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Dundee JM, Brown GC. The microglial P2Y 6 receptor as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:47. [PMID: 39243044 PMCID: PMC11380353 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic neuroinflammation in the brain, which can result in microglial phagocytosis of live synapses and neurons that may contribute to cognitive deficits and neuronal loss. The microglial P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is a G-protein coupled receptor, which stimulates microglial phagocytosis when activated by extracellular uridine diphosphate, released by stressed neurons. Knockout or inhibition of P2Y6R can prevent neuronal loss in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, neuroinflammation and aging, and prevent cognitive deficits in models of AD, epilepsy and aging. This review summarises the known roles of P2Y6R in the physiology and pathology of the brain, and its potential as a therapeutic target to prevent neurodegeneration and other brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dundee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Sanford SAI, Miller LVC, Vaysburd M, Keeling S, Tuck BJ, Clark J, Neumann M, Syanda V, James LC, McEwan WA. The type-I interferon response potentiates seeded tau aggregation and exacerbates tau pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:1013-1025. [PMID: 37849026 PMCID: PMC10916982 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Signatures of a type-I interferon (IFN-I) response are observed in the post mortem brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. However, the effect of the IFN-I response on pathological tau accumulation remains unclear. METHODS We examined the effects of IFN-I signaling in primary neural culture models of seeded tau aggregation and P301S-tau transgenic mouse models in the context of genetic deletion of the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). RESULTS Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), a synthetic analog of viral nucleic acids, evoked a potent cytokine response that enhanced seeded aggregation of tau in an IFN-I-dependent manner. IFN-I-induced vulnerability could be pharmacologically prevented and was intrinsic to neurons. Aged P301S-tau mice lacking Ifnar1 had significantly reduced tau pathology compared to mice with intact IFN signaling. DISCUSSION We identify a critical role for IFN-I in potentiating tau aggregation. IFN-I is therefore identified as a potential therapeutic target in AD and other tauopathies. HIGHLIGHTS Type-I IFN (IFN-I) promotes seeded tau aggregation in neural cultures. IFNAR inhibition prevents IFN-I driven sensitivity to tau aggregation. IFN-I driven vulnerability is intrinsic to neurons. Tau pathology is significantly reduced in aged P301S-tau mice lacking IFNAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. I. Sanford
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lauren V. C. Miller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Sophie Keeling
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Benjamin J. Tuck
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jessica Clark
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Michal Neumann
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Victoria Syanda
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - Leo C. James
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick AvenueCambridgeUK
| | - William A. McEwan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Agafonova I, Chingizova E, Chaikina E, Menchinskaya E, Kozlovskiy S, Likhatskaya G, Sabutski Y, Polonik S, Aminin D, Pislyagin E. Protection Activity of 1,4-Naphthoquinones in Rotenone-Induced Models of Neurotoxicity. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:62. [PMID: 38393033 PMCID: PMC10890484 DOI: 10.3390/md22020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The MTS cell viability test was used to screen a mini library of natural and synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives (1,4-NQs) from marine sources. This screening identified two highly effective compounds, U-443 and U-573, which showed potential in protecting Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells from the toxic effects of rotenone in an in vitro model of neurotoxicity. The selected 1,4-NQs demonstrated the capability to reduce oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and displayed significant antioxidant properties in mouse brain homogenate. Normal mitochondrial function was restored and the mitochondrial membrane potential was also regained by 1,4-NQs after exposure to neurotoxins. Furthermore, at low concentrations, these compounds were found to significantly reduce levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β and notably inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results of docking studies showed that the 1,4-NQs were bound to the active site of COX-2, analogically to a known inhibitor of this enzyme, SC-558. Both substances significantly improved the behavioral changes in female CD1 mice with rotenone-induced early stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) in vivo. It is proposed that the 1,4-NQs, U-443 and U-573, can protect neurons and microglia through their potent anti-ROS and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Agafonova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Ekaterina Chingizova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Elena Chaikina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Ekaterina Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Sergey Kozlovskiy
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Galina Likhatskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Yuri Sabutski
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Sergey Polonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
| | - Dmitry Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Evgeny Pislyagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (I.A.); (E.C.); (E.C.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (G.L.); (Y.S.); (S.P.); (D.A.)
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Shan L, Heusinkveld HJ, Paul KC, Hughes S, Darweesh SKL, Bloem BR, Homberg JR. Towards improved screening of toxins for Parkinson's risk. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:169. [PMID: 38114496 PMCID: PMC10730534 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive and disabling neurodegenerative disorder. The prevalence of PD has risen considerably over the past decades. A growing body of evidence suggest that exposure to environmental toxins, including pesticides, solvents and heavy metals (collectively called toxins), is at least in part responsible for this rapid growth. It is worrying that the current screening procedures being applied internationally to test for possible neurotoxicity of specific compounds offer inadequate insights into the risk of developing PD in humans. Improved screening procedures are therefore urgently needed. Our review first substantiates current evidence on the relation between exposure to environmental toxins and the risk of developing PD. We subsequently propose to replace the current standard toxin screening by a well-controlled multi-tier toxin screening involving the following steps: in silico studies (tier 1) followed by in vitro tests (tier 2), aiming to prioritize agents with human relevant routes of exposure. More in depth studies can be undertaken in tier 3, with whole-organism (in)vertebrate models. Tier 4 has a dedicated focus on cell loss in the substantia nigra and on the presumed mechanisms of neurotoxicity in rodent models, which are required to confirm or refute the possible neurotoxicity of any individual compound. This improved screening procedure should not only evaluate new pesticides that seek access to the market, but also critically assess all pesticides that are being used today, acknowledging that none of these has ever been proven to be safe from a perspective of PD. Importantly, the improved screening procedures should not just assess the neurotoxic risk of isolated compounds, but should also specifically look at the cumulative risk conveyed by exposure to commonly used combinations of pesticides (cocktails). The worldwide implementation of such an improved screening procedure, would be an essential step for policy makers and governments to recognize PD-related environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Hughes
- A-LIFE Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Environmental Health and Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sirwan K L Darweesh
