1
|
Hierro-Bujalance C, Garcia-Alloza M. Empagliflozin reduces brain pathology in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1189-1190. [PMID: 37905858 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hierro-Bujalance
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain (Hierro-Bujalance C, Garcia-Alloza M)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain (Hierro-Bujalance C, Garcia-Alloza M)
- Salus Infirmorum-Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain (Hierro-Bujalance C)
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain (Hierro-Bujalance C, Garcia-Alloza M)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain (Hierro-Bujalance C, Garcia-Alloza M)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lv Y, Cheng X, Dong Q. SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibition, circulating metabolites, and cerebral small vessel disease: a mediation Mendelian Randomization study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:157. [PMID: 38715111 PMCID: PMC11077823 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) and SGLT1 inhibitors may have additional beneficial metabolic effects on circulating metabolites beyond glucose regulation, which could contribute to a reduction in the burden of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Accordingly, we used Mendelian Randomization (MR) to examine the role of circulating metabolites in mediating SGLT2 and SGLT1 inhibition in CSVD. METHODS Genetic instruments for SGLT1/2 inhibition were identified as genetic variants, which were both associated with the expression of encoding genes of SGLT1/2 inhibitors and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level. A two-sample two-step MR was used to determine the causal effects of SGLT1/2 inhibition on CSVD manifestations and the mediating effects of 1400 circulating metabolites linking SGLT1/2 inhibition with CSVD manifestations. RESULTS A lower risk of deep cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and small vessel stroke (SVS) was linked to genetically predicted SGLT2 inhibition. Better white matter structure integrity was also achieved, as evidenced by decreased mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD), as well as lower deep (DWMH) and periventrivular white matter hyperintensity (PWMH) volume. Inhibiting SGLT2 could also lessen the incidence of severe enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) located at white matter, basal ganglia (BG) and hippocampus (HIP). SGLT1 inhibition could preserve white matter integrity, shown as decreased MD of white matter and DWMH volume. The effect of SGLT2 inhibition on SVS and MD of white matter through the concentration of 4-acetamidobutanoate and the cholesterol to oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1 to 18:2) ratio, with a mediated proportion of 30.3% and 35.5% of the total effect, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2 and SGLT1 inhibition play protective roles in CSVD development. The SGLT2 inhibition could lower the risk of SVS and improve the integrity of white matter microstructure via modulating the level of 4-acetamidobutanoate and cholesterol metabolism. Further mechanistic and clinical studies research are needed to validate our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Lv
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- , 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, 200040, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borikar SP, Sonawane DS, Tapre DN, Jain SP. Exploring the neuropharmacological potential of empagliflozin on nootropic and scopolamine-induced amnesic model of Alzheimer's like conditions in rats. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38626288 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2342973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most challenging and prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally with a rising prevalence, characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioural changes. Current research aims to determine the nootropic and anti-amnesic effect of Empagliflozin (EMPA) against scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats, by modulating the cholinergic and N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors. METHODS Rats were treated once daily with an EMPA (5 and 10 mg/kg) and donepezil (2.5 mg/kg) for successive 26 days. During the final 13 days of treatment, a daily injection of scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was administered to induce cognitive deficits. RESULTS EMPA was found to be significantly reduce escape latency, increase time spent in the target quadrant, and enhanced the number of target zone crossings in the Morris water maze (MWM) test, indicating improved spatial memory. Moreover, EMPA increased the recognition index and the number of spontaneous alternations in the novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests, respectively, suggesting enhanced memory. DISCUSSION Interestingly doses of EMPA (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) exhibited memory-enhancing effects even in the absence of scopolamine-induced impairment. Biochemical analysis revealed that EMPA elevated the levels of glutathione (GSH), a potent antioxidant, while decreasing lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity and increasing catalase (CAT) levels, indicating its antioxidative properties. Interestingly molecular docking studies revealed that EMPA fit perfectly in the active sites of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh) and NMDA receptors. These results indicated that the nootropic and antiamnesic effect of EMPA is possibly mediated via M1 and NMDA receptors and might be a remedy for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Borikar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dipak S Sonawane
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepali N Tapre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shirish P Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, Zhang S, You Y, Hu S, Tang J, Chen C, Wen W, Tang T, Yu Q, Tong X, Wang C, Zhao W, Fu X, Zhang X, Wang M, Gong W. Investigating the impact of empagliflozin on the retina of diabetic mice. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241247585. [PMID: 38653578 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241247585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) frequently results in compromised visual function, with hyperglycemia-induced disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) through various pathways as a critical mechanism. Existing DR treatments fail to address early and potentially reversible microvascular alterations. This study examined the effects of empagliflozin (EMPA), a selective Sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on the retina of db/db mice. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential role of EMPA in the prevention and delay of DR. METHODS db/db mice were randomly assigned to either the EMPA treatment group (db/db + Emp) or the model group (db/db), while C57 mice served as the normal control group (C57). Mice in the db/db + Emp group received EMPA for eight weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood VEGF were subsequently measured in all mice, along with the detection of specific inflammatory factors and BRB proteins in the retina. Retinal SGLT2 protein expression was compared using immunohistochemical analysis, and BRB structural changes were observed via electron microscopy. RESULTS EMPA reduced FBG, blood VEGF, and retinal inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and VEGF levels in the eye tissues of db/db mice. EMPA also increased Claudin-1, Occludin-1, and ZO-1 levels while decreasing ICAM-1 and Fibronectin, thereby preserving BRB function in db/db mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EMPA reduced SGLT2 expression in the retina of diabetic mice, and electron microscopy demonstrated that EMPA diminished tight junction damage between retinal vascular endothelial cells and prevented retinal vascular basement membrane thickening in diabetic mice. CONCLUSION EMPA mitigates inflammation and preserves BRB structure and function, suggesting that it may prevent DR or serve as an effective early treatment for DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Yao You
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Siqi Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Jiake Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Qingwen Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Xuhan Tong
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Chunyi Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Xinyan Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Hangzhou Lin'an Fourth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311321, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El-Haggar SM, Hafez YM, El Sharkawy AM, Khalifa M. Effect of empagliflozin in peripheral diabetic neuropathy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin (Barc) 2024:S0025-7753(24)00165-9. [PMID: 38653618 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most dominant cause of neuropathy worldwide, and there has been no specific treatment until now. The aim of the current study was to assess the probable protective effect of empagliflozin in type 2 diabetics who are suffering from DPN. METHODS Fifty eligible type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were recruited in this study and classified into 2 groups. Group I (n=25) (control group) received placebo tablets once daily. Group II (n=25) (empagliflozin group) received empagliflozin 25mg once daily for three months. Empagliflozin efficacy was evaluated using electrophysiological studies, and HbA1c levels, the brief pain inventory short-form item (BPI-SF) score, the diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score, the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score, and the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), malondialdehyde (MDA) and calprotectin (Calpro), lipid profile, and random blood glucose level (RBG). RESULTS After three months, comparing the results of the empagliflozin arm to the control arm showed a significant improvement in the electrophysiological studies and a significant decrease in the BPI-SF score and the mean serum levels of NSE and MDA. However, no significant difference was determined in HbA1c, Calpro, lipid profile, and RBG levels. In addition, the DNS and ASCVD risk scores were not significantly different. The NSE and MDA levels were significantly negatively correlated with the electrophysiological parameters. However, the BPI-SF score showed a non-significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin may be a promising neuroprotective and therapeutic agent for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Trial registration Identifier: NCT05977465.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira Mohamed El Sharkawy
- Rheumatology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Maha Khalifa
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Tanta Universal Teaching Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vercalsteren E, Karampatsi D, Buizza C, Nyström T, Klein T, Paul G, Patrone C, Darsalia V. The SGLT2 inhibitor Empagliflozin promotes post-stroke functional recovery in diabetic mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:88. [PMID: 38424560 PMCID: PMC10905950 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) worsens stroke recovery, amplifying post-stroke disabilities. Currently, there are no therapies targeting this important clinical problem. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are potent anti-diabetic drugs that also efficiently reduce cardiovascular death and heart failure. In addition, SGLT2i facilitate several processes implicated in stroke recovery. However, the potential efficacy of SGLT2i to improve stroke recovery in T2D has not been investigated. Therefore, we determined whether a post-stroke intervention with the SGLT2i Empagliflozin could improve stroke recovery in T2D mice. T2D was induced in C57BL6J mice by 8 months of high-fat diet feeding. Hereafter, animals were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated with vehicle or the SGLTi Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day) starting from 3 days after stroke. A similar study in non diabetic mice was also conducted. Stroke recovery was assessed using the forepaw grip strength test. To identify potential mechanisms involved in the Empagliflozin-mediated effects, several metabolic parameters were assessed. Additionally, neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and cerebral vascularization were analyzed using immunohistochemistry/quantitative microscopy. Empagliflozin significantly improved stroke recovery in T2D but not in non-diabetic mice. Improvement of functional recovery was associated with lowered glycemia, increased serum levels of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), and the normalization of T2D-induced aberration of parenchymal pericyte density. The global T2D-epidemic and the fact that T2D is a major risk factor for stroke are drastically increasing the number of people in need of efficacious therapies to improve stroke recovery. Our data provide a strong incentive for the potential use of SGLT2i for the treatment of post-stroke sequelae in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Vercalsteren
