1
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Dujon AM, Ujvari B, Tissot S, Meliani J, Rieu O, Stepanskyy N, Hamede R, Tokolyi J, Nedelcu A, Thomas F. The complex effects of modern oncogenic environments on the fitness, evolution and conservation of wildlife species. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13763. [PMID: 39100750 PMCID: PMC11294924 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that human activities are causing cancer rates to rise in both human and wildlife populations. This is due to the inability of ancestral anti-cancer defences to cope with modern environmental risks. The evolutionary mismatch between modern oncogenic risks and evolved cancer defences has far-reaching effects on various biological aspects at different timeframes, demanding a comprehensive study of the biology and evolutionary ecology of the affected species. Firstly, the increased activation of anti-cancer defences leads to excessive energy expenditure, affecting other biological functions and potentially causing health issues like autoimmune diseases. Secondly, tumorigenesis itself can impact important fitness-related parameters such as competitiveness, predator evasion, resistance to parasites, and dispersal capacity. Thirdly, rising cancer risks can influence the species' life-history traits, often favoring early reproduction to offset fitness costs associated with cancer. However, this strategy has its limits, and it may not ensure the sustainability of the species if cancer risks continue to rise. Lastly, some species may evolve additional anti-cancer defences, with uncertain consequences for their biology and future evolutionary path. In summary, we argue that the effects of increased exposure to cancer-causing substances on wildlife are complex, ranging from immediate responses to long-term evolutionary changes. Understanding these processes, especially in the context of conservation biology, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M. Dujon
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoriaAustralia
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Beata Ujvari
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sophie Tissot
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Jordan Meliani
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Océane Rieu
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nikita Stepanskyy
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jácint Tokolyi
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology, MTA‐DE “Momentum” Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Biology Research GroupUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Aurora Nedelcu
- Department of BiologyUniversity of new BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Goldenberg J, Bisschop K, Bruni G, Di Nicola MR, Banfi F, Faraone FP. Melanin-based color variation in response to changing climates in snakes. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11627. [PMID: 38952653 PMCID: PMC11213819 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanism, the process of heavier melanin deposition, can interact with climate variation at both micro and macro scales, ultimately influencing color evolution in organisms. While the ecological processes regulating melanin production in relation to climate have been extensively studied, intraspecific variations of melanism are seldom considered. Such scientific gap hampers our understanding of how species adapt to rapidly changing climates. For example, dark coloration may lead to higher heat absorption and be advantageous in cool climates, but also in hot environments as a UV or antimicrobial protection mechanism. To disentangle such opposing predictions, here we examined the effect of climate on shaping melanism variation in 150 barred grass snakes (Natrix helvetica) and 383 green whip snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus) across Italy. By utilizing melanistic morphs (charcoal and picturata in N. helvetica, charcoal and abundistic in H. viridiflavus) and compiling observations from 2002 to 2021, we predicted that charcoal morphs in H. viridiflavus would optimize heat absorption in cold environments, while offering protection from excessive UV radiation in N. helvetica within warm habitats; whereas picturata and abundistic morphs would thrive in humid environments, which naturally have a denser vegetation and wetter substrates producing darker ambient light, thus providing concealment advantages. While picturata and abundistic morphs did not align with our initial humidity expectations, the charcoal morph in N. helvetica is associated with UV environments, suggesting protection mechanisms against damaging solar radiation. H. viridiflavus is associated with high precipitations, which might offer antimicrobial protection. Overall, our results provide insights into the correlations between melanin-based color morphs and climate variables in snake populations. While suggestive of potential adaptive responses, future research should delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms regulating this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Goldenberg
- Division of Biodiversity and Evolution, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - K. Bisschop
- Division of Biodiversity and Evolution, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Laboratory of Aquatic BiologyKU Leuven KulakKortrijkBelgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - G. Bruni
- Independent Researcher, Viale Palmiro TogliattiSesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
| | - M. R. Di Nicola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Health GhentGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
- Unit of Dermatology and CosmetologyIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
| | - F. Banfi
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - F. P. Faraone
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
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3