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Moradi Vastegani S, Khoshnam SE, Mansouri E, Ghafouri S, Bakhtiari N, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A. Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective potentials of anethole in Parkinson's disease-like motor and non-motor symptoms induced by rotenone in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2159-2174. [PMID: 37204660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds are considered a potential therapeutic strategy against PD. The present study examined the neuroprotective effects of anethole as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against motor and non-motor deficits induced by rotenone toxicity. Rats were treated with anethole (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg, i.g) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c) for 5 weeks. After the treatment, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate motor function and depression-/anxiety-like behaviors. After the behavioral tests, rats were decapitated and brains were removed for histological analysis. Striatum samples were also isolated for neurochemical, and molecular analysis. Our data showed that rotenone-induced motor deficit, anxiety-and depression-like behaviors were significantly improved in rats treated with anethole. Furthermore, anethole treatment reduced inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in the striatum of rotenone-induced PD rats. Western blot analysis showed that treatment with anethole markedly suppressed caspase-3 activation induced by rotenone. Moreover, histological examination of striatum showed an increase in the number of surviving neurons after treatment with anethole. Anethole also significantly enhanced the striatal levels of dopamine in rotenone-induced PD rats. In addition, treatment with L-Dopa as a positive control group had effects similar to those of anethole on histological, neurochemical, and molecular parameters in rotenone-induced parkinsonian rats. Our results suggested the neuroprotective effects of anethole through anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant mechanisms against rotenone-induced toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nima Bakhtiari
- Pain Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030571. [PMID: 36979506 PMCID: PMC10046452 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
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Shimizu T, Schutt CR, Izumi Y, Tomiyasu N, Omahdi Z, Kano K, Takamatsu H, Aoki J, Bamba T, Kumanogoh A, Takao M, Yamasaki S. Direct activation of microglia by β-glucosylceramide causes phagocytosis of neurons that exacerbates Gaucher disease. Immunity 2023; 56:307-319.e8. [PMID: 36736320 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disease caused by recessive mutations in the degrading enzyme of β-glucosylceramide (β-GlcCer). However, it remains unclear how β-GlcCer causes severe neuronopathic symptoms, which are not fully treated by current therapies. We herein found that β-GlcCer accumulating in GD activated microglia through macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) to induce phagocytosis of living neurons, which exacerbated Gaucher symptoms. This process was augmented by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secreted from activated microglia that sensitized neurons for phagocytosis. This characteristic pathology was also observed in human neuronopathic GD. Blockade of these pathways in mice with a combination of FDA-approved drugs, minocycline (microglia activation inhibitor) and etanercept (TNF blocker), effectively protected neurons and ameliorated neuronopathic symptoms. In this study, we propose that limiting unrestrained microglia activation using drug repurposing provides a quickly applicable therapeutic option for fatal neuronopathic GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Charles R Schutt
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tomiyasu
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Zakaria Omahdi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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The Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1315248. [PMID: 36211819 PMCID: PMC9534688 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1315248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence supports the view that dysfunction of innate immune cells initiated by accumulated and misfolded proteins plays essential roles in the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. The TLR family was found to be involved in the regulation of microglial function in the pathogenesis and progression of AD or PD, making it as double-edged sword in these diseases. Altered function of peripheral innate immune cells was found in AD and PD and thus contributed to the development and progression of AD and PD. Alteration of different subsets of T cells was found in the peripheral blood and CNS in AD and PD. The CNS-infiltrating T cells can exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects in the pathogenesis and progression. Here, we review recent evidences for the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in the pathogenesis and progression of AD and PD.
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Han QW, Shao QH, Wang XT, Ma KL, Chen NH, Yuan YH. CB2 receptor activation inhibits the phagocytic function of microglia through activating ERK/AKT-Nurr1 signal pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2253-2266. [PMID: 35132190 PMCID: PMC9433450 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Activation of microglia, the resident immune cells in CNS, induces inflammatory responses, resulting in the release of neurotoxic molecules, which favors neuronal death and neurodegeneration. Nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1) protein, one of the orphan nuclear receptor superfamilies, is an emerging target for neuroprotective therapy. In addition, the anti-inflammatory function of cannabinoid (CB) receptors has attracted increasing interest. As both CB receptors (especially CB2 receptor) and Nurr1 exist in microglia, and regulate a number of same molecular points such as NF-κB, we herein explored the interplay between the CB2 receptor and Nurr1 as well as the regulatory mechanisms in microglial cells. We showed that the application of CB2 receptor agonists JWH015 (1, 10 μM) significantly increased the nuclear Nurr1 protein in BV-2 cells and primary midbrain microglia. Overexpression of Nurr1 or application of Nurr1 agonist C-DIM12 (10 μM) significantly increased the mRNA level of CB2 receptor in BV-2 cells, suggesting that positive expression feedback existing between the CB2 receptor and Nurr1. After 2-AG and JWH015 activated the CB2 receptors, the levels of p-ERK, p-AKT, p-GSK-3β in BV-2 cells were significantly increased. Using ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002, we revealed that the amount of Nurr1 in the nucleus was upregulated through β-arrestin2/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways. With these inhibitors, we found a cross-talk interaction between the two pathways, and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway played a more dominant regulatory role. Furthermore, we demonstrated that when the CB2 receptor was activated, the phagocytic function of BV-2 cells was significantly weakened; the activation of Nurr1 also inhibited the phagocytic function of BV-2 cells. Pretreatment with the signaling pathway inhibitors, especially U0126, reversed the inhibitory effect of 2-AG on phagocytosis, suggesting that CB2 receptor may regulate the phagocytic function of microglia by activating Nurr1. In conclusion, CB2 receptor or/and Nurr1-mediated signal pathways play instrumental roles in the progress of phagocytosis, which are expected to open up new treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qian-Hang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kai-Li Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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10
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Allendorf DH, Brown GC. Neu1 Is Released From Activated Microglia, Stimulating Microglial Phagocytosis and Sensitizing Neurons to Glutamate. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:917884. [PMID: 35693885 PMCID: PMC9178234 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.917884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase 1 (Neu1) hydrolyses terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids, and is normally located in lysosomes, but can be released onto the surface of activated myeloid cells and microglia. We report that endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia released Neu1 into culture medium, and knockdown of Neu1 in microglia reduced both Neu1 protein and neuraminidase activity in the culture medium. Release of Neu1 was reduced by inhibitors of lysosomal exocytosis, and accompanied by other lysosomal proteins, including protective protein/cathepsin A, known to keep Neu1 active. Extracellular neuraminidase or over-expression of Neu1 increased microglial phagocytosis, while knockdown of Neu1 decreased phagocytosis. Microglial activation caused desialylation of microglial phagocytic receptors Trem2 and MerTK, and increased binding to Trem2 ligand galectin-3. Culture media from activated microglia contained Neu1, and when incubated with neurons induced their desialylation, and increased the neuronal death induced by low levels of glutamate. Direct desialylation of neurons by adding sialidase or inhibiting sialyltransferases also increased glutamate-induced neuronal death. We conclude that activated microglia can release active Neu1, possibly by lysosomal exocytosis, and this can both increase microglial phagocytosis and sensitize neurons to glutamate, thus potentiating neuronal death.