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dimitra Karampatsi
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Buizza
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nyström
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Klein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zandifar A, Panahi M, Badrfam R, Qorbani M. Efficacy of empagliflozin as adjunctive therapy to citalopram in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:163. [PMID: 38408937 PMCID: PMC10895773 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, which is associated with a high disease burden. Current treatments using antidepressants have limitations, so using medication with neuromodulating and anti-inflammatory properties alongside them could be helpful. In a clinical trial, we studied the effectiveness of empagliflozin, a blood sugar-lowering drug, as an adjunctive therapy to reduce the severity of depression symptoms. METHODS A number of outpatients with moderate to severe depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) > = 17) who were not under related medication or had not taken medication for at least the last two months, had an age range of 18-60 years and had written informed consent to enter the study (N = 90) were randomly divided into two groups receiving placebo or empagliflozin (10 mg daily) combined with citalopram (40 mg daily) based on permuted block randomization method in an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. They were evaluated using the HDRS in weeks 0, 4, and 8. RESULTS HDRS scores were equal to 28.42(± 3.83), 20.20(± 3.82), and 13.42(± 3.42) in the placebo group during weeks 0,4, and 8, respectively. These scores were 27.36(± 3.77), 13.76(± 1.40), and 7.00(± 1.13), respectively, for the group treated with empagliflozin. Compared to the control group, patients treated with empagliflozin using repeated-measures ANOVA showed greater improvement in reducing the severity of depression symptoms over time (p value = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Considering the promising findings in this clinical trial, further study of empagliflozin as adjunctive therapy in MDD with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zandifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Maryam Panahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahim Badrfam
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammed NN, Tadros MG, George MY. Empagliflozin repurposing in Parkinson's disease; modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-1α, and wnt/β-catenin pathways. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:777-794. [PMID: 38038781 PMCID: PMC10907444 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neuroprogressive disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Empagliflozin (EMPA), a SGLT-2 inhibitor, is an oral hypoglycemic agent with reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of EMPA in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease. Rats were randomly distributed among five groups as follows: control, rotenone (2 mg/kg), rotenone + EMPA (10 mg/kg), rotenone + EMPA (20 mg/kg), and EMPA (20 mg/kg) groups. They were treated for 30 consecutive days. Rotenone reduced locomotor activity and retention time on the rotarod performance test while elongated descent latency time. On the other side, EMPA corrected these behavioral changes. These results were confirmed by histological examination and number of intact neurons. Moreover, rotenone induced alpha-synuclein accumulation, reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression, dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations. On the other side, EMPA reversed such effects induced by rotenone. Depending on previous results, EMPA (20 mg/kg) was selected for further mechanistic studies. Rotenone ameliorated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and enhanced lipid peroxidation, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. By contrast, EMPA opposed rotenone-induced effects on oxidative stress and inflammation. Besides, rotenone reduced the expression of pAMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), as well as abrogated NAD+/NADH ratio. However, EMPA activated the AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-1α pathway. Moreover, rotenone hindered the wnt/β-catenin pathway by reducing the wnt-3a level and β-catenin expression. On the other side, EMPA triggered activation of the wnt/β-catenin pathway. Collectively, EMPA may provide a promising solution for Parkinson's patients worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Nabil Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo Governorate, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo Governorate, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo Governorate, 11566, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Sathyapalan T, Rizzo M, Sahebkar A. Cognitive Benefits of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporters-2 Inhibitors in the Diabetic Milieu. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:138-151. [PMID: 36733247 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230202163513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of cognitive impairment and memory loss than the normal population. Thus, using hypoglycemic agents to improve brain function is important for diabetic patients. Sodium-glucose cotransporters-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a class of therapeutic agents used in the management of diabetes that has some pharmacologic effects enabling them to fight against the onset and progress of memory deficits. Although the exact mediating pathways are not well understood, emerging evidence suggests that SGLT2 inhibition is associated with improved brain function. This study reviewed the possible mechanisms and provided evidence suggesting SGLT2 inhibitors could ameliorate cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Z, Liu Y, Chen X, Huang S, Li Y, Ye G, Cao X, Su W, Zhuo Y. Empagliflozin targets Mfn1 and Opa1 to attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:296. [PMID: 38082266 PMCID: PMC10714482 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction play crucial roles in retinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. Recent studies have identified mitochondrial function as a promising target for immunomodulation. Empagliflozin (EMPA), an anti-diabetic drug, has exhibited great potential as both an anti-inflammatory agent and a protector of mitochondrial health. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of EMPA in retinal IR injury. METHODS To evaluate the protective effects of EMPA, the drug was injected into the vitreous body of mice post-retinal IR. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was conducted to uncover the underlying mechanisms, and the results were further validated through in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS EMPA effectively protected retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from IR injury by attenuating local retinal inflammation. The scRNA-seq analysis revealed that EMPA downregulated the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway and restored mitochondrial dynamics by upregulating the expression of mitochondrial fusion-related genes, Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1). These findings were further corroborated by Western blotting. In vitro experiments provided additional insights, demonstrating that EMPA suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, EMPA enhanced mitochondrial fusion, neutralized mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in BV2 microglia. Notably, genetic ablation of Mfn1 or Opa1 abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of EMPA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the positive contribution of Mfn1 and Opa1 to the anti-inflammatory therapeutic effect of EMPA. By restoring mitochondrial dynamics, EMPA effectively mitigates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and prevents RGC loss in retinal IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yidan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shaofen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Guitong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun XR, Yao ZM, Chen L, Huang J, Dong SY. Metabolic reprogramming regulates microglial polarization and its role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:1065-1078. [PMID: 37339781 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The brain is quite sensitive to changes in energy supply because of its high energetic demand. Even small changes in energy metabolism may be the basis of impaired brain function, leading to the occurrence and development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Abundant evidence supports that metabolic defects of brain energy during the post-reperfusion period, especially low glucose oxidative metabolism and elevated glycolysis levels, which play a crucial role in cerebral I/R pathophysiology. Whereas research on brain energy metabolism dysfunction under the background of cerebral I/R mainly focuses on neurons, the research on the complexity of microglia energy metabolism in cerebral I/R is just emerging. As resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia activate rapidly and then transform into an M1 or M2 phenotype to correspond to changes in brain homeostasis during cerebral I/R injury. M1 microglia release proinflammatory factors to promote neuroinflammation, while M2 microglia play a neuroprotective role by secreting anti-inflammatory factors. The abnormal brain microenvironment promotes the metabolic reprogramming of microglia, which further affects the polarization state of microglia and disrupts the dynamic equilibrium of M1/M2, resulting in the aggravation of cerebral I/R injury. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming is a key driver of microglial inflammation. For example, M1 microglia preferentially produce energy through glycolysis, while M2 microglia provide energy primarily through oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we highlight the emerging significance of regulating microglial energy metabolism in cerebral I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zi-Meng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shu-Ying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nazari-Khanamiri F, Jafari A, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Biochemical and histopathological evidence for beneficial effects of Empagliflozin pretreatment on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:332. [PMID: 37759154 PMCID: PMC10523708 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a disorder which oxidative stress plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. Empagliflozin (EMPA) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of EMPA on acetic acid (AA) induced colitis in rats. METHODS A total of twenty-four rats were divided into four groups (six animals in each group) as follows: (1) Control group; (2) acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis group (AA); (3) EMPA treatment group (AA + EMPA); (4) Dexamethasone (Dexa) treatment group (AA + Dexa). Animals in pre-treatment groups received EMPA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or dexamethasone (4 mg/kg, i.p. as reference drug) for four consecutive days before induction of colitis by intra-rectal acetic acid (4% v/v) administration. Twenty-four hours after AA administration, rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were removed for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. RESULTS Pretreatment with EMPA significantly decreased colon weight/length ratio (81.00 ± 5.28 mg/cm vs. 108.80 ± 5.51 mg/cm) as well as, macroscopic (2.50 ± 0.57 vs. 3.75 ± 0.25) and histological scores (3.3 ± 0.14 vs. 1.98 ± 0.14) compared to the AA-induced colitis group (p < 0.01). Pretreatment with EMPA significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) (324.0 ± 15.93 vs. 476.7 ± 32.26 nmol/mg p < 0.001) and increased glutathione level (117.5 ± 4.48 vs. 94.38 ± 3.950 µmol/mg, p < 0.01) in comparison to the AA-induced colitis group. Furthermore, a significant increase in catalase (44.60 ± 4.02 vs.14.59 ± 2.03 U/mg, P < 0.01), superoxide dismutase (283.9 ± 18.11 vs. 156.4 ± 7.92 U/mg, p < 0.001), and glutathione peroxidase (10.38 ± 1.45 vs. 2.508 ± 0.37, p < 0.01) activities were observed by EMPA pretreatment when compared to the AA-induced colitis group. These results were in line with those of the reference drug. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that EMPA could effectively reduce the severity of tissue injury in experimental colitis. This protective effect may be related to the antioxidative effects of EMPA drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shim B, Stokum JA, Moyer M, Tsymbalyuk N, Tsymbalyuk O, Keledjian K, Ivanova S, Tosun C, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Canagliflozin, an Inhibitor of the Na +-Coupled D-Glucose Cotransporter, SGLT2, Inhibits Astrocyte Swelling and Brain Swelling in Cerebral Ischemia. Cells 2023; 12:2221. [PMID: 37759444 PMCID: PMC10527352 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain swelling is a major cause of death and disability in ischemic stroke. Drugs of the gliflozin class, which target the Na+-coupled D-glucose cotransporter, SGLT2, are approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may be beneficial in other conditions, but data in cerebral ischemia are limited. We studied murine models of cerebral ischemia with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAo/R). Slc5a2/SGLT2 mRNA and protein were upregulated de novo in astrocytes. Live cell imaging of brain slices from mice following MCAo/R showed that astrocytes responded to modest increases in D-glucose by increasing intracellular Na+ and cell volume (cytotoxic edema), both of which were inhibited by the SGLT2 inhibitor, canagliflozin. The effect of canagliflozin was studied in three mouse models of stroke: non-diabetic and T2DM mice with a moderate ischemic insult (MCAo/R, 1/24 h) and non-diabetic mice with a severe ischemic insult (MCAo/R, 2/24 h). Canagliflozin reduced infarct volumes in models with moderate but not severe ischemic insults. However, canagliflozin significantly reduced hemispheric swelling and improved neurological function in all models tested. The ability of canagliflozin to reduce brain swelling regardless of an effect on infarct size has important translational implications, especially in large ischemic strokes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bosung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Jesse A. Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Mitchell Moyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Natalya Tsymbalyuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Orest Tsymbalyuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Kaspar Keledjian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Cigdem Tosun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (B.S.); (J.A.S.); (M.M.); (N.T.); (O.T.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
El-Horany HES, Atef MM, Abdel Ghafar MT, Fouda MH, Nasef NA, Hegab II, Helal DS, Elseady W, Hafez YM, Hagag RY, Seleem MA, Saleh MM, Radwan DA, Abd El-Lateef AE, Abd-Ellatif RN. Empagliflozin Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats by Modulating Sesn2/AMPK/Nrf2 Signaling and Targeting Ferroptosis and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119481. [PMID: 37298433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a life-threatening disorder that severely disrupts normal lung architecture and function, resulting in severe respiratory failure and death. It has no definite treatment. Empagliflozin (EMPA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has protective potential in PF. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects require further elucidation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of EMPA against bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF and the potential mechanisms. Twenty-four male Wister rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, BLM treated, EMPA treated, and EMPA+BLM treated. EMPA significantly improved the histopathological injuries illustrated by both hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome-stained lung tissue sections, as confirmed by electron microscopic examination. It significantly reduced the lung index, hydroxyproline content, and transforming growth factor β1 levels in the BLM rat model. It had an anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by a decrease in the inflammatory cytokines' tumor necrosis factor alpha and high mobility group box 1, inflammatory cell infiltration into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the CD68 immunoreaction. Furthermore, EMPA mitigated oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, ferroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, as evidenced by the up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor expression, heme oxygenase-1 activity, glutathione peroxidase 4 levels, and a decrease in C/EBP homologous protein levels. This protective potential could be explained on the basis of autophagy induction via up-regulating lung sestrin2 expression and the LC3 II immunoreaction observed in this study. Our findings indicated that EMPA protected against BLM-induced PF-associated cellular stress by enhancing autophagy and modulating sestrin2/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ha'il University, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Mohamed Atef
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed H Fouda
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Nahla Anas Nasef
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Islam Ibrahim Hegab
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
- Department of Bio-Physiology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa S Helal
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Walaa Elseady
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Rasha Youssef Hagag
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | | | - Mai Mahmoud Saleh
- Chest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Radwan
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | | | - Rania Nagi Abd-Ellatif
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakhal MM, Jayaprakash P, Aburuz S, Sadek B, Akour A. Canagliflozin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Autistic-like Features in Valproic-Acid-Induced Autism in Rats: Comparison with Aripiprazole Action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050769. [PMID: 37242552 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on their proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, recent studies have examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of subchronic systemic treatment with intraperitoneal (i.p.) canagliflozin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) compared to aripiprazole (ARP) (3 mg/g, i.p.) in a valproic acid (VPA)-induced rat model of autism. The behavioral characteristics of ASD, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rats with ASD-like behaviors, which were induced by prenatal exposure to VPA, were evaluated. The behavioral assessment methods used for this study were the open field test (OFT), the marble-burying test (MBT), and the nestlet-shredding test (NST) to examine their exploratory, anxiety, and compulsiveness-like actions, while the biochemical assessment used for this study was an ELISA colorimetric assay to measure ASD biomarker activity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. Rats that were pretreated with 100 mg/kg of canagliflozin displayed a significantly lower percentage of shredding (1.12 ± 0.6%, p < 0.01) compared to the ARP group (3.52 ± 1.6%). Pretreatment with (20 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) canagliflozin reversed anxiety levels and hyperactivity and reduced hyper-locomotor activity significantly (161 ± 34.9 s, p < 0.05; 154 ± 44.7 s, p < 0.05; 147 ± 33.6 s, p < 0.05) when compared with the VPA group (303 ± 140 s). Moreover, canagliflozin and ARP mitigated oxidative stress status by restoring levels of glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) and increasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in all tested brain regions. The observed results propose repurposing of canagliflozin in the therapeutic management of ASD. However, further investigations are still required to verify the clinical relevance of canagliflozin in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moutaz Nakhal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Petrilla Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salahdein Aburuz
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Molecular and neural roles of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in alleviating neurocognitive impairment in diabetic mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:983-1000. [PMID: 36869919 PMCID: PMC10006050 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes causes a variety of molecular changes in the brain, making it a real risk factor for the development of cognitive dysfunction. Complex pathogenesis and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment makes the efficacy of current drugs limited. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) gained our attention as drugs with potential beneficial effects on the CNS. In the present study, these drugs ameliorated the cognitive impairment associated with diabetes. Moreover, we verified whether SGLT2i can mediate the degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and modulation of gene expression (Bdnf, Snca, App) involved in the control of neuronal proliferation and memory. The results of our research proved the participation of SGLT2i in the multifactorial process of neuroprotection. SGLT2i attenuate the neurocognitive impairment through the restoration of neurotrophin levels, modulation of neuroinflammatory signaling, and gene expression of Snca, Bdnf, and App in the brain of diabetic mice. The targeting of the above-mentioned genes is currently seen as one of the most promising and developed therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction. The results of this work could form the basis of a future administration of SGLT2i in diabetics with neurocognitive impairment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Karmanova E, Chernikov A, Usacheva A, Ivanov V, Bruskov V. Metformin counters oxidative stress and mitigates adverse effects of radiation exposure: An overview. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36852652 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanidine hydrochloride) (MF) is a drug that has long been in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and recently is coming into use in the radiation therapy of cancer and other conditions. Exposure to ionizing radiation disturbs the redox homeostasis of cells and causes damage to proteins, membranes, and mitochondria, destroying a number of biological processes. After irradiation, MF activates cellular antioxidant and repair systems by signaling to eliminate the harmful consequences of disruption of redox homeostasis. The use of MF in the treatment of the negative effects of irradiation has great potential in medical patients after radiotherapy and in victims of nuclear accidents or radiologic terrorism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Karmanova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anatoly Chernikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna Usacheva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vadim Bruskov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun Z, Zhang M, Wei Y, Li M, Wu X, Xin M. A simple but novel glycymicelle ophthalmic solution based on two approved drugs empagliflozin and glycyrrhizin: in vitro/ in vivo experimental evaluation for the treatment of corneal alkali burns. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2531-2542. [PMID: 36779571 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple but novel ophthalmic solution based on two approved drugs was developed to reposition existing drugs to treat new diseases. This nanoformulation was developed using the phytochemical drug glycyrrhizin as an amphiphilic nanocarrier to micellarly solubilize empagliflozin (EMP), an oral drug that is widely used to control high blood glucose but has poor water solubility. This novel nanoformulation, which we designated the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution, was obtained using a simple preparation process. The resulting solution was a clear solution with an EMP encapsulation efficiency of 97.91 ± 0.50%, a small glycymicelle size of 6.659 ± 0.196 nm, and a narrow polydispersity index of 0.226 ± 0.059. The optimized formulation demonstrated that EMP was soluble in water up to 18 mg ml-1 because of its encapsulation within glycymicelles. The EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution exhibited excellent characteristics, including good storage stability, fast in vitro release profiles, improved in vitro antioxidant activity, and no ocular irritation. Ocular permeation evaluation showed that the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution had strong ocular permeation of EMP, and it reached the posterior segment of mouse eyes after ocular topical administration. The treatment efficacy evaluation showed that the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution had a significant effect against corneal alkali burns in mice, prompting corneal wound healing, recovering corneal sensitivity, reducing corneal haze, and relieving corneal NV invasion. The mechanism of inhibiting HMGB1 signaling was involved in this strong treatment effect. These results indicated that the EMP@glycymicelle ophthalmic solution provided a new concept of drug repurposing and a promising ocular system for the nano-delivery of EMP with significantly improved in vivo profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongjian Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Yanjun Wei
- Viwit Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Mengshuang Li
