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Hudson AR, McGregor BL, Shults P, England M, Silbernagel C, Mayo C, Carpenter M, Sherman TJ, Cohnstaedt LW. Culicoides-borne Orbivirus epidemiology in a changing climate. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1221-1229. [PMID: 37862060 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Orbiviruses are of significant importance to the health of wildlife and domestic animals worldwide; the major orbiviruses transmitted by multiple biting midge (Culicoides) species include bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and African horse sickness virus. The viruses, insect vectors, and hosts are anticipated to be impacted by global climate change, altering established Orbivirus epidemiology. Changes in global climate have the potential to alter the vector competence and extrinsic incubation period of certain biting midge species, affect local and long-distance dispersal dynamics, lead to range expansion in the geographic distribution of vector species, and increase transmission period duration (earlier spring onset and later fall transmission). If transmission intensity is associated with weather anomalies such as droughts and wind speeds, there may be changes in the number of outbreaks and periods between outbreaks for some regions. Warmer temperatures and changing climates may impact the viral genome by facilitating reassortment and through the emergence of novel viral mutations. As the climate changes, Orbivirus epidemiology will be inextricably altered as has been seen with recent outbreaks of bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and African horse sickness outside of endemic areas, and requires interdisciplinary teams and approaches to assess and mitigate future outbreak threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Hudson
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Bethany L McGregor
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Phillip Shults
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | | | - Constance Silbernagel
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA APHIS, 2150 Centre Ave, Bldg B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University (CSU), 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University (CSU), 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tyler J Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University (CSU), 2450 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 1980 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
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Kunanusont N, Taesuji M, Kulthonggate U, Rattanamas K, Mamom T, Thongsri K, Phannithi T, Ruenphet S. Longitudinal humoral immune response and maternal immunity in horses after a single live-attenuated vaccination against African horse sickness during the disease outbreak in Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:1690-1694. [PMID: 37766699 PMCID: PMC10521193 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1690-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim African horse sickness (AHS) has become a newly emerging disease after an outbreak in northeastern Thailand in March 2020. Mass vaccination in horses with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) vaccine is essential for AHS control and prevention. This study aimed to monitor the longitudinal humoral immune response before and after a single vaccination using a live-attenuated vaccine against AHS in stallions, mares, and pregnant mares, including maternal immunity in foals born from pregnant mares during the outbreak in Thailand. Materials and Methods A total of 13 stallions and 23 non-pregnant and 21 pregnant mares were vaccinated with live-attenuated AHSV vaccines. Serum samples from selected horses were collected on the day of vaccination and 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12-months post-vaccination. Furthermore, seven serum samples of foals born from vaccinated pregnant mares were collected on parturition date and 1, 3, and 6-months old. The antibody titer against AHS in all collected serum samples was evaluated using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. All data were analyzed for mean and standard deviation for each group of samples using a spreadsheet program. Antibody titers between times were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance as repeated measurement, and antibody titers between horse groups were analyzed using a general linear model for statistically significant differences when p < 0.05. Results In stallion and non-pregnant mare groups, there were no statistically significant differences in antibody titers in all 6 time periods after vaccination. The antibody titer in the pregnant mare group showed a non-statistically significant difference between each gestation stage, except at 8 months post-vaccination. Furthermore, increasing antibody titers on days 1 and 3 after receiving colostrum in foals indicate the major role of transcolostral antibody transfer for AHS. Conclusion This study demonstrated that a single AHS vaccination using a live-attenuated vaccine could stimulate high antibody titers sufficient for AHS control and prevention during the outbreak in Thailand. Similarly, the antibody response of vaccinated horses of both genders, including various stages of pregnant mares, was statistically not different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutnaree Kunanusont
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Machimaporn Taesuji
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Usakorn Kulthonggate
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Khate Rattanamas
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Kosin Thongsri
