCR products revealed an identity with T. equi isolates obtained from horses and waterbuck available in GenBank. In conclusion, T. equi infection occurs in captive tapirs in the Brazilian Amazon, and these mammals could potentially act as reservoirs.
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Raftery AG, Jallow S, Coultous RM, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:148. [PMID: 32199454 PMCID: PMC7085162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine trypanosomiasis is a severe and prevalent disease that has the greatest impact globally upon working equids due to its distribution across lower income countries. Morbidity and mortality rates are high; disease management strategies in endemic regions are ineffective and cost prohibitive. Individual variation in disease phenotype in other species suggests host factors could reveal novel treatment and control targets but has not been investigated in equids. Methods A prospective clinical evaluation of equines presenting for a free veterinary examination was performed in hyperendemic villages in The Gambia. Age, body condition score and body weight were estimated by validated methods, and haematocrit and total protein concentration measured. Animals fulfilling 2 out of 5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema) for a diagnosis of trypanosomiasis received trypanocidal treatment with follow-up at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma spp. primers and results were compared to the subject’s clinical and clinicopathological features. A mixed effects generalised linear model was generated to evaluate the association of infection status with degree of pyrexia and anaemia. Results Morbidity was high within examined (n = 641) and selected (n = 247) study populations. PCR status was not associated with a defined disease phenotype; there was intra- and inter-species variability. Donkeys were more frequently Trypanosoma spp.-positive (P < 0.001) and febrile (P < 0.001) than horses, but infected horses were more anaemic (P < 0.001), and in poorer body condition (P < 0.001) than donkeys. Sex was correlated to disease phenotype: males were more anaemic (P = 0.03) and febrile (P < 0.001). Haemoparasite co-infections were more common than a single infection. Conclusions There was evidence of diversity in trypanosomiasis clinical signs plus variable disease phenotypes within equid subpopulations that warrant further investigation. The complex co-infection profile of field cases requires greater consideration to optimise disease management.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Robert M Coultous
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David G M Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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Padalino B, Rosanowski SM, Di Bella C, Lacinio R, Rubino GTR. Piroplasmosis in Italian Standardbred Horses: 15 Years of Surveillance Data. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 83:102813. [PMID: 31791528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to document the prevalence of chronic equine piroplasmosis (EP) in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses and to explore associations between the disease and sex, age, and hematological parameters. Blood was collected between 2004 and 2018; blood cell counts were performed using a cell counter analyzer, biochemical parameters using a photometer, and serum proteins using agarose gel electrophoresis. Blood smears were prepared, colored with a modified Giemsa, and an experienced technician identified the presence of protozoa. The horses were categorized into piroplasmosis positive (PP) and piroplasmosis negative (PN). The studied population included 520 horses (142 female, 27.6%; CI, 23.8%-31.7%), with a median age of 4 (interquartile range, 3-8) years. The prevalence of EP was 9.3% (CI: 6.9%-12.1%). There was no association between the infectious status and signalment. In poorly performing Italian Standardbreds, chronic piroplasmosis caused mild normocytic, normochromic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, thrombocytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia, as reported in literature. However, our findings suggests that blood analysis needs to be interpreted with caution as there were cases with overlap between parameters in PP and PN horses, and normal ranges. Hence, in cases of poorly performing Standardbreds living or recently moving into an EP-endemic region, blood cytology should be performed as a first step in differential diagnosis procedures to exclude chronic EP as one possible cause for poor performance. Further diagnostic tests (i.e., PCR, ELISA) are also recommended because correct diagnosis is vital to ensure the criteria of "lack of disease" in the welfare principle of good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sarah M Rosanowski
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Caterina Di Bella
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Lacinio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe T R Rubino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy
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15
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Great diversity of Piroplasmida in Equidae in Africa and Europe, including potential new species. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100332. [PMID: 31796173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Piroplasms are Apicomplexa tick-borne parasites distributed worldwide. They are responsible for piroplasmosis (theileriosis and babesiosis) in Vertebrata and are therefore of medical and economic importance. Herein, we developed a new real time PCR assay targeting the 5.8S rRNA gene and three standard PCR assays, targeting 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and cox1 genes, for the detection of piroplasmids. These assays were first optimized and screened for specificity and sensitivity. Then, they were used to study a total of 548 blood samples and 97 ticks collected from Equidae in four sub-Saharan countries (Senegal, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, and Djibouti) and France (Marseille and Corsica). DNA of piroplasms was detected in 162 of 548 (29.5%) blood samples and in 9 of 97 (9.3%) ticks. The highest prevalence in blood samples was observed in Chad in 2016 with 72.9% positivity rate. Sequencing allowed the identification of four species of piroplasms, including two potentials new species. Theileria equi was mainly found. The highest prevalence was observed in Senegal (14 positive out of 23, 60.87%). Babesia caballi was detected in one horse in Senegal. Two new potential Theileria species were detected: Theileria sp. "Africa", observed in all areas excepted in Marseille and Theileria sp. "Europa", observed in Marseille and Corsica. In conclusion, sensitive and specific PCR assays were developed for epidemiological studies of Piroplasmida. The circulation of multiple species of piroplasms, including two potentials new species, observed among Equidae from sub-Saharan Africa and France.