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Meng Xin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang YY, Lin SY, Chang CY, Wu CC, Chen WY, Huang WC, Liao SL, Wang WY, Chen CJ. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist improved brain injury and impaired glucose metabolism in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1249-1259. [PMID: 36662413 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation through the action of acetylcholine can modulate inflammatory responses and metabolism. α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (α7nAChR) is a key component in the biological functions of acetylcholine. To further explore the health benefits of vagus nerve stimulation, this study aimed to investigate whether α7nAChR agonists offer beneficial effects against poststroke inflammatory and metabolic changes and to identify the underlying mechanisms in a rat model of stroke established by permanent cerebral ischemia. We found evidence showing that pretreatment with α7nAChR agonist, GTS-21, improved poststroke brain infarction size, impaired motor coordination, brain apoptotic caspase 3 activation, dysregulated glucose metabolism, and glutathione reduction. In ischemic cortical tissues and gastrocnemius muscles with GTS-21 pretreatment, macrophages/microglia M1 polarization-associated Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA, Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) protein, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) protein expression were reduced, while expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 mRNA, and levels of M2 polarization-associated CD163 mRNA and protein were increased. In the gastrocnemius muscles, stroke rats showed a reduction in both glutathione content and Akt Serine 473 phosphorylation, as well as an elevation in Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Serine 307 phosphorylation and Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Serine 616 phosphorylation. GTS-21 reversed poststroke changes in the gastrocnemius muscles. Overall, our findings, provide further evidence supporting the neuroprotective benefits of α7nAChR agonists, and indicate that they may potentially exert anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects peripherally in the skeletal muscle in an acute ischemic stroke animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, 420, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, 433, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 404, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR, Sameera M, Fahad M, Brendan O, Deion S, Pemminati S. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Benefits Versus Risk. Cureus 2023; 15:e33939. [PMID: 36819350 PMCID: PMC9937770 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing burden of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus, there is an implication for new pharmacological intervention. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a class of drugs that work on SGLT2 receptors in the kidneys to decrease glucose reabsorption. Lowering glucose levels mainly aids those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but they also have many other effects on the body. This article will investigate the impact of SGLT2i on six relevant organ systems; to establish current knowledge and potential benefits and risk for SGLTi in clinical practice. The medications that inhibit SGLT2 suffix with flozins are known to help decrease hypertension, acute cardiac failure, and bradycardia in the cardiovascular system. Flozins were found to aid with acute pulmonary edema, asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the pulmonary system. SGLT2 is also found in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and as such, SGLT2i can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). They reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), BBB leakage, microglia burden, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. In the liver, this class of drugs can also assist with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatotoxicity, and weight loss. In the pancreas, SGLT2i has been shown to help with primarily diabetes and hyperglycemia. Finally, SGLT2i's are known to aid in decreasing nephrotoxicity and stopping the progression of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease. New studies have shown that the flozin drugs have been helpful for those who were receiving kidney transplants. Despite the positive effects, there are some concerns about SGLT2i and its notable adverse effects. Flozin drugs are known to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, postural dizziness, syncope, hypotension, hyperkalemia-induced cardiac arrest, and pancreatitis. This literature review will discuss, in detail, the benefits and risks that SGTL2i have on different organ systems and implicate the role they may play in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Ji C, Zhang W, Lan L, Ge W. Effect of new glucose-lowering drugs on stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108362. [PMID: 36462459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS People with diabetes tend to face a higher risk of stroke. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated the different outcomes of new glucose-lowering drugs marketed in recent years on cardiovascular outcome events. The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on stroke risk were evaluated in published RCTs. METHODS A search of Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases identified studies with stroke as an outcome event up to 3 December 2021. Risk ratios for stroke outcomes were analyzed using a fixed-effects model. I2 was used to assess the heterogeneity of the study. RESULTS 19 RCTs with 155,027 participants with type 2 diabetes were identified. Pooled analysis showed that compared to placebo, GLP-1 agonists reduced non-fatal stroke by 15 % (RR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.77-0.94, P = 0.002, I2 = 0 %) and total stroke (RR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.77-0.93, P = 0.000, I2 = 0 %) by 16 %. SGLT-2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors were not significantly associated with lower stroke risk. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicates that GLP-1 agonists have potential benefits for stroke. However, further studies are needed if GLP-1 agonists are to be used to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. More research is also needed to investigate the effects of new glucose-lowering drugs on different stroke subtypes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; registration number: CRD42022326382).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linyan Lan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Empagliflozin activates JAK2/STAT3 signaling and protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury under high glucose conditions. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023; 55:116-125. [PMID: 36396837 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality rates of cardiovascular disease are markedly higher in patients with diabetes than in non-diabetic patients, including patients with ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the cardiovascular protective effects of Empagliflozin (EMPA) on IRI in diabetes mellitus have rarely been studied. In this study, we established a cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model to mimic myocardial I/R injuries that occur in vivo. H9C2 cells were subjected to high glucose (HG) treatment plus H/R injury to mimic myocardial I/R injuries that occur in diabetes mellitus. Next, different concentrations of EMPA were added to the H9C2 cells and its protective effect was detected. STAT3 knockdown with recombinant plasmids was used to determine its roles. Our results showed that H/R injury-induced cell apoptosis, necroptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress were further promoted by HG conditions, and HG treatment plus an H/R injury inhibited the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling. EMPA was found to protect against H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury under HG conditions and activate JAK2/STAT3 signaling, while down-regulation of STAT3 reversed the protective effect of EMPA. When taken together, these findings indicate that EMPA protects against I/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling under HG conditions. Our results clarified the mechanisms that underlie the cardiovascular protective effects of EMPA in diabetes mellitus and provide new therapeutic targets for IRI in diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
23
|
Mousa HH, Sharawy MH, Nader MA. Empagliflozin enhances neuroplasticity in rotenone-induced parkinsonism: Role of BDNF, CREB and Npas4. Life Sci 2022; 312:121258. [PMID: 36462721 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Parkinsonism is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and impairment in neuroplasticity. Empagliflozin (EMPA) is an anti-diabetic drug that has been shown to improve cognitive dysfunctions and exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in different models. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effects of EMPA against rotenone (ROT)-induced parkinsonism. MAIN METHODS ROT (1.5 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously three times per week for two successive weeks. Mice were treated with EMPA (3 and 10 mg/kg, orally) for one week prior ROT administration and for another two weeks along with ROT. After that, motor functions and histopathological changes were assessed, and brains were isolated for biochemical analyses and immunohistochemical investigation. KEY FINDINGS Results indicated that, in a dose dependent manner, EMPA improved motor functions and histopathological changes induced by ROT, increased brain content of reduced glutathione (GSH), dopamine (DA), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), calcium (Ca2+), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV) and phospho-Protein kinase B (p-Akt) levels compared to ROT group. Additionally, EMPA decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β). Improvement in neuroplasticity was also observed indicated by elevation in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and neuronal PAS domain Protein 4 (Npas4). SIGNIFICANCE EMPA improved motor functions possibly through improving neuroplasticity markers and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in a dose dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hager H Mousa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Maha H Sharawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Manar A Nader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Babataheri S, Malekinejad H, Mosarrezaii A, Soraya H. Pre-treatment or post-treatment with hydroxychloroquine demonstrates neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 37:589-598. [PMID: 36433900 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a serious life-threatening medical condition and is one of the principal reasons for death and disabilities worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and the timing of its administration in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. A global I/R model was used, and HCQ was administered in either pre- or post-treatment doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. Effects of HCQ on infarct size, histological changes, oxidative stress, and learning and memory were evaluated. Phospho-AMPK and SQSTM1/p62 protein levels were also measured to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. HCQ in both pre- (at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg) or post-treatment (at a dose of 50 mg/kg) protocols reduces brain infarct size and histopathological changes and improves learning and memory after cerebral I/R. Pre-treatment with HCQ reduced AMPK activity with no significant effect on SQSTM1/p62 increment. Post-treatment with HCQ increased AMPK activity and SQSTM1/p62 protein levels. Our results show the neuroprotective effects of HCQ on cerebral I/R through the reduction in infarct size, histopathological changes, and improvement in memory and learning functions. Moreover, AMPK and autophagy may play a role in this protective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Babataheri
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Arash Mosarrezaii