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11
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Weiss F, Labrador-Garrido A, Dzamko N, Halliday G. Immune responses in the Parkrtdinson's disease brain. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Labib AY, Ammar RM, El-Naga RN, El-Bahy AAZ, Tadros MG, Michel HE. Mechanistic insights into the protective effect of paracetamol against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Possible role of endocannabinoid system modulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107431. [PMID: 33578261 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling progressive neurodegenerative disease. So far, PD's treatment remains symptomatic with no curative effects. Aside from its blatant analgesic and antipyretic efficacy, recent studies highlighted the endowed neuroprotective potentials of paracetamol (PCM). To this end: the present study investigated: (1) Possible protective role of PCM against rotenone-induced PD-like neurotoxicity in rats, and (2) the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective actions including cannabinoid receptors' modulation. A dose-response study was conducted using three doses of PCM (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and their effects on body weight changes, spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod test, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein expression, and striatal dopamine (DA) content were evaluated. Results revealed that PCM (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) halted PD motor impairment, prevented rotenone-induced weight loss, restored normal histological tissue structure, reversed rotenone-induced reduction in TH expression and striatal DA content, and markedly decreased midbrain and striatal α-synuclein expression in rotenone-treated rats. Accordingly, PCM (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was selected for further mechanistic investigations, where it ameliorated rotenone-induced oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, apoptosis, and disturbed cannabinoid receptors' expression. In conclusion, our findings imply a multi-target neuroprotective effect of PCM in PD which could be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, in addition to cannabinoid receptors' modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yassin Labib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramy M Ammar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshaymaa Amin Zaki El-Bahy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative City, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083907. [PMID: 33918947 PMCID: PMC8070536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing age of the population, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has increased exponentially. The development of novel therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of the involvement of senescent brain cells in the pathogenesis of PD. In this review, we highlight the roles played by microglia in the basal ganglia in the pathophysiological processes of PD. In PD, dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activates the microglia, which then promote DAergic neuronal degeneration by releasing potentially neurotoxic factors, including nitric oxide, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, microglia are also activated in the basal ganglia outputs (the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the globus pallidus) in response to excess glutamate released from hyperactive subthalamic nuclei-derived synapses. The activated microglia then eliminate the hyperactive glutamatergic synapses. Synapse elimination may be the mechanism underlying the compensation that masks the appearance of PD symptoms despite substantial DAergic neuronal loss. Microglial senescence may correlate with their enhanced neurotoxicity in the SNc and the reduced compensatory actions in the basal ganglia outputs. The dual roles of microglia in different basal ganglia regions make it difficult to develop interventions targeting microglia for PD treatment.
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14
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Kobayashi Y, Oguro A, Yagi E, Mitani A, Kudoh SN, Imaoka S. Bisphenol A and rotenone induce S-nitrosylation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and inhibit neurite outgrowth of primary cultured cells of the rat hippocampus and PC12 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 45:783-794. [PMID: 33268678 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) interferes the function and development of the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in behavioral abnormalities and memory loss. S-nitrosylation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is increased in brains with sporadic Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of nitric oxide (NO) in BPA-induced neurotoxicity. Since rotenone induces NO-mediated neurodegeneration through S-nitrosylation of PDI, it was used as a positive control. First, rats were treated with BPA and rotenone, and S-nitrosylation of PDI was detected in rat brain microsomes. BPA and rotenone decreased RNase oxidation activity of PDI concomitant with S-nitrosylation of PDI. Next, to clarify S-nitrosylation of PDI by BPA and rotenone in rat brains, we treated the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and primary cultured neuron cells from the rat hippocampus with BPA (5 and 10 μM) and rotenone (100 or 200 nM). BPA induced S-nitrosylation of PDI, while NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a NOS inhibitor, exerted the opposite effects. Finally, to evaluate the toxicity of BPA in the CNS, we investigated its effects on neurite outgrowth of PC12 and primary cultured neuron cells. BPA inhibited neurite outgrowth of these cells, while L-NMMA reversed this inhibition. The involvement of PDI activity in neurite outgrowth was also examined, and bacitracin, a PDI inhibitor, is shown to decrease neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, the overexpression of PDI, but not a catalytically inactive PDI mutant, enhanced neurite outgrowth. These results suggested that S-nitrosylation of PDI induced by excessive NO caused BPA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Ami Oguro
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University.,Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | - Erina Yagi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Akira Mitani
- Department of Human-System Interaction, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Suguru N Kudoh
- Department of Human-System Interaction, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Susumu Imaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
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15
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Butler CA, Popescu AS, Kitchener EJA, Allendorf DH, Puigdellívol M, Brown GC. Microglial phagocytosis of neurons in neurodegeneration, and its regulation. J Neurochem 2021; 158:621-639. [PMID: 33608912 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that excessive microglial phagocytosis of neurons and synapses contributes to multiple brain pathologies. RNA-seq and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have linked multiple phagocytic genes to neurodegenerative diseases, and knock-out of phagocytic genes has been found to protect against neurodegeneration in animal models, suggesting that excessive microglial phagocytosis contributes to neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent evidence that microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses causes neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementias, multiple sclerosis, retinal degeneration and neurodegeneration induced by ischaemia, infection or ageing. We also review factors regulating microglial phagocytosis of neurons, including: nucleotides, frackalkine, phosphatidylserine, calreticulin, UDP, CD47, sialylation, complement, galectin-3, Apolipoprotein E, phagocytic receptors, Siglec receptors, cytokines, microglial epigenetics and expression profile. Some of these factors may be potential treatment targets to prevent neurodegeneration mediated by excessive microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alma S Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Wang K, Li J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chen D, Shi Z, Smith AD, Li W, Gao Y. Central nervous system diseases related to pathological microglial phagocytosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:528-539. [PMID: 33650762 PMCID: PMC8025646 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are important phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). They play an important role in protecting the CNS by clearing necrotic tissue and apoptotic cells in many CNS diseases. However, recent studies have found that microglia can phagocytose parts of neurons excessively, such as the neuronal cell body, synapse, or myelin sheaths, before or after the onset of CNS diseases, leading to aggravated injury and impaired tissue repair. Meanwhile, reduced phagocytosis of synapses and myelin results in abnormal circuit connections and inhibition of remyelination, respectively. Previous studies focused primarily on the positive effects of microglia phagocytosis, whereas only a few studies have focused on the negative effects. In this review, we use the term "pathological microglial phagocytosis" to refer to excessive or reduced phagocytosis by microglia that leads to structural or functional abnormalities in target cells and brain tissue. The classification of pathological microglial phagocytosis, the composition, and activation of related signaling pathways, as well as the process of pathological phagocytosis in various kinds of CNS diseases, are described in this review. We hypothesize that pathological microglial phagocytosis leads to aggravation of tissue damage and negative functional outcome. For example, excessive microglial phagocytosis of synapses can be observed in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, leading to significant synapse loss and memory impairment. In Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury, excessive microglial phagocytosis of neuronal cell bodies causes impaired gray matter recovery and sensory dysfunction. We therefore believe that more studies should focus on the mechanism of pathological microglial phagocytosis and activation to uncover potential targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Amanda D Smith
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Ke M, Chong CM, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Cai CZ, Lu JH, Qin D, Su H. Comprehensive Perspectives on Experimental Models for Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:223-246. [PMID: 33532138 PMCID: PMC7801282 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks second among the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Various cross-species preclinical models, including cellular models and animal models, have been established through the decades to study the etiology and mechanism of the disease from cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are aimed at developing effective therapeutic strategies for the disease. None of the current models can replicate all major pathological and clinical phenotypes of PD. Selection of the model for PD largely relies on our interest of study. In this review, we systemically summarized experimental PD models, including cellular and animal models used in preclinical studies, to understand the pathogenesis of PD. This review is intended to provide current knowledge about the application of these different PD models, with focus on their strengths and limitations with respect to their contributions to the assessment of the molecular pathobiology of PD and identification of the therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Ke
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cui-Zan Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- 2Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,3South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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18
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Histamine-4 receptor antagonist ameliorates Parkinson-like pathology in the striatum. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:127-138. [PMID: 33249171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that microglia activation and a neuroinflammatory trigger contribute to dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, increased density of histaminergic fibers and enhanced histamine levels have been observed in the substantia nigra of PD-postmortem brains. Histamine-induced microglial activation is mediated by the histamine-4 receptor (H4R). In the current study, gene set enrichment and pathway analyses of a PD basal ganglia RNA-sequencing dataset revealed that upregulation of H4R was in the top functional category for PD treatment targets. Interestingly, the H4R antagonist JNJ7777120 normalized the number of nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers and striatal dopamine levels in a rotenone-induced PD rat model. These improvements were accompanied by a reduction of α-synuclein-positive inclusions in the striatum. In addition, intracerebroventricular infusion of JNJ7777120 alleviated the morphological changes in Iba-1-positive microglia and resulted in a lower tumor necrosis factor-α release from this brain region, as well as in ameliorated apomorphine-induced rotation behaviour. Finally, JNJ7777120 also restored basal ganglia function by decreasing the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid to serotonin (5-HIAA/5-HT) concentration ratios in the striatum of the PD model. Our results highlight H4R inhibition in microglia as a promising and specific therapeutic target to reduce or prevent neuroinflammation, and as such the development of PD pathology.