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Shaw CL, Bilich R, Duffy MA. A common multi-host parasite shows genetic structuring at the host species and population levels. Parasitology 2024; 151:557-566. [PMID: 38616414 PMCID: PMC11427981 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Although individual parasite species commonly infect many populations across physical space as well as multiple host species, the extent to which parasites traverse physical and phylogenetic distances is unclear. Population genetic analyses of parasite populations can reveal how parasites move across space or between host species, including helping assess whether a parasite is more likely to infect a different host species in the same location or the same host species in a different location. Identifying these transmission barriers could be exploited for effective disease control. Here, we analysed population genetic structuring of the parasite Pasteuria ramosa in daphniid host species from different lakes. Outbreaks occurred most often in the common host species Daphnia dentifera and Daphnia retrocurva. The genetic distance between parasite samples tended to be smaller when samples were collected from the same lake, the same host species and closer in time. Within lakes, the parasite showed structure by host species and sampling date; within a host species, the parasite showed structure by lake and sampling date. However, despite this structuring, we found the same parasite genotype infecting closely related host species, and we sometimes found the same genotype in nearby lakes. Thus, P. ramosa experiences challenges infecting different host species and moving between populations, but doing so is possible. In addition, the structuring by sampling date indicates potential adaptation to or coevolution with host populations and supports prior findings that parasite population structure is dynamic during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Shaw
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Bilich
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Ossola R, Rose KC, Wängberg SÅ, Zepp R. The response of aquatic ecosystems to the interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1093-1127. [PMID: 37129840 PMCID: PMC10153058 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Variations in stratospheric ozone and changes in the aquatic environment by climate change and human activity are modifying the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to UV radiation. These shifts in exposure have consequences for the distributions of species, biogeochemical cycles, and services provided by aquatic ecosystems. This Quadrennial Assessment presents the latest knowledge on the multi-faceted interactions between the effects of UV irradiation and climate change, and other anthropogenic activities, and how these conditions are changing aquatic ecosystems. Climate change results in variations in the depth of mixing, the thickness of ice cover, the duration of ice-free conditions and inputs of dissolved organic matter, all of which can either increase or decrease exposure to UV radiation. Anthropogenic activities release oil, UV filters in sunscreens, and microplastics into the aquatic environment that are then modified by UV radiation, frequently amplifying adverse effects on aquatic organisms and their environments. The impacts of these changes in combination with factors such as warming and ocean acidification are considered for aquatic micro-organisms, macroalgae, plants, and animals (floating, swimming, and attached). Minimising the disruptive consequences of these effects on critical services provided by the world's rivers, lakes and oceans (freshwater supply, recreation, transport, and food security) will not only require continued adherence to the Montreal Protocol but also a wider inclusion of solar UV radiation and its effects in studies and/or models of aquatic ecosystems under conditions of the future global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA.
| | | | - A T Banaszak
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | | | - R Ossola
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - K C Rose
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
| | | | - R Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, USA
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5
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Marcus E, Dagan T, Asli W, Ben-Ami F. Out of the 'host' box: extreme off-host conditions alter the infectivity and virulence of a parasitic bacterium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220015. [PMID: 36744562 PMCID: PMC9900709 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease agents play an important role in the ecology and life history of wild and cultivated populations and communities. While most studies focus on the adaptation of parasites to their hosts, the adaptation of free-living parasite stages to their external (off-host) environment may tell us a lot about the factors that shape the distribution of parasites. Pasteuria ramosa is an endoparasitic bacterium of the water flea Daphnia with a wide geographical distribution. Its transmission stages rest outside of the host and thus experience varying environmental regimes. We examined the life history of P. ramosa populations from four environmental conditions (i.e. groups of habitats): the factorial combinations of summer-dry water bodies or not, and winter-freeze water bodies or not. Our goal was to examine how the combination of winter temperature and summer dryness affects the parasite's ability to attach to its host and to infect it. We subjected samples of the four groups of habitats to temperatures of 20, 33, 46 and 60°C in dry and wet conditions, and exposed a susceptible clone of Daphnia magna to the treated spores. We found that spores which had undergone desiccation endured higher temperatures better than spores kept wet, both regarding attachment and subsequent infection. Furthermore, spores treated with heightened temperatures were much less infective and virulent. Even under high temperatures (60°C), exposed spores from all populations were able to attach to the host cuticle, albeit they were unable to establish infection. Our work highlights the sensitivity of a host-free resting stage of a bacterial parasite to the external environment. Long heatwaves and harsh summers, which are becoming more frequent owing to recent climate changes, may therefore pose a problem for parasite survival. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enav Marcus