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shakerinasab N, Azizi M, Mansourian M, Sadeghi H, Salaminia S, Abbasi R, Shahaboddin ME, Doustimotlagh AH. Empagliflozin Exhibits Hepatoprotective Effects Against Bile Duct Ligation-induced Liver Injury in Rats: A Combined Molecular Docking Approach to In Vivo Studies. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3313-3323. [PMID: 36305136 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221027112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic liver damage is a chronic disease caused by dysfunction of the hepaticbiliary system. Oxidative stress and inflammation are essential factors in the pathogenesis of cholestasis. Thus, the current study was designed to examine the effect of empagliflozin on bile duct ligation-induced liver damage in rats. METHODS This study was done on male Wistar rats, which were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups: sham control (SC), bile duct ligation (BDL), SC plus empagliflozin (SC+EMPA) (receiving 10 mg of EMPA orally for 7 days), BDL plus empagliflozin 10 mg/kg (BDL+ EMPA). At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed, and serum and tissue samples were collected to analyze biochemical parameters, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and histopathological changes. The molecular docking technique was performed to elucidate the interaction of EMPA and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). RESULTS The results showed that BDL elevated the serum activity of ALT, AST, ALP, and levels of TBIL and TPro. BDL also intensifies the oxidative stress state in rats, which was confirmed by augmenting lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein oxidation (PCO), and altering antioxidant defense parameters through decreased SOD, catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels. Furthermore, the histopathological changes in the liver demonstrated the aggravation of inflammation and oxidative stress. In contrast, treatment with EMPA has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects by reducing TNF-α and IL-6 pro-inflammatory marker proteins, restoring the antioxidant status (increased SOD and GPX), reducing ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL levels, and protein oxidation, and improving the histopathological alterations through reducing bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, focal and portal inflammation. According to the attained findings, the SOD1 activity can be regulated by the EMPA. Our documentation presents direct evidence at the molecular level related to the ability of EMPA to exert its antioxidant performance through certain measures in a particular molecular route. CONCLUSION The results showed EMPA to have hepatic protective effects in rats against cholestatic liver injury, an effect mediated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Shakerinasab
- Department of Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahdokht Azizi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Mansourian
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Shirvan Salaminia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Yasuj University of Medical Science, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yasuj University of Medical Science, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Amir Hossein Doustimotlagh
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zheng X, Zhao J, Wang S, Hu L. Research Progress of Antioxidant Nanomaterials for Acute Pancreatitis. Molecules 2022; 27:7238. [PMID: 36364064 PMCID: PMC9658789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex inflammatory disease caused by multiple etiologies, the pathogenesis of which has not been fully elucidated. Oxidative stress is important for the regulation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the release of inflammatory factors, and other processes, and plays a key role in the occurrence and development of AP. In recent years, antioxidant therapy that suppresses oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species has become a research highlight of AP. However, traditional antioxidant drugs have problems such as poor drug stability and low delivery efficiency, which limit their clinical translation and applications. Nanomaterials bring a brand-new opportunity for the antioxidant treatment of AP. This review focuses on the multiple advantages of nanomaterials, including small size, good stability, high permeability, and long retention effect, which can be used not only as effective carriers of traditional antioxidant drugs but also directly as antioxidants. In this review, after first discussing the association between oxidative stress and AP, we focused on summarizing the literature related to antioxidant nanomaterials for the treatment of AP and highlighting the effects of these nanomaterials on the indicators related to oxidative stress in pathological states, aiming to provide references for follow-up research and promote clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zheng
- Ningxia Medical University, Postgraduate Training Base in Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Pudong New Area, No. 219 Miao Pu Road, Shanghai 200135, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiulong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lianghao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nakhal MM, Aburuz S, Sadek B, Akour A. Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecules 2022; 27:7174. [PMID: 36364000 PMCID: PMC9653623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantially increasing incidence rate. It is characterized by repetitive behavior, learning difficulties, deficits in social communication, and interactions. Numerous medications, dietary supplements, and behavioral treatments have been recommended for the management of this condition, however, there is no cure yet. Recent studies have examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in neurodevelopmental diseases, based on their proved anti-inflammatory effects, such as downregulating the expression of several proteins, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). Furthermore, numerous previous studies revealed the potential of the SGLT2 inhibitors to provide antioxidant effects, due to their ability to reduce the generation of free radicals and upregulating the antioxidant systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). These properties have led to significant improvements in the neurologic outcomes of multiple experimental disease models, including cerebral oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and epilepsy. Such diseases have mutual biomarkers with ASD, which potentially could be a link to fill the gap of the literature studying the potential of repurposing the SGLT2 inhibitors' use in ameliorating the symptoms of ASD. This review will look at the impact of the SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodevelopmental disorders on the various models, including humans, rats, and mice, with a focus on the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Furthermore, this review will discuss how SGLT2 inhibitors regulate the ASD biomarkers, based on the clinical evidence supporting their functions as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moutaz Nakhal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salahdein Aburuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heimke M, Lenz F, Rickert U, Lucius R, Cossais F. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin in Activated Primary Microglia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193107. [PMID: 36231069 PMCID: PMC9563452 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including empagliflozin, are routinely used as antidiabetic drugs. Recent studies indicate that beside its beneficial effects on blood glucose level, empagliflozin may also exert vascular anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. In the brain, microglia are crucial mediators of inflammation, and neuroinflammation plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders. Dampening microglia-mediated inflammation may slow down disease progression. In this context, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of empagliflozin on activated primary microglia. As a validated experimental model, rat primary microglial cells were activated into a pro-inflammatory state by stimulation with LPS. The influence of empagliflozin on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, Nos2, IL6, TNF, IL1B) and on the anti-inflammatory mediator IL10 was assessed using quantitative PCR and ELISA. Further, we investigated changes in the activation of the ERK1/2 cascade by Western blot and NFkB translocation by immunostaining. We observed that empagliflozin reduces the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated primary microglia. These effects might be mediated by NHE-1, rather than by SGLT2, and by the further inhibition of the ERK1/2 and NFkB pathways. Our results support putative anti-inflammatory effects of empagliflozin on microglia and suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may exert beneficial effects in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
29
|
Quentin V, Singh M, Nguyen LS. A review of potential mechanisms and uses of SGLT2 inhibitors in ischemia-reperfusion phenomena. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:683-695. [PMID: 36188147 PMCID: PMC9521445 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i9.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently added to the therapeutic arsenal against chronic heart failure as a first intention drug, the antidiabetic drug-class sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) showed efficacy in decreasing overall mortality, hospitalization, and sudden death in patients of this very population, in whom chronic or acute ischemia count among the first cause. Remarkably, this benefit was observed independently from diabetic status, and benefited both preserved and altered ventricular ejection fraction. This feature, observed in several large randomized controlled trials, suggests additional effects from SGLT2i beyond isolated glycemia control. Indeed, both in-vitro and animal models suggest that inhibiting the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) may be key to preventing ischemia/ reperfusion injuries, and by extension may hold a similar role in ischemic damage control and ischemic preconditioning. Yet, several other mechanisms may be explored which may help better target those who may benefit most from SGLT2i molecules. Because of a large therapeutic margin with few adverse events, ease of prescription and potential pharmacological efficacity, SGLT2i could be candidate for wider indications. In this review, we aim to summarize all evidence which link SGLT2i and ischemia/reperfusion injuries modulation, by first listing known mechanisms, including metabolic switch, prevention of lethal arrythmias and others, which portend the latter, and second, hypothesize how the former may interact with these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Quentin
- Intensive Care Medicine, CMC Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-sur-Seine 92200, France
| | - Manveer Singh
- Intensive Care Medicine, CMC Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-sur-Seine 92200, France
| | - Lee S Nguyen
- Research and Innovation, CMC Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-sur-Seine 92200, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Amer RM, Eltokhy AK, Elesawy RO, Barakat AN, Basha E, Eldeeb OS, Aboalsoud A, Elgharabawy NM, Ismail R. The Ameliorative Effect of Empagliflozin in Vigabatrin-Induced Cerebellar/Neurobehavioral Deficits: Targeting mTOR/AMPK/SIRT-1 Signaling Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123659. [PMID: 35744783 PMCID: PMC9229258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Vigabatrin (VGB) is an antiepileptic drug that acts to irreversibly inhibit the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase enzyme, elevating GABA levels. Broad studies have established that long-term treatment and/or high doses of VGB lead to variable visual defects. However, little attention has been paid to its other side effects, especially those demonstrating cerebellar involvement. Sodium glucose-linked co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are antidiabetic agents with protective effects far greater than expected based on their anti-hyperglycemic effect. Method. Our study herein was designed to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of empagliflozin, the SGLT2 inhibitors, in VGB-induced cerebellar toxicity. A total of 40 male Wistar rats were allocated equally into 4 groups: Group I: control group; Group II: VGB group; Group III empagliflozin treated VGB group; and Group IV: empagliflozin treated group. All groups were subjected to the detection of cerebellar messenger RNA gene expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and Nucleoporin p62 (P62). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and beclin1 levels were assessed by the ELISA technique while malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected spectrophotometrically. Immuno-histochemical studies, focusing on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 were performed, and the optical color density and the mean area percentage of GFAP positive astrocytes and the number of S 100 positive cells were also counted. Results. Following empagliflozin treatment, we documented significant upregulation of both SIRT1 and P62 mRNA gene expression. Additionally, AMPK, Beclin1 levels, and SOD activity were significantly improved, while both mTOR and MDA levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions. We concluded for the first time that empagliflozin efficiently ameliorated the VGB-induced disrupted mTOR/AMPK/SIRT-1 signaling axis with subsequent improvement of the autophagy machinery and mitigation of the oxidative and inflammatory cellular environment, paving the way for an innovative therapeutic potential in managing VGB-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabab M. Amer
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (R.M.A.); (R.I.)