- Department of Veterinary and Remount, Division of First Livestock and Agriculture, The Veterinary Hospital, Royal Thai Army, 57 Koh Samrong Subdistrict, Mueang District, Kanchanaburi Province 71000 Thailand
| | - Thawijit Phannithi
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
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Taesuji M, Rattanamas K, Kulthonggate U, Mamom T, Ruenphet S. Sensitivity and specificity for African horse sickness antibodies detection using monovalent and polyvalent vaccine antigen-based dot blotting. Vet World 2022; 15:2760-2763. [PMID: 36718334 PMCID: PMC9880840 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2760-2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The immune responses of animals infected with African horse sickness (AHS) virus are determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), complement fixation, and virus neutralization test. During the outbreaks of AHS in Thailand, the immune response after vaccination has been monitored using commercial test kits such as blocking ELISA, which are expensive imported products unavailable commercially in Thailand. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of anti-AHS virus antibodies using dot blotting based on monovalent and polyvalent strains of live attenuated AHS vaccine. Materials and Methods A total of 186 horse sera, namely, 93 AHS-unvaccinated samples and 93 AHS-vaccinated samples, were used in this study. All sera underwent antibodies detection using commercial blocking ELISA and in-house dot blotting based on monovalent and polyvalent strains of live attenuated AHS vaccine. The numbers of true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative results in the dot blotting were compared with those in blocking ELISA and the sensitivity and specificity of dot blotting were assessed. Results For the monovalent antigen, there were 78, 19, 74, and 15 true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative results, respectively, while for the polyvalent antigen, the corresponding numbers were 84, 34, 58, and 9. Meanwhile, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for monovalent antigen were 83.87% and 79.57%, respectively, but 90.32% and 62.37% for polyvalent antigen. Conclusion Dot blotting for AHS antibodies detection using vaccine antigen showed high sensitivity and rather a high specificity compared with the findings with the commercial ELISA test kit. In countries where commercial ELISA test kits are not available and when the size of a serum sample is small, dot blotting could become a good alternative test given its advantages, including its simplicity, rapidity, and convenience. To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first report on the use of dot blotting for detecting AHS antibodies in horses. In conclusion, monovalent antigen-based dot blotting could be used as a reliable alternative serodiagnostic test for monitoring AHS humoral immune response, especially in vaccinated horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machimaporn Taesuji
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khate Rattanamas
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usakorn Kulthonggate
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Corresponding author: Sakchai Ruenphet, e-mail: Co-authors: MT: , KR: , UK: , TM:
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Rattanamas K, Taesuji M, Kulthonggate U, Jantafong T, Mamom T, Ruenphet S. Sensitivity of RNA viral nucleic acid-based detection of avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and African horse sickness virus on flinders technology associates card using conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2022; 15:2754-2759. [PMID: 36590111 PMCID: PMC9798050 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2754-2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The flinders technology associates (FTA) card is a cotton-based cellulose membrane impregnated with a chaotropic agent that inactivates infectious microorganisms, lyses cellular material, and fixes DNA and/or RNA within the fiber matrix. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these cards for detecting RNA viruses in animals. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of RNA virus detection using conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on FTA cards. Materials and Methods A highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and an avian influenza virus (AIV) with low pathogenicity were propagated using chicken embryonic eggs. Three days after inoculation, the allantoic fluid was harvested, stored at -80°C, and the stock virus was tested for virus titration. African horse sickness virus (AHSV) was obtained from a live attenuated vaccine that was dissolved and stored at -80°C. For sample preparation, each stock virus was 10-fold serially diluted and each dilution was inoculated onto an FTA card, followed by drying in a Class II safety cabinet. Both the stock virus and infected FTA card were genomically isolated using an extraction kit, FTA purification kit, and extraction kit with Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer. The target genome was then detected by one-step RT-PCR for NDV and AIV, and two-step RT-PCR for African horse sickness, including gel electrophoresis for the detection of specific nucleic acids. Results The detection limit of stock AIV was compared on FTA cards, using the FTA purification kit, and with TE buffer with an extraction kit. The corresponding results were 1.47, 1.17, and 2.18 log10 EID50, respectively, while for NDV the results were 4.13, 4.83, and 4.84 log10 ELD50. Finally, detection limit of stock AHSV and AHSV on the FTA card extracted using TE buffer with an extraction kit were 4.30 and 4.01 log10 plaque-forming units, respectively. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the detection limit or sensitivity of all tested RNA viruses on FTA cards did not differ when compared with those of the stock virus and in both methods for RNA isolation on FTA cards. These cards are suitable for collecting and transporting samples infected with RNA viruses, particularly AIV, NDV, and AHSV. Flinders technology associates cards also provide hazard-free samples, a reliable source of RNA for molecular characterization, and sufficient quantity for diagnostic applications based on nucleic acid-based detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khate Rattanamas