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Dagan
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Weaam Asli
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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6
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Shaw CL, Duffy MA. Rapid evolution of a bacterial parasite during outbreaks in two Daphnia populations. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9676. [PMID: 36694542 PMCID: PMC9843074 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myriad ecological and evolutionary factors can influence whether a particular parasite successfully transmits to a new host during a disease outbreak, with consequences for the structure and diversity of parasite populations. However, even though the diversity and evolution of parasite populations are of clear fundamental and applied importance, we have surprisingly few studies that track how genetic structure of parasites changes during naturally occurring outbreaks in non-human populations. Here, we used population genetic approaches to reveal how genotypes of a bacterial parasite, Pasteuria ramosa, change over time, focusing on how infecting P. ramosa genotypes change during the course of epidemics in Daphnia populations in two lakes. We found evidence for genetic change - and, therefore, evolution - of the parasite during outbreaks. In one lake, P. ramosa genotypes were structured by sampling date; in both lakes, genetic distance between groups of P. ramosa isolates increased with time between sampling. Diversity in parasite populations remained constant over epidemics, although one epidemic (which was large) had low genetic diversity while the other epidemic (which was small) had high genetic diversity. Our findings demonstrate that patterns of parasite evolution differ between outbreaks; future studies exploring the feedbacks among epidemic size, host diversity, and parasite genetic diversity would improve our understanding of parasite dynamics and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Shaw
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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7
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Fuller RC, McGhee KE, Sandkam B, Schrader M, Travis J. Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: Genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations. Evolution 2022; 76:1590-1606. [PMID: 35598089 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of stable color polymorphisms within populations begs the question of how genetic variation is maintained. Consistent variation among populations in coloration, especially when correlated with environmental variation, raises questions about whether environmental conditions affect either the fulcrum of those balanced polymorphisms, the plastic expression of coloration, or both. Color patterns in male bluefin killifish provoke both types of questions. Red and yellow morphs are common in all populations. Blue males are more common in tannin-stained swamps relative to clear springs. Here, we combined crosses with a manipulation of light to explore how genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity shape these patterns. We found that the variation in coloration is attributable mainly to two axes of variation: (1) a red-yellow axis with yellow being dominant to red, and (2) a blue axis that can override red-yellow and is controlled by genetics, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. The variation among populations in plasticity suggests it is adaptive in some populations but not others. The variation among sires in plasticity within the swamp population suggests balancing selection may be acting not only on the red-yellow polymorphism but also on plasticity for blue coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Fuller
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Katie E McGhee
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin Sandkam
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Schrader
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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8
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Wale N, Fuller RC, Johnsen S, Turrill ML, Duffy MA. The visual ecology of selective predation: Are unhealthy hosts less stealthy hosts? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18591-18603. [PMID: 35003695 PMCID: PMC8717294 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators can strongly influence disease transmission and evolution, particularly when they prey selectively on infected hosts. Although selective predation has been observed in numerous systems, why predators select infected prey remains poorly understood. Here, we use a mathematical model of predator vision to test a long-standing hypothesis about the mechanistic basis of selective predation in a Daphnia-microparasite system, which serves as a model for the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. Bluegill sunfish feed selectively on Daphnia infected by a variety of parasites, particularly in water uncolored by dissolved organic carbon. The leading hypothesis for selective predation in this system is that infection-induced changes in the transparency of Daphnia render them more visible to bluegill. Rigorously evaluating this hypothesis requires that we quantify the effect of infection on the visibility of prey from the predator's perspective, rather than our own. Using a model of the bluegill visual system, we show that three common parasites, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Pasteuria ramosa, and Spirobacillus cienkowskii, decrease the transparency of Daphnia, rendering infected Daphnia darker against a background of bright downwelling light. As a result of this increased brightness contrast, bluegill can see infected Daphnia at greater distances than uninfected Daphnia-between 19% and 33% further, depending on the parasite. Pasteuria and Spirobacillus also increase the chromatic contrast of Daphnia. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that selective predation by fish on infected Daphnia could result from the effects of infection on Daphnia's visibility. However, contrary to expectations, the visibility of Daphnia was not strongly impacted by water color in our model. Our work demonstrates that models of animal visual systems can be useful in understanding ecological interactions that impact disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wale