| | - Amira Kamel Eltokhy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Rasha Osama Elesawy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (R.O.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Amany Nagy Barakat
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (A.N.B.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Eman Basha
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Omnia Safwat Eldeeb
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Alshimaa Aboalsoud
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (R.O.E.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Radwa Ismail
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (R.M.A.); (R.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Q, Cao Q, Yuan Z, Wang M, Chen P, Wu X. A novel self-nanomicellizing system of empagliflozin for oral treatment of acute pancreatitis: An experimental study. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 42:102534. [PMID: 35150903 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe inflammatory disorder hampered by a lack of effective drugs in its clinical practice. Empagliflozin (EMP) exhibits potential effects against AP but is limited by poor water-solubility and low bioavailability. Herein, a novel self-nanomicellizing formulation of EMP with phytochemical rebaudioside A (RA) as the nanocarrier (RA-EMP) was fabricated to address these issues. RA-EMP powder could be simply prepared and exhibited excellent storage stability, dramatically improved EMP's apparent solubility, and instantly self-assembled into micelles with high EMP encapsulation efficiency in water. In vivo experimental studies showed that RA-EMP exhibited significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of EMP and dramatically improved therapeutic efficacy against AP. The mechanisms through suppressing the effects of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines were involved in this therapeutic effect. The results demonstrated that RA-EMP could serve as a promising way to enhance the oral bioavailability and strengthen the potential therapeutic efficacy of EMP against AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhixin Yuan
- Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Motawi TK, Al-Kady RH, Abdelraouf SM, Senousy MA. Empagliflozin alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and augments autophagy in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Targeting the GRP78/PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway and miR-211-5p. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 362:110002. [PMID: 35654124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Empagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, has been demonstrated to provide additional non-glycemic benefits, including neuroprotection. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key player in neurodegeneration and occurs at the crossroads of other pathologic mechanisms; however, its role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still elusive. miR-211-5p regulates neuronal differentiation and viability and was predicted to target CHOP, a downstream effector in the ER stress pathway. For the first time, this study investigated the possible neuroprotective effect of empagliflozin in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD from the perspective of ER stress. Rotenone (1.5 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously every other day for 3 weeks. Meanwhile, the treated group received empagliflozin 10 mg/kg/day orally for 15 consecutive days post-PD induction. On the molecular level, the ER stress pathway components; GRP78, total and phosphorylated PERK, eIF2α and CHOP, along with miR-211-5p expression were upregulated in the striatum of rotenone-injected rats. Concurrently, the untreated rats showed elevated striatal α-synuclein levels along with diminished autophagy and the proteasome system as evidenced by reduced beclin-1 protein and ELF2/NERF mRNA expression levels. The rotenone-induced striatal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were expressed by reduced catalase activity and elevated interleukin (IL)-1β levels. miR-211-5p was positively correlated with PERK/eIF2α/CHOP, IL-1β and α-synuclein, while negatively correlated with ELF2/NERF, beclin-1 and catalase activity. Empagliflozin treatment showed a restorative effect on all biochemical alterations and improved the motor function of rats tested by open field, grip strength and footprint gait analysis. In the histopathological examination, empagliflozin increased the intact neuron count and attenuated astrogliosis and microgliosis by reducing the glial fibrillary protein and ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein 1 immunostaining. Conclusively, these results emphasize the neurotherapeutic impact of empagliflozin in PD by moderating the GRP78/PERK/eIF2α/CHOP ER stress pathway, downregulating miR-211-5p, resolving oxidative stress, lessening astrocyte/microglial activation and neuroinflammation, along with augmenting autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rawan H Al-Kady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sahar M Abdelraouf
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A Senousy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaviannejad R, Karimian SM, Riahi E, Ashabi G. The neuroprotective effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion via modulating apoptotic pathways. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:70-78. [PMID: 35654262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, subsequent hyperthermia, and hyperglycemia lead to neural damage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of using cathodal and/or anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in different stages of ischemia-reperfusion on apoptosis and controlling hyperthermia and hyperglycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 78 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n=13), including sham, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS), cathodal-tDCS (c-tDCS), anodal/cathodal-tDCS (a/c-tDCS), and cathodal/anodal-tDCS (c/a-tDCS) groups. Global cerebral I/R was induced in all of the groups except for sham group. In a-tDCS and c-tDCS groups, the rats received anodal and cathodal currents in both I/R stages, respectively. In a/c-tDCS group, the rats received anodal current during the ischemia and cathodal current during the reperfusion. The c/a-tDCS group received the currents in the reverse order. The current intensity of 400µA was applied in ischemia phase (15min) and reperfusion phase (30min, twice a day). Body temperature and plasma blood sugar were measured daily. Rats were also tested for novel object recognition and passive avoidance memory. The apoptosis of hippocampal tissue was evaluated by measuring Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS All tDCS significantly reduced hyperthermia and hyperglycemia, as well as Bax and Caspase-3 levels, it also increased Bcl-2 expression. The preliminary results from c/a-tDCS mode could improve the expression of apoptotic markers, memory function, hyperthermia, and hyperglycemia control and reduce DNA fragmentation compared to other stimulatory therapies. CONCLUSION All tDCS modes could save neurons by suppressing apoptotic and enhancing anti-apoptotic pathways, especially in the c/a tDCS mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Kaviannejad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Seyed Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Esmail Riahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nikolaou PE, Mylonas N, Makridakis M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Iliou A, Zerikiotis S, Efentakis P, Kampoukos S, Kostomitsopoulos N, Vilskersts R, Ikonomidis I, Lambadiari V, Zuurbier CJ, Latosinska A, Vlahou A, Dimitriadis G, Iliodromitis EK, Andreadou I. Cardioprotection by selective SGLT-2 inhibitors in a non-diabetic mouse model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: a class or a drug effect? Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:27. [PMID: 35581445 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Major clinical trials with sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) exhibit protective effects against heart failure events, whereas inconsistencies regarding the cardiovascular death outcomes are observed. Therefore, we aimed to compare the selective SGLT-2i empagliflozin (EMPA), dapagliflozin (DAPA) and ertugliflozin (ERTU) in terms of infarct size (IS) reduction and to reveal the cardioprotective mechanism in healthy non-diabetic mice. C57BL/6 mice randomly received vehicle, EMPA (10 mg/kg/day) and DAPA or ERTU orally at the stoichiometrically equivalent dose (SED) for 7 days. 24 h-glucose urinary excretion was determined to verify SGLT-2 inhibition. IS of the region at risk was measured after 30 min ischemia (I), and 120 min reperfusion (R). In a second series, the ischemic myocardium was collected (10th min of R) for shotgun proteomics and evaluation of the cardioprotective signaling. In a third series, we evaluated the oxidative phosphorylation capacity (OXPHOS) and the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capacity by measuring the respiratory rates. Finally, Stattic, the STAT-3 inhibitor and wortmannin were administered in both EMPA and DAPA groups to establish causal relationships in the mechanism of protection. EMPA, DAPA and ERTU at the SED led to similar SGLT-2 inhibition as inferred by the significant increase in glucose excretion. EMPA and DAPA but not ERTU reduced IS. EMPA preserved mitochondrial functionality in complex I&II linked oxidative phosphorylation. EMPA and DAPA treatment led to NF-kB, RISK, STAT-3 activation and the downstream apoptosis reduction coinciding with IS reduction. Stattic and wortmannin attenuated the cardioprotection afforded by EMPA and DAPA. Among several upstream mediators, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and caveolin-3 were increased by EMPA and DAPA treatment. ERTU reduced IS only when given at the double dose of the SED (20 mg/kg/day). Short-term EMPA and DAPA, but not ERTU administration at the SED reduce IS in healthy non-diabetic mice. Cardioprotection is not correlated to SGLT-2 inhibition, is STAT-3 and PI3K dependent and associated with increased FGF-2 and Cav-3 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Efstathia Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mylonas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aikaterini Iliou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Zerikiotis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Kampoukos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Centre of Clinical Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonia Vlahou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu L, Gao Y, Hu M, Dong Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Lv P. Edaravone dexborneol protects cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury through activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:790-800. [PMID: 35470467 PMCID: PMC9545784 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and death. When blood flow is restored after prolonged ischemia and hypoxia, it leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased local inflammation, and apoptosis, which are the cause of most cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI), leading to secondary brain tissue damage. Edaravone dexborneol is a novel neuroprotective agent consisting of edaravone and borneol. Studies have shown that it has synergistic antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects. However, whether Edaravone dexborneol stimulates the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway to regulate NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) remains unclear. In this study, wild‐type (WT) mice and Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice were used to investigate the antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐apoptotic effects of Edaravone dexborneol on CIRI and its mechanism. The cognitive function of mice was evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM), test and the cell structures of hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Nrf2, HO‐1, and NOX2 proteins and apoptosis‐related proteins Bcl‐2, Bax, and Caspase 3 were detected by western blotting. Nrf2, HO‐1, NOX2, and inflammatory factors TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐4, and IL‐10 were detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that Edaravone dexborneol treatment improved learning and memory performance, neuronal damage, and enhanced antioxidant, inflammation, and apoptosis in CIRI mice. In addition, Edaravone dexborneol induced the activation Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway activation while inhibiting NOX2 expression. Overall, these results indicate that Edaravone dexborneol ameliorates CIRI‐induced memory impairments by activating Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway and inhibiting NOX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yaran Gao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tharmaraja T, Ho JS, Sia CH, Lim NA, Chong YF, Lim AY, Rathakrishnan RR, Yeo LL, Sharma VK, Tan BY. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and neurological disorders: a scoping review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221086996. [PMID: 35432846 PMCID: PMC9006360 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221086996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a group of antidiabetic medications with a favourable cardiovascular, renal and overall safety profile. Given the limited treatment options available for neurological disorders, it is important to determine whether the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2i can be utilised in their prevention and management. Methods All articles published before 20 March 2021 were systematically searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO and ClinicalTrials.gov. Overall, 1395 titles were screened, ultimately resulting in 160 articles being included in the qualitative analysis. Screening and data extraction were conducted by two independent authors and studies were excluded if they were not an original research study. Findings Of the 160 studies, 134 addressed stroke, 19 cognitive impairment, 4 epilepsy and 4 movement disorders, encompassing a range from systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials to bioinformatic and animal studies. Most animal studies demonstrated significant improvements in behavioural and neurological deficits, which were reflected in beneficial changes in neurovascular units, synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter levels and target receptors' docking energies. The evidence from the minority clinical literature was conflicting and many studies did not reach statistical significance. Interpretation SGLT2i may exert neurological benefits through three mechanisms: reduction in cardiovascular risk factors, augmentation of ketogenesis and anti-inflammatory pathways. Most clinical studies were observational, meaning that a causal relationship could not be established, while randomised controlled trials were heterogeneous and powered to detect cardiovascular or renal outcomes. We suggest that a longitudinal study should be conducted and specifically powered to detect neurological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thahesh Tharmaraja