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Machimaporn Taesuji
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usakorn Kulthonggate
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Jantafong
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Corresponding author: Sakchai Ruenphet, e-mail: Co-authors: KR: , MT: , UK: , TJ: , TM:
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Predicting the possibility of African horse sickness (AHS) introduction into China using spatial risk analysis and habitat connectivity of Culicoides. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3910. [PMID: 35273211 PMCID: PMC8913660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a devastating equine infectious disease. On 17 March 2020, it first appeared in Thailand and threatened all the South-East Asia equine industry security. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out risk warnings of the AHS in China. The maximum entropy algorithm was used to model AHS and Culicoides separately by using climate and non-climate variables. The least cost path (LCP) method was used to analyze the habitat connectivity of Culicoides with the reclassified land cover and altitude as cost factors. The models showed the mean area under the curve as 0.918 and 0.964 for AHS and Culicoides. The prediction result map shows that there is a high risk area in the southern part of China while the habitats of the Culicoides are connected to each other. Therefore, the risk of introducing AHS into China is high and control of the border area should be strengthened immediately.
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Le T, Sun C, Chang J, Zhang G, Yin X. mRNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Animal and Zoonotic Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:401. [PMID: 35215994 PMCID: PMC8877136 DOI: 10.3390/v14020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development cycles, and potential for low-cost manufacture. In past years, several mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials and have shown promise for offering solutions to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as rabies, Zika, and influenza. Recently, the successful application of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mRNA vaccine's potential in infectious disease prevention, especially in the veterinary field. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mRNA vaccines and the technologies used for mRNA vaccine development. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines developed for animal infectious diseases and discuss directions and challenges for the future applications of this promising vaccine platform in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Le
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Jitao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Guijie Zhang
- Departments of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
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Fairbanks EL, Brennan ML, Mertens PPC, Tildesley MJ, Daly JM. Re-parameterisation of a mathematical model of African horse sickness virus using data from a systematic literature search. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e671-e681. [PMID: 34921513 PMCID: PMC9543668 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a vector‐borne disease transmitted by Culicoides spp., endemic to sub‐Saharan Africa. There have been many examples of historic and recent outbreaks in the Middle East, Asia and Europe. However, not much is known about infection dynamics and outbreak potential in these naive populations. In order to better inform a previously published ordinary differential equation model, we performed a systematic literature search to identify studies documenting experimental infection of naive (control) equids in vaccination trials. Data on the time until the onset of viraemia, clinical signs and death after experimental infection of a naive equid and duration of viraemia were extracted. The time to viraemia was 4.6 days and the time to clinical signs was 4.9 days, longer than the previously estimated latent period of 3.7 days. The infectious periods of animals that died/were euthanized or survived were found to be 3.9 and 8.7 days, whereas previous estimations were 4.4 and 6 days, respectively. The case fatality was also found to be higher than previous estimations. The updated parameter values (along with other more recently published estimates from literature) resulted in an increase in the number of host deaths, decrease in the duration of the outbreak and greater prevalence in vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Fairbanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Guggemos HD, Fendt M, Hermanns K, Hieke C, Heyde V, Mfune JKE, Borgemeister C, Junglen S. Orbiviruses in biting midges and mosquitoes from the Zambezi region, Namibia. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34554079 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orbivirus includes a variety of pathogenic viruses that are transmitted by biting midges, mosquitoes and ticks. Some of the economically most relevant orbiviruses are endemic to Namibia, like the livestock-pathogenic Bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses. Here, we assessed the diversity of orbiviruses circulating in the Zambezi region of north-eastern Namibia. A total of 10 250 biting midges and 10 206 mosquitoes were collected and screened for orbivirus infections. We identified Palyam virus (PALV) in a pool of biting midges (Culicoides sp.) sampled in the Wuparo Conservancy and three strains of Corriparta virus (CORV) in Culex sp. mosquitoes sampled in Mudumu National Park and the Mashi Conservancy. This is, to our knowledge, the first detection of PALV and CORV in Namibia. Both viruses infect vertebrates but only PALV has been reported to cause disease. PALV can cause foetal malformations and abortions in ruminants. Furthermore, a novel orbivirus, related to Kammavanpettai virus from India and Umatilla virus from North America, was discovered in biting midges (Culicoides sp.) originating from Mudumu National Park and tentatively named Mudumu virus (MUMUV). Complete genomes of PALV, CORV and MUMUV were sequenced and genetically characterized. The Namibian CORV strain showed 24.3 % nucleotide divergence in its subcore shell gene to CORV strains from Australia, indicating that African CORV variants vary widely from their Australian relatives. CORV was isolated in cell culture and replicated to high titres in mosquito and duck cells. No growth was found in rodent and primate cells. The data presented here show that diverse orbiviruses are endemic to the Zambezi region. Further studies are needed to assess their effects on wildlife and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko D Guggemos
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Fendt
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyra Hermanns
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Christian Hieke
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Verena Heyde
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - John K E Mfune
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
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Paslaru AI, Torgerson PR, Veronesi E. Summer seasonal prevalence of Culicoides species from pre-alpine areas in Switzerland. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:324-332. [PMID: 33320361 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are arthropods of veterinary importance since they can transmit pathogens and cause severe allergic dermatitis in horses. Very little is known about the species at higher altitudes and their seasonal dynamics. In this work, adult Culicoides were collected with Onderstepoort UV-light suction traps (OVI) from June to September 2016 at two areas situated at around 1600 m asl (pre-alpine area I, 2 farms) and 2030 m asl (pre-alpine area II, 1 farm) in the Canton of Grisons (south-east Switzerland). Overall, 17 049 Culicoides were collected, including 871 parous females. A total of 50 individuals/trap/night (n = 1050) were identified to species (17 species) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The remaining 15 128 Culicoides were classified to species groups' level. Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen, 1818), a multivoltine species, was mainly present at 1600 m asl, whereas at high altitudes (2030 m asl), C. grisescens Edwards, 1939 I&II were the most abundant species. In particular, C. grisescens II, which seems to be univoltine, occurred later in the season but significantly increasing over time. Species diversity was higher at pre-alpine I area (n = 16 species) compared to pre-alpine II (n = 10 species).
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Paslaru
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Veronesi
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072150. [PMID: 34359278 PMCID: PMC8300645 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine viral diseases remain a prominent concern for human and equine health globally. Many of these viruses are of primary biosecurity concern to countries that import equines where these viruses are not present. In addition, several equine viruses are zoonotic, which can have a significant impact on human health. Current diagnostic techniques are both time consuming and laboratory-based. The ability to accurately detect diseases will lead to better management, treatment strategies, and health outcomes. This review outlines the current modern isothermal techniques for diagnostics, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction, and their application as point-of-care diagnostics for the equine industry. Abstract The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, producing approximately USD $300 billion annually. However, with the continuous national and international movement and importation of horses, there is an ongoing threat of a viral outbreak causing large epidemics and subsequent significant economic losses. Additionally, horses serve as a host for several zoonotic diseases that could cause significant human health problems. The ability to rapidly diagnose equine viral diseases early could lead to better management, treatment, and biosecurity strategies. Current serological and molecular methods cannot be field-deployable and are not suitable for resource-poor laboratories due to the requirement of expensive equipment and trained personnel. Recently, isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR), have been developed to be utilized in-field, and provide rapid results within an hour. We will review current isothermal diagnostic techniques available to diagnose equine viruses of biosecurity and zoonotic concern and provide insight into their potential for in-field deployment.