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorDepartments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityMichiganUSA
| | - Rebecca C. Fuller
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorDepartments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityMichiganUSA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorDepartments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityMichiganUSA
| | - McKenna L. Turrill
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorDepartments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityMichiganUSA
| | - Meghan. A. Duffy
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorDepartments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityMichiganUSA
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9
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Brian JI, Aldridge DC. Both presence-absence and abundance models provide important and different information about parasite infracommunities. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3933-3937. [PMID: 34599361 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Brian
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK.
| | - David C Aldridge
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
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10
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Shaw CL, Bilich R, O'Brien B, Cáceres CE, Hall SR, James TY, Duffy MA. Genotypic variation in an ecologically important parasite is associated with host species, lake and spore size. Parasitology 2021; 148:1303-1312. [PMID: 34103104 PMCID: PMC8383271 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in parasites has important consequences for host–parasite interactions. Prior studies of the ecologically important parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata have suggested low genetic variation in the species. Here, we collected M. bicuspidata from two host species (Daphnia dentifera and Ceriodaphnia dubia) and two regions (Michigan and Indiana, USA). Within a lake, outbreaks tended to occur in one host species but not the other. Using microsatellite markers, we identified six parasite genotypes grouped within three distinct clades, one of which was rare. Of the two main clades, one was generally associated with D. dentifera, with lakes in both regions containing a single genotype. The other M. bicuspidata clade was mainly associated with C. dubia, with a different genotype dominating in each region. Despite these associations, both D. dentifera- and C. dubia-associated genotypes were found infecting both hosts in lakes. However, in lab experiments, the D. dentifera-associated genotype infected both D. dentifera and C. dubia, but the C. dubia-associated genotype, which had spores that were approximately 30% smaller, did not infect D. dentifera. We hypothesize that variation in spore size might help explain patterns of cross-species transmission. Future studies exploring the causes and consequences of variation in spore size may help explain patterns of infection and the maintenance of genotypic diversity in this ecologically important system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Shaw
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Rebecca Bilich
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Bruce O'Brien
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Carla E. Cáceres
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, & Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Spencer R. Hall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405, USA
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
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11
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Ameline C, Bourgeois Y, Vögtli F, Savola E, Andras J, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. A Two-Locus System with Strong Epistasis Underlies Rapid Parasite-Mediated Evolution of Host Resistance. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1512-1528. [PMID: 33258959 PMCID: PMC8042741 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are a major evolutionary force, driving adaptive responses in host populations. Although the link between phenotypic response to parasite-mediated natural selection and the underlying genetic architecture often remains obscure, this link is crucial for understanding the evolution of resistance and predicting associated allele frequency changes in the population. To close this gap, we monitored the response to selection during epidemics of a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pasteuria ramosa, in a natural host population of Daphnia magna. Across two epidemics, we observed a strong increase in the proportion of resistant phenotypes as the epidemics progressed. Field and laboratory experiments confirmed that this increase in resistance was caused by selection from the local parasite. Using a genome-wide association study, we built a genetic model in which two genomic regions with dominance and epistasis control resistance polymorphism in the host. We verified this model by selfing host genotypes with different resistance phenotypes and scoring their F1 for segregation of resistance and associated genetic markers. Such epistatic effects with strong fitness consequences in host–parasite coevolution are believed to be crucial in the Red Queen model for the evolution of genetic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yann Bourgeois