- Intensive Care Unit, University College Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jamie S.Y. Ho
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole-Ann Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yao Feng Chong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Amanda Y.L. Lim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rahul R. Rathakrishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Leonard L.L. Yeo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road Level 11, 119228 Singapore
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Y.Q. Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zaghloul MS, Elshal M, Abdelmageed ME. Preventive empagliflozin activity on acute acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via modulation of SIRT-1/PI3K/AKT pathway and improving colon barrier. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103833. [PMID: 35218923 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic colon inflammation that is linked to exposure to environmental factors leading to improper immune responses to enteric microbes in genetically susceptible individuals. This study was designed to explore the possible protective impact of Empagliflozin (EMPA), an anti-diabetic sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in rats. METHOD Intrarectal instillation of AA (2 ml, 3% v/v) was used to induce UC. EMPA (10 & 30 mg/kg) was administered orally for 11 days. RESULTS EMPA successfully counteracted AA-induced UC that was manifested by improving colonic histopathological architecture concomitant with a marked decrease in disease activity index (DAI), colon weight, weight/length ratio, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Additionally, EMPA successfully restored the disrupted oxidant/antioxidants balance induced by AA. Moreover, EMPA significantly induced silent information regulator-1(SIRT-1) expression along with a significant reduction in phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) expression in colonic tissues. Furthermore, EMPA successfully improved the colonic barrier that was appeared from the marked induction of tight junction proteins level (occludin and claudin-1). CONCLUSION EMPA successfully counteracted AA-induced UC in rats via the modulation of SIRT1/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, normalizing oxidant/antioxidants balance, and improving the integrity of colon barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Elshal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa E Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ahmed S, El-Sayed MM, Kandeil MA, Khalaf MM. Empagliflozin attenuates Neurodegeneration through Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Modulation of α-synuclein and Parkin Levels in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson’s Disease in Rats. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:863-873. [PMID: 35812142 PMCID: PMC9257853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
39
|
Mucke HA. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications October: December 2021. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
40
|
Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: physiopathological and therapeutic complexity. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:292-299. [PMID: 34269190 PMCID: PMC8463990 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and associated chronic hyperglycemia enhance the risk of acute ischemic stroke and lead to worsened clinical outcome and increased mortality. However, post-stroke hyperglycemia is also present in a number of non-diabetic patients after acute ischemic stroke, presumably as a stress response. The aim of this review is to summarize the main effects of hyperglycemia when associated to ischemic injury in acute stroke patients, highlighting the clinical and neurological outcomes in these conditions and after the administration of the currently approved pharmacological treatment, i.e. insulin. The disappointing results of the clinical trials on insulin (including the hypoglycemic events) demand a change of strategy based on more focused therapies. Starting from the comprehensive evaluation of the physiopathological alterations occurring in the ischemic brain during hyperglycemic conditions, the effects of various classes of glucose-lowering drugs are reviewed, such as glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, in the perspective of overcoming the up-to-date limitations and of evaluating the effectiveness of new potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Federic Villa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dong M, Wen S, Zhou L. The Relationship Between the Blood-Brain-Barrier and the Central Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2583-2597. [PMID: 36035518 PMCID: PMC9417299 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s375559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are growing problems worldwide and are associated with a range of acute and chronic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. Novel anti-diabetic medications designed to treat T2DM, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), exert beneficial effects on metabolism and the cardiovascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. GLP-1RAs induce anorexic effects by inhibiting the central regulation of food intake to reduce body weight. Central/peripheral administration of GLP-1RAs inhibits food intake, accompanied by an increase in c-Fos expression in neurons within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), amygdala, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), induced by the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, GLP-1RAs need to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert their pharmacological effects. In addition, studies revealed that SGLT-2is could reduce the risk of chronic heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes. SGLT-2 is extensively expressed throughout the CNS, and c-Fos expression was also observed within 2 hours of administration of SGLT-2is in mice. Recent clinical studies reported that SGLT-2is improved hypertension and atrial fibrillation by modulating the "overstimulated" renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and suppressing the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by directly/indirectly acting on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Despite extensive research into the central mechanism of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains controversial. This review discusses the interaction between GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is and the BBB to induce pharmacological effects via the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou, Tel +8613611927616, Email
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yuan L, Sun Y, Huang X, Xu X, Xu J, Xu Y, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Zhou Z. Fasting Blood-Glucose Level and Clinical Outcome in Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke of Different Age Groups After Endovascular Treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:575-583. [PMID: 35330823 PMCID: PMC8939906 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s351725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the association between fasting blood-glucose (FBG) level and 3-month functional outcome in anterior circulation ischemic stroke in different age groups after endovascular treatment (EVT). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) receiving EVT from our department between July 2015 and March 2021. The patients were categorized into the older (≥60 years) and younger (<60 years) groups, and patients in each age group were dichotomized into favorable versus unfavorable outcomes according to the 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. RESULTS A total of 504 patients (286 males and 218 females) were included in our study. Three hundred ninety-two patients (77.8%) belonged to the group aged ≥60 years, and 112 (22.2%) belonged to the group aged <60 years. At the end of the study, 222 (56.6%) patients developed unfavorable outcomes in the older group and 31 (27.7%) showed unfavorable outcomes in the younger group. FBG level of the younger patients was significantly lower than that of older patients. In the older group, FBG level independently predicted a 3-month clinical unfavorable outcome with an odds ratio of 1.242 (95% confidence interval, 1.096-1.407; p = 0.001). However, the association was not found in the younger group (p = 0.376). CONCLUSION Higher FBG level is an independent risk factor for 3-month unfavorable outcome in the AIS patients aged ≥60 years receiving EVT, but no similar effect was seen in the group aged <60 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youqing Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lin KJ, Wang TJ, Chen SD, Lin KL, Liou CW, Lan MY, Chuang YC, Chuang JH, Wang PW, Lee JJ, Wang FS, Lin HY, Lin TK. Two Birds One Stone: The Neuroprotective Effect of Antidiabetic Agents on Parkinson Disease-Focus on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121935. [PMID: 34943038 PMCID: PMC8750793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease affecting more than 1% of the population over 65 years old. The etiology of the disease is unknown and there are only symptomatic managements available with no known disease-modifying treatment. Aging, genes, and environmental factors contribute to PD development and key players involved in the pathophysiology of the disease include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic-lysosomal imbalance, and neuroinflammation. Recent epidemiology studies have shown that type-2 diabetes (T2DM) not only increased the risk for PD, but also is associated with PD clinical severity. A higher rate of insulin resistance has been reported in PD patients and is suggested to be a pathologic driver in this disease. Oral diabetic drugs including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in both PD patients and experimental models; additionally, antidiabetic drugs have been demonstrated to lower incidence rates of PD in DM patients. Among these, the most recently developed drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors may provide neuroprotective effects through improving mitochondrial function and antioxidative effects. In this article, we will discuss the involvement of mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in the development of PD and potential benefits provided by antidiabetic agents especially focusing on sglt2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Jer Lee