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19
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Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Inhibits Rotenone-Induced Microglia Inflammation by Enhancing Autophagy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194359. [PMID: 32977419 PMCID: PMC7582530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a feature common to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), which might be responsive to therapeutic intervention. Rotenone has been widely used to establish PD models by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Our previous studies have reported that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a naturally occurring redox cofactor, could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction in rotenone induced PD models by regulating mitochondrial functions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PQQ on neuroinflammation and the mechanism involved. BV2 microglia cells were pre-treated with PQQ followed by rotenone incubation. The data showed that PQQ did not affect the cell viability of BV2 cells treated with rotenone, while the conditioned medium (CM) of BV2 cells pre-treated with PQQ significantly increased cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells. In rotenone-treated BV2 cells, PQQ dose-dependently decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and suppressed the up-regulation of pro-inflammation factors, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the cultured media, as well as nitric oxide (NO) release induced by rotenone. PQQ pretreatment also increased the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and expression of Atg5 in BV2 cells stimulated with rotenone. Additionally, the autophagosome observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and co-localization of mitochondria with lysosomes indicated that mitophagy was induced by PQQ in rotenone-injured BV2 cells, and the PINK1/parkin mediated mitophagy pathway was regulated by PQQ. Further, autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), partially abolished the neuroprotective effect of PQQ and attenuated the inhibition of inflammation with PQQ pretreatment. Taken together, our data extend our understanding of the neuroprotective effect of PQQ against rotenone-induced injury and provide evidence that autophagy enhancement might be a novel therapeutic strategy for PD treatment.
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20
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Remodeling microglia to a protective phenotype in Parkinson's disease? Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135164. [PMID: 32561452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most widespread movement disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 individuals above 60 years of age. Until now, understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD to translate them into therapy has remained a high research priority. In this review, we highlight evidence describing the involvement of microglial dysfunction in PD. Thereafter, we provide current knowledge suggesting that the substantia nigra pars compacta and putamen, compared to other brain regions, show a reduced microglial density, as well as altered morphological and functional properties in homeostatic conditions, while presenting dystrophic features associated with aging. Further, we describe that this defective microglial programing emerges as early as the second postnatal week, persists until adulthood and impacts negatively on their transcriptional pattern and provision of local trophic support. We emphasize the role of α-synuclein oligomers as a major dysfunctional signal underlining microglial-mediated phenotypic switch and adaptive response contributing to neurodegeneration. Moreover, we explore available avenues should microglia be considered as target for neuroprotective or restorative strategies including preventing the aggregation of α-synuclein protofibrils formation. However, we provide a note of caution regarding the success of microglial-targeted PD strategies, using minocycline as an example. In conclusion, we discuss putative neuroprotective agents that were unsuccessful in previous trials but could be reconsidered by focusing on the stage of microglial-dependent pathogenic events during PD in suitable cohorts of patients.
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21
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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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22
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Liu C, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Fang R, Li F, Zhang J. A Scientometric Analysis and Visualization of Research on Parkinson's Disease Associated With Pesticide Exposure. Front Public Health 2020; 8:91. [PMID: 32318533 PMCID: PMC7154051 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) have not yet been clearly described. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset and progression of PD. Some pesticides have been demonstrated to be associated with PD by many previous studies and experiments, and an increasing number of researchers have paid attention to this area in recent years. This paper aims to explore the knowledge structure, analyze the current research hot spots, and discuss the research trend through screening and summarizing the present literature. Based on 1767 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed database, this study carried out the analysis from the keywords, cited references, countries, authors, and some other aspects by using Citespace. The hot topics, valuable articles, and productive authors in this research field could be found after that. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically visualize the relationship between pesticide exposure and PD, and forecast research tendency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruying Fang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
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23
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Atone J, Wagner K, Hashimoto K, Hammock BD. Cytochrome P450 derived epoxidized fatty acids as a therapeutic tool against neuroinflammatory diseases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 147:106385. [PMID: 31698143 PMCID: PMC7067627 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA) produces epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that are known to exert protective effects in inflammatory disorders. Endogenous EpFAs are further metabolized into corresponding diols by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Through inhibition of sEH, many studies have demonstrated the cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of EpFAs; however, the role of sEH inhibition in modulating the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders is less well described. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge surrounding the effects of sEH inhibition and EpFA action in neuroinflammatory disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), stroke, depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), as well as the potential mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effects of sEH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogen Atone
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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24
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Potential new therapies against a toxic relationship: neuroinflammation and Parkinson’s disease. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:676-688. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Zhang Y, Guo H, Guo X, Ge D, Shi Y, Lu X, Lu J, Chen J, Ding F, Zhang Q. Involvement of Akt/mTOR in the Neurotoxicity of Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203811. [PMID: 31658620 PMCID: PMC6843606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone has recently been widely used to establish Parkinson’s disease (PD) models to replicate the features of PD. However, the mechanisms involved in rotenone neurotoxicity have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify the neurotoxicity of rotenone through intraperitoneal injection in mice and to investigate the global changes of phosphorylation proteomic profiles in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells through a label-free proteomic analysis using a PTMScan with LC–MS/MS. ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were intraperitoneally injected with different dosages of rotenone (1 mg/kg/d or 3 mg/kg/d) daily for 21 consecutive days. Rotenone caused a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor activities and a decrease in the number of Nissl-positive and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Here, 194 phosphopeptides on 174 proteins were detected in SH-SY5Y cells, and 37 phosphosites on 33 proteins displayed statistically significant changes in expression after rotenone injury. The downregulation of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR was further confirmed by western blot analysis. A specific Akt activator, SC79, could protect cell viability and induce autophagy in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells. This study indicates the involvement of the Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells and provides molecular information for the neurotoxicity of rotenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xinyu Guo
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Denfeng Ge
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xiyu Lu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Jinli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China.