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16
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Prasad A, Kumar V, Kumar B. First Report of Acute Bilateral Hyphema in a Theileria equi-Infected Kathiawari Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:72-74. [PMID: 31133320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Theileria equi is a tickborne hemoparasite that can cause severe illness in equids. In this report, we are describing a condition of acute bilateral hyphema in a 4-month-old Kathiawari filly infected with T. equi. The horse showed clinical signs such as fever, lethargy, icterus, tachycardia, tachypnea, and bilateral hyphema. Laboratory diagnosis revealed anemia and thrombocytopenia. Atypical clinical manifestation of bilateral hyphema, to our knowledge, has never been reported so far in equids infected with T. equi. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of Geimsa-stained blood smear. Specific and supportive therapy for T. equi allowed remission of clinical signs and laboratory profile abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
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Coultous RM, Phipps P, Dalley C, Lewis J, Hammond TA, Shiels BR, Weir W, Sutton DGM. Equine piroplasmosis status in the UK: an assessment of laboratory diagnostic submissions and techniques. Vet Rec 2019; 184:95. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Coultous
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Paul Phipps
- Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | | | - Jane Lewis
- Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - Toni-Ann Hammond
- Diagnostic Laboratory Services, Animal Health Trust; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - Brian R Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - David G M Sutton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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Abstract
Babesiosis, caused by piroplasmid protozoans in the genus Babesia, is arguably the most important vector-borne disease of livestock and companion animals and is growing in importance as a zoonosis. Ixodid ticks were identified as vectors more than a hundred years ago, but the particular tick species transmitting some significant pathogens are still unknown. Moreover, it is only recently that the complexity of the pathogen-tick relationship has been revealed as a result of studies enabled by gene expression and RNA interference methodology. In this article, we provide details of demonstrated and incriminated vectors, maps of the current knowledge of vector distribution, a summary of established features of the pathogen life cycle in the vector, and an outline of molecular research on pathogen-tick relationships. The article concludes with a discussion of vector ecology and disease epidemiology in a global-change context and with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Gray
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | | | - Annetta Zintl
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
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Genetic diversity and prevalence of piroplasm species in equids from Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 59:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Margalit Levi M, Tirosh-Levy S, Dahan R, Berlin D, Steinman A, Edery N, Savitski I, Lebovich B, Knowles D, Suarez CE, Baneth G, Mazuz ML. First Detection of Diffuse and Cerebral Theileria equi Infection in Neonatal Filly. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Guven E, Avcioglu H, Deniz A, Balkaya İ, Abay U, Yavuz Ş, Akyüz M. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in jereed horses in Erzurum, Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:207-213. [PMID: 28030350 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a hemoprotozoan tick-borne disease with worldwide distribution that is caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. There are studies reporting the presence of equine piroplasmosis in Turkey but the situation in Erzurum is unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine the situation of equine piroplasmosis in jeered horses in Erzurum. Between April and August 2015, a total of 125 Arabian horse were examined and blood samples were collected. At the time of sampling, animals were also examined for tick infestations and clinical signs. Besides microscopic examination of Giemsastained blood smears, multiplex PCR performed with species specific primers partially amplifying the 18S rRNA gene of B. caballi and T. equi. During the microscopic examination of blood smears, T. equi piroplasms were found in 6 (4.8%) samples. In total, 11 (8.8%) T. equi DNA were detected with multiplex PCR. B. caballi piroplasms or DNA were not obtained. BLAST analysis of the sequenced T. equi samples (GenBank: KU921661-KU921667) indicated 98.8-100% identity to each other, and 100% similarity to T. equi isolates in South Africa, Iran, China, Sudan, India, Mongolia, Trinidad, Kenya, Spain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey (Bursa). The results of our study indicate that T. equi occurs more frequently than B. caballi in the study area. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the molecular detection of equine piroplasmosis in jeered horses in Erzurum, Turkey.
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22
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Ferreira EP, Vidotto O, Almeida JC, Ribeiro LPS, Borges MV, Pequeno WHC, Stipp DT, de Oliveira CJB, Biondo AW, Vieira TSWJ, Vieira RFC. Serological and molecular detection of Theileria equi in sport horses of northeastern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 47:72-6. [PMID: 27477509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Theileriosis is a worldwide protozoal tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi, which may produce a variety of clinical signs and turn infected horses into lifetime carriers. This study has aimed to perform a serological and molecular detection of T. equi and associated factors in sports horses from six areas of northeastern Brazil. In overall, 59.6% horses were positive by indirect immunofluorescence assay and 50.4% by polymerase chain reaction. No significant association was found when presence of ticks, age, gender, anemia or total plasma proteins was analyzed with seropositivity and molecular techniques. Although a significant association of infection was found in two cities. Thus, local risk factors other than presence of ticks, horse age, gender, anemia and total plasmatic proteins may dictate prevalence of T. equi infection in sports horses, even in highly endemic areas with no control of infection prior to horse competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlainne P Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Odilon Vidotto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil
| | - Jonatas C Almeida
- Laboratory of Infectious-Contagious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Luana P S Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos V Borges
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Walter H C Pequeno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Danilo T Stipp
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Celso J B de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Alexander W Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Thállitha S W J Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil.
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