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Gubbins S, Antoniou SE, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Aznar I. Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: African Horse Sickness. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06403. [PMID: 33552302 PMCID: PMC7856565 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases (‘Animal Health Law’). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for African Horse Sickness (AHS). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum duration of measures in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, specific details of the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures were assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. In summary, sampling procedures described in the diagnostic manual for AHS were considered efficient for all Equidae considering the high case fatality rate expected. The monitoring period (14 days) was assessed as effective in every scenario, except for those relating to the epidemiological enquiry where the risk manager should consider increasing the monitoring period, based on the awareness of keepers, environmental conditions and the vector abundance in the region. The current protection zone (100 km) comprises more than 95% of the infections from an affected establishment. Both the radius and duration of the zones could be reduced, based on local environmental conditions and the time of year of the first index case. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation relating to AHS.
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Redmond EF, Jones D, Rushton J. Economic assessment of African horse sickness vaccine impact. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:368-378. [PMID: 33527473 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African horse sickness (AHS) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa posing a threat to equine populations in non-endemic regions. Available vaccine technologies have limitations, creating barriers to horse movement, AHS control and, in non-endemic areas or countries, rapid elimination of virus after incursion. The literature lacks an economic assessment of the benefits of bringing a new, more effective AHS vaccine to market. OBJECTIVES The study assesses the economic impact of AHS and tests the hypothesis that investment in a safer, more effective AHS vaccine would give an economic return. STUDY DESIGN Cost-benefit analysis. METHODS Primary and secondary data were collected to populate the cost-benefit analysis model. A literature review was followed by a questionnaire survey and interviews to gather primary data. At-risk populations were defined and qualitative assessment completed to narrow the target populations for quantitative assessment. A deterministic cost-benefit model was developed in Excel and different scenarios tested. Break-even and sensitivity analysis were conducted on key parameters. RESULTS The economic impact of AHS was estimated to be US$95million per annum, and this was mainly in endemic regions with domestic equine industries and involved in international trade. Investment required to bring a new AHS vaccine to market was estimated to be up to US$3.5million, which was very small relative to the benefits estimated in this study. The economic return on investment in bringing a new AHS vaccine to market was predicted to be positive and the analysis demonstrates this result was robust. MAIN LIMITATIONS Data for the analysis were scarce, requiring expert opinion and extrapolation by the authors. Sensitivity analysis with the deterministic modelling structure indicated there was no justification for stochastic modelling, given the robustness of the return on investment. CONCLUSIONS The analysis predicts a strong and robust economic return on the investment in bringing a new AHS vaccine to market. Main economic beneficiaries would be the high value horse sectors, specifically the equine industries in Republic of South Africa (RSA) and in non-endemic countries. In addition, major benefits would be captured in poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa where working equids are of high economic and social importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Redmond
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Raksakoon C, Potiwat R. Current Arboviral Threats and Their Potential Vectors in Thailand. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010080. [PMID: 33477699 PMCID: PMC7831943 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viral diseases (arboviruses) are a public-health concern in many regions of the world, including Thailand. This review describes the potential vectors and important human and/or veterinary arboviruses in Thailand. The medically important arboviruses affect humans, while veterinary arboviruses affect livestock and the economy. The main vectors described are mosquitoes, but other arthropods have been reported. Important mosquito-borne arboviruses are transmitted mainly by members of the genus Aedes (e.g., dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus) and Culex (e.g., Japanese encephalitis, Tembusu and West Nile virus). While mosquitoes are important vectors, arboviruses are transmitted via other vectors, such as sand flies, ticks, cimicids (Family Cimicidae) and Culicoides. Veterinary arboviruses are reported in this review, e.g., duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV), and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). During arbovirus outbreaks, to target control interventions appropriately, it is critical to identify the vector(s) involved and their ecology. Knowledge of the prevalence of these viruses, and the potential for viral infections to co-circulate in mosquitoes, is also important for outbreak prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadchalerm Raksakoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Rutcharin Potiwat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Ashby M, Frost L, Carpenter S, Batten C. Outbreak of African horse sickness in Thailand, 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1764-1767. [PMID: 32593205 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness was confirmed in horses in Thailand during March 2020. The virus was determined to belong to serotype 1 and is phylogenetically closely related to isolates from South Africa. This is the first incidence of African horse sickness occurring in South East Asia and of serotype 1 outside of Africa.