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26
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Jayaraj RL, Beiram R, Azimullah S, Meeran MFN, Ojha SK, Adem A, Jalal FY. Lycopodium Attenuates Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112182. [PMID: 31185705 PMCID: PMC6600474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, a chronic, age related neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by a progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Several studies have proven that the activation of glial cells, presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates, and oxidative stress, fuels neurodegeneration, and currently there is no definitive treatment for PD. In this study, a rotenone-induced rat model of PD was used to understand the neuroprotective potential of Lycopodium (Lyc), a commonly-used potent herbal medicine. Immunohistochemcial data showed that rotenone injections significantly increased the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and decreased the striatal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. Further, rotenone administration activated microglia and astroglia, which in turn upregulated the expression of α-synuclein, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress factors, resulting in PD pathology. However, rotenone-injected rats that were orally treated with lycopodium (50 mg/kg) were protected against dopaminergic neuronal loss by diminishing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-9, as well as reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes. This neuroprotective mechanism not only involves reduction in pro-inflammatory response and α-synuclein expression, but also synergistically enhanced antioxidant defense system by virtue of the drug's multimodal action. These findings suggest that Lyc has the potential to be further developed as a therapeutic candidate for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Jayaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shreesh K Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fakhreya Yousuf Jalal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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27
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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Redox Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Outcomes to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1450-1499. [PMID: 29634350 PMCID: PMC6393771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once considered to be mere by-products of metabolism, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are now recognized to play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as response to pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation. It is becoming increasingly evident that redox imbalance can impact several signaling pathways. For instance, disturbances of redox regulation in the brain mediate neurodegeneration and alter normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Very often small disturbances in redox signaling processes, which are reversible, precede damage in neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: The identification of redox-regulated processes, such as regulation of biochemical pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain has provided deeper insights into mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have also identified several post-translational modifications involving reactive cysteine residues, such as nitrosylation and sulfhydration, which fine-tune redox regulation. Thus, the study of mechanisms via which cell death occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, reveal several similarities and dissimilarities. Here, we review redox regulated events that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders and whose modulation affords therapeutic opportunities. CRITICAL ISSUES Although accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, precise understanding of redox regulated events is lacking. Probes and methodologies that can precisely detect and quantify in vivo levels of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are not available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the importance of redox control in physiologic processes, organisms have evolved multiple pathways to counteract redox imbalance and maintain homeostasis. Cells and tissues address stress by harnessing an array of both endogenous and exogenous redox active substances. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegeneration and may provide avenues for novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1450-1499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Tremblay ME, Cookson MR, Civiero L. Glial phagocytic clearance in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:16. [PMID: 30953527 PMCID: PMC6451240 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging picture suggests that glial cells' loss of beneficial roles or gain of toxic functions can contribute to neurodegenerative conditions. Among glial cells, microglia and astrocytes have been shown to play phagocytic roles by engulfing synapses, apoptotic cells, cell debris, and released toxic proteins. As pathogenic protein accumulation is a key feature in Parkinson's disease (PD), compromised phagocytic clearance might participate in PD pathogenesis. In contrast, enhanced, uncontrolled and potentially toxic glial clearance capacity could contribute to synaptic degeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial and astrocytic phagocytosis, focusing on the possible implication of phagocytic dysfunction in neuronal degeneration. Several endo-lysosomal proteins displaying genetic variants in PD are highly expressed by microglia and astrocytes. We also present the evidence that lysosomal defects can affect phagocytic clearance and discuss the therapeutic relevance of restoring or enhancing lysosomal function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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29
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Killen MJ, Giorgi-Coll S, Helmy A, Hutchinson PJ, Carpenter KL. Metabolism and inflammation: implications for traumatic brain injury therapeutics. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:227-242. [PMID: 30848963 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1582332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in young people, affecting 69 million people annually, worldwide. The initial trauma disrupts brain homeostasis resulting in metabolic dysfunction and an inflammatory cascade, which can then promote further neurodegenerative effects for months or years, as a 'secondary' injury. Effective targeting of the cerebral inflammatory system is challenging due to its complex, pleiotropic nature. Cell metabolism plays a key role in many diseases, and increased disturbance in the TBI metabolic state is associated with poorer patient outcomes. Investigating critical metabolic pathways, and their links to inflammation, can potentially identify supplements which alter the brain's long-term response to TBI and improve recovery. Areas covered: The authors provide an overview of literature on metabolism and inflammation following TBI, and from relevant pre-clinical and clinical studies, propose therapeutic strategies. Expert opinion: There is still no specific active drug treatment for TBI. Changes in metabolic and inflammatory states have been reported after TBI and appear linked. Understanding more about abnormal cerebral metabolism following TBI, and its relationship with cerebral inflammation, will provide essential information for designing therapies, with implications for neurocritical care and for alleviating long-term disability and neurodegeneration in post-TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica J Killen
- a Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Susan Giorgi-Coll
- a Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- a Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Peter Ja Hutchinson
- a Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.,b Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Keri Lh Carpenter
- a Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.,b Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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30
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Zhou P, Homberg JR, Fang Q, Wang J, Li W, Meng X, Shen J, Luan Y, Liao P, Swaab DF, Shan L, Liu C. Histamine-4 receptor antagonist JNJ7777120 inhibits pro-inflammatory microglia and prevents the progression of Parkinson-like pathology and behaviour in a rat model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:61-73. [PMID: 30408497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglial cells is presumed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The activity of microglia is regulated by the histamine-4 receptor (H4R), thus providing a novel target that may prevent the progression of PD. However, this putative mechanism has so far not been validated. In our previous study, we found that mRNA expression of H4R was upregulated in PD patients. In the present study, we validated this possible mechanism using the rotenone-induced PD rat model, in which mRNA expression levels of H4R-, and microglial markers were significantly increased in the ventral midbrain. Inhibition of H4R in rotenone-induced PD rat model by infusion of the specific H4R antagonist JNJ7777120 into the lateral ventricle resulted in blockade of microglial activation. In addition, pharmacological targeting of H4R in rotenone-lesioned rats resulted in reduced apomorphine-induced rotational behaviour, prevention of dopaminergic neuron degeneration and associated decreases in striatal dopamine levels. These changes were accompanied by a reduction of Lewy body-like neuropathology. Our results provide first proof of the efficacy of an H4R antagonist in a commonly used PD rat model, and proposes the H4R as a promising target to clinically tackle microglial activation and thereby the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuyuan Fang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Weizhuo Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Xianzong Meng
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Junqing Shen
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Yi Luan
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Peng Liao
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ling Shan
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chunqing Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
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31
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Pokusa M, Kráľová Trančíková A. FLIM analysis of intracellular markers associated with the development of Parkinson's disease in cellular model. Physiol Res 2019; 67:S673-S683. [PMID: 30607974 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world. Major features of cell pathology of the disease include the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies, which are composed of aggregated proteins. The presence of Lewy's body is associated with more advanced stages of the disease when considering irreversible changes. Precise identification of the disease stage at a cellular level presents the critical tool in developing early diagnostics and/or prevention of PD. The aim of our work is to introduce sensitive microscopic analysis in living cells, focused on initial intracellular changes and thus capable to detect earlier stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pokusa