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tsai KF, Chen YL, Chiou TTY, Chu TH, Li LC, Ng HY, Lee WC, Lee CT. Emergence of SGLT2 Inhibitors as Powerful Antioxidants in Human Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1166. [PMID: 34439414 PMCID: PMC8388972 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents. Apart from their glucose-lowering effects, large clinical trials assessing certain SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed cardiac and renal protective effects in non-diabetic patients. These excellent outcomes motivated scientists and clinical professionals to revisit their underlying mechanisms. In addition to the heart and kidney, redox homeostasis is crucial in several human diseases, including liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers, with accumulating preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors. In the present review, we aimed to update recent advances in the antioxidant roles of SGLT2 inhibitors in common but debilitating human diseases. We anticipate that this review will guide new research directions and novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, nephropathies, liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers in the era of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Yung-Lung Chen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Biobank and Tissue Bank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pathan F, Selim S, Fariduddin M, Rahman MH, Ashrafuzzaman SM, Afsana F, Qureshi NK, Hossain T, Saifuddin M, Kamrul-Hasan AB, Mir AS. Bangladesh Endocrine Society (BES) Position Statement for Management of Diabetes and Other Endocrine Diseases in Patients with COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2217-2228. [PMID: 34040407 PMCID: PMC8140905 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s293688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The year 2020 witnessed a largely unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS COV-2. Many people with COVID-19 have comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, which are significantly associated with worse outcomes. Moreover, COVID-19 itself is allied with deteriorating hyperglycemia. Therefore, Bangladesh Endocrine Society has formulated some practical recommendations for management of diabetes and other endocrine diseases in patients with COVID-19 for use in both primary and specialist care settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of the article is to develop a guideline to protect the vulnerable group with utmost preference - the elderly and those with comorbid conditions. Therefore, to ensure the adequate protective measures and timely treatment for COVID-19 patients with diabetes, other endocrine diseases or any other comorbidities. CONSIDERING AND MONITORING ISSUES The risk of a fatal outcome from COVID-19 may be up to 50% higher in patients with diabetes than in non-diabetics.Patients with diabetes and COVID had CFR 7.3-9.2%, compared with 0.9-1.4% in patients without comorbidities.Diabetic ketoacidosis may be one of the causes of mortality in COVID-19.There is wide fluctuation of blood glucose in these patients, probably due to irregular diet, reduced exercise, increased glucocorticoids secretion, and use of glucocorticoids. HbA1c should be <7.0% for the majority of the patients, this target may be relaxed in appropriate clinical settings.More emphasis should be given on day-to-day blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia (<3.9 mmol/l) must be avoided.Frequent monitoring of blood glucose is needed in critically ill patients. CONCLUSION The fight against COVID-19 has been proven to be a challenging one. Therefore, all healthcare personnel should make the best use of updated knowledge and skills to ensure adequate protective measures and timely treatment for COVID-19 patients with diabetes, other endocrine diseases or any other comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faruque Pathan
- Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahjada Selim
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fariduddin
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - S M Ashrafuzzaman
- Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faria Afsana
- Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tanjina Hossain
- Department of Endocrinology, Green Life Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Saifuddin
- Department of Endocrinology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ahmed Salam Mir
- Department of Endocrinology, BIHS General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - On behalf of the BES Diabetes and COVID Task Force
- Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Endocrine Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- National Healthcare Network (NHN) Uttara EC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Endocrinology, Green Life Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Endocrinology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Endocrinology, BIHS General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li LL, Ke XY, Jiang C, Qin SQ, Liu YY, Xian XH, Liu LZ, He JC, Chen YM, An HF, Sun N, Hu YH, Wang Y, Zhang LN, Lu QY. Na + , K + -ATPase participates in the protective mechanism of rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through the interaction with glutamate transporter-1. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:870-881. [PMID: 33481320 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is an important cause of neurological damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) involved in l ow concentration of ouabain (Oua, activating NKA)-induced protection of rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and neurological deficit scores (NDS) were performed to evaluate rat cerebral injury degree respectively at 2 h, 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 2 h in rats. NKA α1/α2 subunits and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) protein expression were investigated by Western blotting. The cerebral infarct volume ratio were evidently decreased in Oua group vs MCAO/R group at 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats (*p < 0.05 ). Moreover, NDS were not significantly different (p > 0.05 ). NKA α1 was decreased at 6 h and 1 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was improved in Oua group. However, NKA α1 and α2 were increased at 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was decreased in Oua group. GLT-1 was decreased at 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was improved in Oua group. These data indicated that l ow concentration of Oua could improve MCAO/R injury through probably changing NKA α1/α2 and GLT-1 protein expression, then increasing GLT-1 function and promoting Glu transport and absorption, which could be useful to determine potential therapeutic strategies for patients with stroke. Low concentration of Oua improved rat MCAO/R injury via NKA α1/α2 and GLT-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Li
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xue-Ying Ke
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Forensic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Shi-Qi Qin
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Zhe Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Jin-Chen He
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Ya-Meng Chen
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Fei An
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Yue-Hua Hu
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Qi-Yong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hengshui Fifth People's Hospital, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wiciński M, Wódkiewicz E, Górski K, Walczak M, Malinowski B. Perspective of SGLT2 Inhibition in Treatment of Conditions Connected to Neuronal Loss: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease and Ischemia-Related Brain Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110379. [PMID: 33187206 PMCID: PMC7697611 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are oral anti-hyperglycemic agents approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some reports suggest their presence in the central nervous system and possible neuroprotective properties. SGLT2 inhibition by empagliflozin has shown to reduce amyloid burden in cortical regions of APP/PS1xd/db mice. The same effect was noticed regarding tau pathology and brain atrophy volume. Empagliflozin presented beneficial effect on cognitive function, which may be connected to an increase in cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin may possess acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity, resembling in this matter Alzheimer’s disease-registered therapies. SGLT2 inhibitors may prove to impact risk factors of atherosclerosis and pathways participating both in acute and late stage of stroke. Their mechanism of action can be related to induction in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and proinflammatory factors limitation. Empagliflozin may have a positive effect on preservation of neurovascular unit in diabetic mice, preventing its aberrant remodeling. Canagliflozin seems to present some cytostatic properties by limiting both human and mice endothelial cells proliferation. The paper presents potential mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors in conditions connected with neuronal damage, with special emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
|
48
|
Treatment of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogenic Infections. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) infections in severely infected patients present numerous difficulties in terms of treatment failure where antibiotics cannot arrest such drug resistant bacteria. Based on the patient’s medical history and updated microbiological epidemiology data, an effective empirical treatment remains critical for optimal results to safeguard human health. The aim of this manuscript is to review management of MDR-Gram negative pathogenic bacterial infections. Quick diagnosis and narrow antimicrobial spectrum require rapid and timely diagnosis and effective laboratories in accordance with antimicrobial stewardship (AS) principles. Worldwide, there is an increased emergence of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Recently, novel therapeutic options, such as meropenem/vaborbactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, eravacycline and plazomicin became accessible to effectively counteract severe infections. Optimally using these delays the emergence of resistance to novel therapeutic agents. Further study is required, however, due to uncertainties in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics optimization of dosages and therapeutic duration in severely ill patients. The novel agents should be verified for (i) action on carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; (ii) action on CRE of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors dependence on type of carbapenemase; (iii) emergence of resistance to novel antibacterials and dismiss selective pressure promoting development of resistance. Alternative treatments should be approached alike phage therapy or antibacterial peptides. The choice of empirical therapy is complicated by antibiotic resistance and can be combated by accurate antibiotic and their combinations usage, which is critical to patient survival. Noteworthy are local epidemiology, effective teamwork and antibiotic stewardship to guarantee that medications are utilized properly to counter the resistance.
Collapse
|
49
|
COVID-19 and the World with Co-Morbidities of Heart Disease, Hypertension and Diabetes. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.3.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has now spread across the globe in past few months while affecting 26 million people and leading to more than 0.85 million deaths as on 2nd September, 2020. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection increases in COVID-19 patients due to pre-existing health co-morbidities. This mini-review has focused on the three significant co-morbidities viz., heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, which are posing high health concerns and increased mortality during this ongoing pandemic. The observed co-morbidities have been found to be associated with the increasing risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 critical illness as well as to be associated positively with the worsening of the health condition of COVID-19 suffering individuals resulting in the high risk for mortality. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cell via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors. Regulation of crucial cardiovascular functions and metabolisms like blood pressure and sugar levels are being carried out by ACE2. This might be one of the reasons that contribute to the higher mortality in COVID-19 patients having co-morbidities. Clinical investigations have identified higher levels of creatinine, cardiac troponin I, alanine aminotransferase, NT-proBNP, creatine kinase, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase in patients who have succumbed to death from COVID-19 as compared to recovered individuals. More investigations are required to identify the modes behind increased mortality in COVID-19 patients having co-morbidities of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. This will enable us to design and develop suitable therapeutic strategies for reducing the mortality. More attention and critical care need to be paid to such high risk patients suffering from co-morbidities during COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abdelhamid AM, Elsheakh AR, Abdelaziz RR, Suddek GM. Empagliflozin ameliorates ethanol-induced liver injury by modulating NF-κB/Nrf-2/PPAR-γ interplay in mice. Life Sci 2020; 256:117908. [PMID: 32512011 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol intake contributes to severe liver damage involving oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which make them promising therapeutic targets. Previous studies have demonstrated that empagliflozin (EMPA) showed cardiovascular, renal, and cerebral benefits potentially mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. AIMS This experiment aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of EMPA on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the possible underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum biochemical parameters and the liver contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Real-time qPCR was conducted to determine the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox-1). In addition, ELISA was performed to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Nrf-2, and PPAR-γ. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was detected by immunohistochemical staining using an anti-NF-κB p65 antibody. KEY FINDINGS Our results revealed that the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced by EMPA. EMPA also decreased the content of MDA and NO and increased the activities of SOD and GSH in liver homogenates. Moreover, EMPA inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, via the downregulation of NF-κB. These changes were associated with an improvement in histopathological deterioration. The protective effect of EMPA against oxidative stress and inflammation was associated with the upregulation of PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and their target gene Hmox-1. SIGNIFICANCE EMPA showed protective activities against ethanol-induced liver injury by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress via modulation of the NF-κB/Nrf-2/PPAR-γ axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science & Technology, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Ramadan Elsheakh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | | | - Ghada Mohamed Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|