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Abstract
The UK has never experienced an outbreak of African horse sickness but, as Matthew Robin of the Fyrnwy Equine Clinic explains, there is still a risk of a case occurring.
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Southwell RM, Sherlock K, Baylis M. Cross-sectional study of British wild deer for evidence of Schmallenberg virus infection. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e64. [PMID: 32447285 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus, carried by Culicoides biting midges, that causes reproductive problems in adult ruminants when infected during their gestation period. SBV was first detected in ruminants in the UK in 2011/2012 and then again in 2016. The reason behind the 2016 re-emergence of SBV is unknown, but one possibility is that it can be maintained in wildlife, such as deer. SBV has been detected at high seroprevalence in deer in a number of European countries, but only once in the UK in a single region. METHODS The purpose of this study was to survey wild deer across Great Britain for recent evidence of SBV. Deer hunters were recruited for the purpose of providing postmortem blood samples to be tested for SBV antibodies. RESULTS The seroprevalence of SBV in the British wild deer population was 13.8 per cent; found in red, roe, muntjac and fallow deer species, with more in deer further south. CONCLUSION These results support the growing concern that SBV is now endemic in Great Britain and highlight the need to know the role of wildlife in SBV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Sherlock
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Barba M, Fairbanks EL, Daly JM. Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:99-110. [PMID: 31497528 PMCID: PMC6689664 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s168227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of several different virus families cause equine viral encephalitis, the majority of which are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) with zoonotic potential. The clinical signs caused are rarely pathognomonic; therefore, a clinical diagnosis is usually presumptive according to the geographical region. However, recent decades have seen expansion of the geographical range and emergence in new regions of numerous viral diseases. In this context, this review presents an overview of the prevalence and distribution of the main viral causes of equine encephalitis and discusses their impact and potential approaches to limit their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barba
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma L Fairbanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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Whitehead Z, Roux C, O'Dell N, Hanekom J. Clinical presentation and management of African horse sickness in two dogs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zandri Whitehead
- Companion Animal Clinical StudiesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Specialist Medicine ClinicTygerberg Animal HospitalCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Christelle Roux
- Companion Animal Clinical StudiesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Nicolize O'Dell
- Paraclinical SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Josef Hanekom
- Companion Animal Clinical StudiesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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20
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Wall R. The known unknowns: recognition and awareness of disease. Vet Rec 2018; 183:157-158. [PMID: 30072461 DOI: 10.1136/vr.k3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wall
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Karamalla ST, Gubran AI, Adam IA, Abdalla TM, Sinada RO, Haroun EM, Aradaib IE. Sero-epidemioloical survey on African horse sickness virus among horses in Khartoum State, Central Sudan. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:230. [PMID: 30068335 PMCID: PMC6090883 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an infectious non contagious insect-transmitted double-stranded (ds) RNA orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. AHSV causes an often fatal hemorrhagic infection with high mortality among selected breeds of Arabian horses. This study was conducted to avail some information with regard to the prevalence and associated risk factors of AHSV among ecotype breeds of horses in central Sudan. METHODS Sera were collected from 320 horses, which were selected randomly from four localities and employed in the study. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was used to screen sampled sera for AHSV-specific immunoglobulin G (Ig G) antibodies. RESULTS Seropositivity to AHSV Ig G was detected in 275 out of the 320 horse sera, thus accounting for a prevalence rate of 85.9%. Potential risk factors to AHSV infection were reported to be associated with horse breed (OR = 5.0, CI = 0.07-2.104, p-value = 0.039) and activity of the horse (OR = 3.21, CI = 0.72-1.48, p- value = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of AHSV in Khartoum State of Central Sudan necessitates the need for continuous surveillance for AHSV infection to prevent a possible disease outbreak in this region of the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham T. Karamalla