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Vögtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eevi Savola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Clapp Laboratory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Wale N, Duffy MA. The Use and Underuse of Model Systems in Infectious Disease Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Am Nat 2021; 198:69-92. [PMID: 34143716 DOI: 10.1086/714595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEver since biologists began studying the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases (EEID), laboratory-based model systems have been important for developing and testing theory. Yet what EEID researchers mean by the term "model systems" and what they want from them is unclear. This uncertainty hinders our ability to maximally exploit these systems, identify knowledge gaps, and establish effective new model systems. Here, we borrow a definition of model systems from the biomolecular sciences to assess how EEID researchers are (and are not) using 10 key model systems. According to this definition, model systems in EEID are not being used to their fullest and, in fact, cannot even be considered model systems. Research using these systems consistently addresses only two of the three fundamental processes that underlie disease dynamics-transmission and disease, but not recovery. Furthermore, studies tend to focus on only a few scales of biological organization that matter for disease ecology and evolution. Moreover, the field lacks an infrastructure to perform comparative analyses. We aim to begin a discussion of what we want from model systems, which would further progress toward a thorough, holistic understanding of EEID.
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13
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Schomaker RA, Dudycha JL. De novo transcriptome assembly of the green alga Ankistrodesmus falcatus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251668. [PMID: 33989339 PMCID: PMC8121315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankistrodesmus falcatus is a globally distributed freshwater chlorophyte that is a candidate for biofuel production, is used to study the effects of toxins on aquatic communities, and is used as food in zooplankton research. Each of these research fields is transitioning to genomic tools. We created a reference transcriptome for of A. falcatus using NextGen sequencing and de novo assembly methods including Trinity, Velvet-Oases, and EvidentialGene. The assembled transcriptome has a total of 17,997 contigs, an N50 value of 2,462, and a GC content of 64.8%. BUSCO analysis recovered 83.3% of total chlorophyte BUSCOs and 82.5% of the eukaryotic BUSCOs. A portion (7.9%) of these supposedly single-copy genes were found to have transcriptionally active, distinct duplicates. We annotated the assembly using the dammit annotation pipeline, resulting in putative functional annotation for 68.89% of the assembly. Using available rbcL sequences from 16 strains (10 species) of Ankistrodesmus, we constructed a neighbor-joining phylogeny to illustrate genetic distances of our A. falcatus strain to other members of the genus. This assembly will be valuable for researchers seeking to identify Ankistrodesmus sequences in metatranscriptomic and metagenomic field studies and in experiments where separating expression responses of zooplankton and their algal food sources through bioinformatics is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Schomaker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Jeffry L Dudycha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
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14
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Neale RE, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Madronich S, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Banaszak AT, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Byrne SN, Foereid B, Häder DP, Hollestein LM, Hou WC, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, Longstreth J, Lucas RM, Martinez-Abaigar J, McNeill K, Olsen CM, Pandey KK, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Ukpebor JE, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Yazar S, Young AR, Young PJ, Zhu L, Zhu M. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1-67. [PMID: 33721243 PMCID: PMC7816068 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595-828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environmental Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland, USA
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Applied Medical Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - L M Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of BEES, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - J Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - C M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - L E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J E Ukpebor
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C C White
- Bee America, 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - L Zhu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Robinson GI, Heine S, Robinson JW. Digest: Parasite adaptation to light alters transmission and fecundity†. Evolution 2020; 74:1881-1882. [PMID: 32686126 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural variation as well as human impacts can alter the light environment in lakes in ways that affect aquatic host-parasite interactions. In laboratory infection assays, Rogalski and Duffy (2020) determine that the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa adapts to solar radiation by increasing its transmission potential to its zooplankton host, Daphnia dentifera. Local adaptation to light can allow P. ramosa spores to retain their infectivity following light exposure. Future work should determine the underlying drivers of P. ramosa light adaptation and how adaptation might alter ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Ian Robinson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Collaborative Specialization in Developmental Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Heine
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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