- Biomedical center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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32
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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Xicoy-Espaulella E, Serratosa J, Saura J, Solà C. Parkinsonian Neurotoxins Impair the Pro-inflammatory Response of Glial Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:479. [PMID: 30686998 PMCID: PMC6335390 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the case of Parkinson's disease (PD), epidemiological studies have reported that pesticide exposure is a risk factor for its pathology. It has been suggested that some chemical agents, such as rotenone and paraquat, that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain (in the same way as the PD mimetic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, MPP+) are involved in the development of PD. However, although the neurotoxic effect of such compounds has been widely reported using in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches, their direct effect on the glial cells remains poorly characterized. In addition, the extent to which these toxins interfere with the immune response of the glial cells, is also underexplored. We used mouse primary mixed glial and microglial cultures to study the effect of MPP+ and rotenone on glial activation, in the absence and the presence of a pro-inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ, LPS+IFN-γ). We determined the mRNA expression of the effector molecules that participate in the inflammatory response (pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes), as well as the nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production. We also studied the phagocytic activity of the microglial cells. In addition, we evaluated the metabolic changes associated with the observed effects, through the measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and the expression of genes involved in the control of metabolic pathways. We observed that exposure of the glial cultures to the neurotoxins, especially rotenone, impaired the pro-inflammatory response induced by LPS/IFN-γ. MPP+ and rotenone also impaired the phagocytic activity of the microglial cells, and this effect was potentiated in the presence of LPS/IFN-γ. The deficit in ATP production that was detected, mainly in MPP+ and rotenone-treated mixed glial cultures, may be responsible for the effects observed. These results show that the response of glial cells to a pro-inflammatory challenge is altered in the presence of toxins inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, suggesting that the glial immune response is impaired by such agents. This may have relevant consequences for brain function and the central nervous system's (CNS's) response to insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Efren Xicoy-Espaulella
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
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34
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García Del Río A, Delmiro A, Martín MA, Cantalapiedra R, Carretero R, Durántez C, Menegotto F, Morán M, Serrano-Lorenzo P, De la Fuente MA, Orduña A, Simarro M. The Mitochondrial Isoform of FASTK Modulates Nonopsonic Phagocytosis of Bacteria by Macrophages via Regulation of Respiratory Complex I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2977-2985. [PMID: 30322967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal process by which innate immune cells eliminate bacteria. In this study, we explore novel regulatory mechanisms of phagocytosis driven by the mitochondria. Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase (FASTK) is an RNA-binding protein with two isoforms, one localized to the mitochondria (mitoFASTK) and the other isoform to cytosol and nucleus. The mitoFASTK isoform has been reported to be necessary for the biogenesis of the mitochondrial ND6 mRNA, which encodes an essential subunit of mitochondrial respiratory complex I (CI, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). This study investigates the role and the mechanisms of action of FASTK in phagocytosis. Macrophages from FASTK─/─ mice exhibited a marked increase in nonopsonic phagocytosis of bacteria. As expected, CI activity was specifically reduced by almost 50% in those cells. To explore if decreased CI activity could underlie the phagocytic phenotype, we tested the effect of CI inhibition on phagocytosis. Indeed, treatment with CI inhibitor rotenone or short hairpin RNAs against two CI subunits (NDUFS3 and NDUFS4) resulted in a marked increase in nonopsonic phagocytosis of bacteria. Importantly, re-expression of mitoFASTK in FASTK-depleted macrophages was sufficient to rescue the phagocytic phenotype. In addition, we also report that the decrease in CI activity in FASTK─/─ macrophages is associated with an increase in phosphorylation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that its inhibition using Compound C reverted the phagocytosis phenotype. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that mitoFASTK plays a negative regulatory role on nonopsonic phagocytosis of bacteria in macrophages through its action on CI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aitor Delmiro
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases, U723, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martín
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases, U723, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Carretero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Durántez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fabiola Menegotto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Morán
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases, U723, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Serrano-Lorenzo
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel De la Fuente
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; .,Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Orduña
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; and
| | - María Simarro
- Department of Nursing, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Mansour RM, Ahmed MAE, El-Sahar AE, El Sayed NS. Montelukast attenuates rotenone-induced microglial activation/p38 MAPK expression in rats: Possible role of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 358:76-85. [PMID: 30222980 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Montelukast (MK),a cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT1) receptor antagonist, latterly exhibited a remarkable neuroprotective activity in various neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of MK in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease(PD) model in rats. Ninety six male rats were split into four groups: vehicle control (0.2 ml/kg/48 h, sc), MK (10 mg/kg/day, ip), rotenone (1.5 mg/kg/48 h, sc.) and rotenone pretreated with MK. Rotenone treatment led to significant reduction in motor functioning and elevation in oxidative stress markers. Additionally, upregulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and CysLT1 receptor expressions were anchored with enhanced striatal microglial activation generating a severe neuro-inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, an augmentation in p53 expression and cleaved caspases-3 activity increased apoptotic neurodegeneration synchronized with reduction of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content. Changes in neuronal morphology was also noted. MK administration significantly mitigated motor impairment and rise in oxidative stress mediators. As well, the anti-inflammatory activity of MK was manifested by hindering the principal controller of inflammatory pathway, nuclear factor-kappa B, followed by its downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta), by attenuating striatal microglial activation and hampering the expression of both p38 MAPK and CysLT1. Moreover, MK revealed a decline in p53 expression with its downstream cleaved caspases-3 which resulted in preservation of striatal TH terminals as verified by increased striatal TH content and improvement in the histopathological changes incited by rotenone. In conclusion, MK endowed neuroprotective effects in rotenone-induced PD animal model via attenuation of microglial cell activation and p38 MAPK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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Elmazoglu Z, Yar Saglam AS, Sonmez C, Karasu C. Luteolin protects microglia against rotenone-induced toxicity in a hormetic manner through targeting oxidative stress response, genes associated with Parkinson’s disease and inflammatory pathways. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:96-103. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1504961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Can Sonmez
- Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Fortalezas S, Marques-da-Silva D, Gutierrez-Merino C. Creatine Protects Against Cytosolic Calcium Dysregulation, Mitochondrial Depolarization and Increase of Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Rotenone-Induced Cell Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:717-732. [PMID: 30094708 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is an active component of many pesticides which has been shown to induce Parkinsonism in animal models. We show that the cytotoxicity of exposure to nanomolar concentrations of rotenone in cultures of mature cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) in serum-free medium is not due to phagocytosis by glial contamination. A concentration as low as 5.65 ± 0.51 nM of rotenone was enough to trigger 50% cell death of mature CGN in culture after 12 h. The addition of serum proteins to the culture medium attenuated rotenone neurotoxicity, and this can account at least in part for the requirement of higher rotenone concentrations to elicit neuronal cytotoxicity reported in previous works. Creatine partial protection against CGN death promoted by 5 nM rotenone correlated with creatine protection against rotenone-induced mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress. Furthermore, creatine largely attenuated the early dysregulation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration after acute rotenone treatment. Noteworthy, our results also revealed that the sustained alteration of Ca2+ homeostasis induced by rotenone takes place at the onset of the enhancement of intracellular oxidative stress and before mitochondrial depolarization, pointing out that cytosolic Ca2+ dysregulation is a very early event in the rotenone toxicity to CGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Fortalezas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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Janda E, Boi L, Carta AR. Microglial Phagocytosis and Its Regulation: A Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:144. [PMID: 29755317 PMCID: PMC5934476 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of phagocytosis in the neuroprotective function of microglia has been appreciated for a long time, but only more recently a dysregulation of this process has been recognized in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, microglia play several critical roles in central nervous system (CNS), such as clearance of dying neurons and pathogens as well as immunomodulation, and to fulfill these complex tasks they engage distinct phenotypes. Regulation of phenotypic plasticity and phagocytosis in microglia can be impaired by defects in molecular machinery regulating critical homeostatic mechanisms, including autophagy. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge on molecular mechanisms of microglia phagocytosis, and the neuro-pathological role of microglia in PD. Then we focus more in detail on the possible functional role of microglial phagocytosis in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Evidence in support of either a beneficial or deleterious role of phagocytosis in dopaminergic degeneration is reported. Altered expression of target-recognizing receptors and lysosomal receptor CD68, as well as the emerging determinant role of α-synuclein (α-SYN) in phagocytic function is discussed. We finally discuss the rationale to consider phagocytic processes as a therapeutic target to prevent or slow down dopaminergic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Immunomorphological Changes in the Olfactory Bulbs of Rats after Intranasal Administration of Rotenone. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 164:203-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Sarkar S, Malovic E, Harishchandra DS, Ghaisas S, Panicker N, Charli A, Palanisamy BN, Rokad D, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Mitochondrial impairment in microglia amplifies NLRP3 inflammasome proinflammatory signaling in cell culture and animal models of Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 3:30. [PMID: 29057315 PMCID: PMC5645400 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway is a major contributor to the neuroinflammatory process in the central nervous system. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key pathophysiological processes of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the inter-relationship between mitochondrial defects and neuroinflammation is not well understood. In the present study, we show that impaired mitochondrial function can augment the NLRP3 inflammasome-driven proinflammatory cascade in microglia. Primary mouse microglia treated with the common inflammogen LPS increased NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β expression. Interestingly, exposure of LPS-primed microglial cells to the mitochondrial complex-I inhibitory pesticides rotenone and tebufenpyrad specifically potentiated the NLRP3 induction, ASC speck formation and pro-IL-1β processing to IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that mitochondrial impairment heightened the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory response in microglia. The neurotoxic pesticide-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was accompanied by bioenergetic defects and lysosomal dysfunction in microglia. Furthermore, the pesticides enhanced mitochondrial ROS generation in primary microglia, while amelioration of mitochondria-derived ROS by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mito-apocynin completely abolished IL-1β release, indicating mitochondrial ROS drives potentiation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia. Exposure to conditioned media obtained from mitochondrial inhibitor-treated, LPS-primed microglial cells, but not unprimed cells, induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in cultured primary mesencephalic and human dopaminergic neuronal cells (LUHMES). Notably, our in vivo results with chronic rotenone rodent models of PD further support the activation of proinflammatory NLRP3 inflammasome signaling due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Collectively, our results demonstrate that mitochondrial impairment in microglia can amplify NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, which augments the dopaminergic neurodegenerative process. A team of American researchers demonstrate that disruption of mitochondria in microglia contributes to inflammation and neurodegeneration. Anumantha G. Kanthasamy at Iowa State University in Ames, IA and colleagues examined the effect of pesticides known to impair mitochondrial function on proinflammatory signaling pathways in microglia, the brain’s immune cells. They found that both rotenone and tebufenpyrad specifically stimulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multi-protein complex implicated in neuroinflammatory processes. The pesticide-treated microglia were able to cause more damage to neuronal cells than the untreated ones, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia augments neurodegeneration. The authors also show that in rodents chronically exposed to rotenone, which causes many of the features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated. These findings contribute to better understand the mechanisms driving chronic neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Emir Malovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Dilshan S Harishchandra
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA.,Present Address: Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, 642 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA.,Present Address: Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, 642 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA.,Present Address: Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | | | - Dharmin Rokad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | | | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Shen Y, Guo X, Han C, Wan F, Ma K, Guo S, Wang L, Xia Y, Liu L, Lin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. The implication of neuronimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in the pathophysiologic process of Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3741-3768. [PMID: 28623510 PMCID: PMC11107509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder implicitly marked by the substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron degeneration and explicitly characterized by the motor and non-motor symptom complexes. Apart from the nigrostriatal dopamine depletion, the immune and endocrine study findings are also frequently reported, which, in fact, have helped to broaden the symptom spectrum and better explain the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Nevertheless, based on the neural, immune, and endocrine findings presented above, it is still difficult to fully recapitulate the pathophysiologic process of PD. Therefore, here, in this review, we have proposed the neuroimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in PD, aiming to achieve a more comprehensive interpretation of the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. As a matter of fact, in addition to the classical motor symptoms, NIE modulatory network can also underlie the non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, circadian rhythm, and sleep disorders in PD. Moreover, the dopamine (DA)-melatonin imbalance in the retino-diencephalic/mesencephalic-pineal axis also provides an alternative explanation for the motor complications in the process of DA replacement therapy. In conclusion, the NIE network can be expected to deepen our understanding and facilitate the multi-dimensional management and therapy of PD in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xingfang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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42
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Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:76-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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44
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Neniskyte U, Fricker M, Brown GC. Amyloid β induces microglia to phagocytose neurons via activation of protein kinase Cs and NADPH oxidase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:346-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Requejo-Aguilar R, Bolaños JP. Mitochondrial control of cell bioenergetics in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:123-137. [PMID: 27091692 PMCID: PMC5065935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The earliest biochemical signs of the disease involve failure in mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum cross talk and lysosomal function, mitochondrial electron chain impairment, mitochondrial dynamics alterations, and calcium and iron homeostasis abnormalities. These changes are associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and energy deficiency. Recently, it has been reported that, as an attempt to compensate for the mitochondrial dysfunction, neurons invoke glycolysis as a low-efficient mode of energy production in models of PD. Here, we review how mitochondria orchestrate the maintenance of cellular energetic status in PD, with special focus on the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, as well as the implication of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes in the control of bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Institute Maimonides of Biomedical Investigation of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Zacarias Gonzalez, 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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46
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Low-Intensity Ultrasound Decreases α-Synuclein Aggregation via Attenuation of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in MPP(+)-Treated PC12 Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6235-6244. [PMID: 27714630 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent oxidative stress caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation play a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously shown that low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) could reduce ROS generation by L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) in retinal pigment epithelial cells. In this study, we studied the effects of LIUS stimulation on the ROS-dependent α-synuclein aggregation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-treated PC12 cells. We found that LIUS stimulation suppressed the MPP+-induced ROS generation and inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity in PC12 cells in an intensity-dependent manner at 30, 50, and 100 mW/cm2. Furthermore, LIUS stimulation at 100 mW/cm2 suppressed inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity by MPP+ and actually resulted in a decrease of α-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation induced by MMP+ treatment in PC12 cells. LIUS stimulation also inhibited expression of casein kinase 2 (CK2) that appears to mediate ROS-dependent α-synuclein aggregation. Finally, LIUS stimulation alleviated the death of PC12 cells by MPP+ treatment in an intensity-dependent manner. We, hence, suggest that LIUS stimulation inhibits ROS generation by MPP+ treatment, thereby suppressing α-synuclein aggregation in PC12 cells.