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ahmed I. Gubran
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ibrahim A. Adam
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Tamadur M. Abdalla
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Reem O. Sinada
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Eltahir M. Haroun
- Scientific Research Directorate, Al-Mughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Imadeldin E. Aradaib
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
- Scientific Research Directorate, Al-Mughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan
- EBH Scientific Research Laboratory, Zamzam University College (ZUC), Khartoum, Sudan
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Chapman GE, Baylis M, Archer DC. Survey of UK horse owners' knowledge of equine arboviruses and disease vectors. Vet Rec 2018; 183:159. [PMID: 29764954 PMCID: PMC6089202 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased globalisation and climate change have led to concern about the increasing risk of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) outbreaks globally. An outbreak of equine arboviral disease in northern Europe could impact significantly on equine welfare, and result in economic losses. Early identification of arboviral disease by horse owners may help limit disease spread. In order to determine what horse owners understand about arboviral diseases of horses and their vectors, the authors undertook an open, cross-sectional online survey of UK horse owners. The questionnaire was distributed using social media and a press release and was active between May and July 2016. There were 466 respondents, of whom 327 completed the survey in full. High proportions of respondents correctly identified photographic images of biting midges (71.2 per cent) and mosquitoes (65.4 per cent), yet few were aware that they transmit equine infectious diseases (31.4 per cent and 35.9 per cent, respectively). Of the total number of respondents, only 7.4 per cent and 16.2 per cent correctly named a disease transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes, respectively. Only 13.1 per cent and 12.5 per cent of participants identified specific clinical signs of African horse sickness (AHS) and West Nile virus (WNV), respectively. This study demonstrates that in the event of heightened disease risk educational campaigns directed towards horse owners need to be implemented, focussing on disease awareness, clinical signs and effective disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Elaine Chapman
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Debra C Archer
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
Equine populations worldwide are at increasing risk of infection by viruses transmitted by biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges (Culicoides), sandflies and ticks. These include the flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis), alphaviruses (eastern, western and Venezuelan encephalitis) and the orbiviruses (African horse sickness and equine encephalosis). This review provides an overview of the challenges faced in the surveillance, prevention and control of the major equine arboviruses, particularly in the context of these viruses emerging in new regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Chapman
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Baylis
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Archer
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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Abstract
Oropouche fever is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by Oropouche virus (OROV), an arthropod transmitted Orthobunyavirus circulating in South and Central America. During the last 60 years, more than 30 epidemics and over half a million clinical cases attributed to OROV infection have been reported in Brazil, Peru, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago. OROV fever is considered the second most frequent arboviral febrile disease in Brazil after dengue fever. OROV is transmitted through both urban and sylvatic transmission cycles, with the primary vector in the urban cycle being the anthropophilic biting midge Culicoides paraensis. Currently, there is no evidence of direct human-to-human OROV transmission. OROV fever is usually either undiagnosed due to its mild, self-limited manifestations or misdiagnosed because its clinical characteristics are similar to dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever, including malaria as well. At present, there is no specific antiviral treatment, and in the absence of a vaccine for effective prophylaxis of human populations in endemic areas, the disease prevention relies solely on vector control strategies and personal protection measures. OROV fever is considered to have the potential to spread across the American continent and under favorable climatic conditions may expand its geographic distribution to other continents. In view of OROV's emergence, increased interest for formerly neglected tropical diseases and within the One Health concept, the existing knowledge and gaps of knowledge on OROV fever are reviewed.
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