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47
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Concannon RM, Okine BN, Finn DP, Dowd E. Upregulation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in environmental and viral inflammation-driven rat models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:204-12. [PMID: 27317300 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that Parkinson's disease is associated with a self-sustaining cycle of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, with dying neurons activating microglia, which, once activated, can release several factors that kill further neurons. One emerging pharmacological target that has the potential to break this cycle is the microglial CB2 receptor which, when activated, can suppress microglial activity and reduce their neurotoxicity. However, very little is known about CB2 receptor expression in animal models of Parkinson's disease which is essential for valid preclinical assessment of the anti-Parkinsonian efficacy of drugs targeting the CB2 receptor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the changes that occur in CB2 receptor expression in environmental and inflammation-driven models of Parkinson's disease. To do so, male Sprague Dawley rats were given unilateral, intra-striatal injections of the Parkinson's disease-associated agricultural pesticide, rotenone, or the viral-like inflammagen, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)). Animals underwent behavioural testing for motor dysfunction on days 7, 14 and 28 post-surgery, and were sacrificed on days 1, 4, 14 and 28. Changes in the endocannabinoid system and neuroinflamamtion were investigated by qRT-PCR, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. After injection of rotenone or Poly (I:C) into the rat striatum, we found that expression of the CB2 receptor was significantly elevated in both models, and that this increase correlated significantly with an increase in microglial activation in the rotenone model. Interestingly, the increase in CB2 receptor expression in the inflammation-driven Poly (I:C) model was significantly more pronounced than that in the neurotoxic rotenone model. Thus, this study has shown that CB2 receptor expression is dysregulated in animal models of Parkinson's disease, and has also revealed significant differences in the level of dysregulation between the models themselves. This study indicates that these models may be useful for further investigation of the CB2 receptor as a target for anti-inflammatory disease modification in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Concannon
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bright N Okine
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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48
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Rocha SM, Saraiva T, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R, Santos T, Esteves M, Saraiva C, Je G, Cortes L, Valero J, Alves G, Klibanov A, Kim YS, Bernardino L. Histamine induces microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal toxicity via H1 receptor activation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:137. [PMID: 27260166 PMCID: PMC4893260 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histamine is an amine widely known as a peripheral inflammatory mediator and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Recently, it has been suggested that histamine acts as an innate modulator of microglial activity. Herein, we aimed to disclose the role of histamine in microglial phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to explore the consequences of histamine-induced neuroinflammation in dopaminergic (DA) neuronal survival. Methods The effect of histamine on phagocytosis was assessed both in vitro by using a murine N9 microglial cell line and primary microglial cell cultures and in vivo. Cells were exposed to IgG-opsonized latex beads or phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes to evaluate Fcγ or PS receptor-mediated microglial phagocytosis, respectively. ROS production and protein levels of NADPH oxidases and Rac1 were assessed as a measure of oxidative stress. DA neuronal survival was evaluated in vivo by counting the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice. Results We found that histamine triggers microglial phagocytosis via histamine receptor 1 (H1R) activation and ROS production via H1R and H4R activation. By using apocynin, a broad NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor, and Nox1 knockout mice, we found that the Nox1 signaling pathway is involved in both phagocytosis and ROS production induced by histamine in vitro. Interestingly, both apocynin and annexin V (used as inhibitor of PS-induced phagocytosis) fully abolished the DA neurotoxicity induced by the injection of histamine in the SN of adult mice in vivo. Blockade of H1R protected against histamine-induced Nox1 expression and death of DA neurons in vivo. Conclusions Overall, our results highlight the relevance of histamine in the modulation of microglial activity that ultimately may interfere with neuronal survival in the context of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and, eventually, other neurodegenerative diseases which are accompanied by microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Importantly, our results also open promising new perspectives for the therapeutic use of H1R antagonists to treat or ameliorate neurodegenerative processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0600-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Rocha
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Cristóvão
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marta Esteves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Goun Je
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Luísa Cortes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alexander Klibanov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal. .,Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Hornik TC, Vilalta A, Brown GC. Activated microglia cause reversible apoptosis of pheochromocytoma cells, inducing their cell death by phagocytosis. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:65-79. [PMID: 26567213 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some apoptotic processes, such as phosphatidylserine exposure, are potentially reversible and do not necessarily lead to cell death. However, phosphatidylserine exposure can induce phagocytosis of a cell, resulting in cell death by phagocytosis: phagoptosis. Phagoptosis of neurons by microglia might contribute to neuropathology, whereas phagoptosis of tumour cells by macrophages might limit cancer. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which BV-2 microglia killed co-cultured pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells that were either undifferentiated or differentiated into neuronal cells. We found that microglia activated by lipopolysaccharide rapidly phagocytosed PC12 cells. Activated microglia caused reversible phosphatidylserine exposure on and reversible caspase activation in PC12 cells, and caspase inhibition prevented phosphatidylserine exposur and decreased subsequent phagocytosis. Nitric oxide was necessary and sufficient to induce the reversible phosphatidylserine exposure and phagocytosis. The PC12 cells were not dead at the time they were phagocytised, and inhibition of their phagocytosis left viable cells. Cell loss was inhibited by blocking phagocytosis mediated by phosphatidylserine, MFG-E8, vitronectin receptors or P2Y6 receptors. Thus, activated microglia can induce reversible apoptosis of target cells, which is insufficient to cause apoptotic cell death, but sufficient to induce their phagocytosis and therefore cell death by phagoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C Hornik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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