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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Wu J, Zhou Y, Xu S, Feng Z. Better estimation of evapotranspiration and transpiration using an improved modified Priestly-Taylor model based on a new parameter of leaf senescence in a rice field. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171842. [PMID: 38513864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is at the heart of the global water, energy, and carbon cycles. As ET is difficult and expensive to measure, it is crucial to develop estimation models that can be widely applied. Currently, an improved Priestley-Taylor (PT) model considers soil moisture stress, temperature constraints, and leaf senescence; however, its parameter (fs) for simulating crop senescence is based on empirical values, making it difficult to apply to different varieties and complex external conditions and thus challenging to generalize. We improved the parameters fs in the original model based on the chlorophyll decomposition that accompanies crop senescence through easily observable SPAD values (Soil-Plant Analysis Development readings) in the field. We validated the improved model by obtaining ET of different rice varieties in 2022 and 2023 using the energy balance residual method at the Free Air Concentration Enrichment Experimental (FACE) Facility located in Yangzhou City, China. The results showed that the simulation of leaf senescence using SPAD values was feasible and could be extended to different varieties. The new model using improved leaf senescence parameter for estimating ET and transpiration (T) in three plots (2022 and 2023) exhibited slightly enhanced accuracy, particularly at the later stages of crop growth. Moreover, the higher the T/ET ratio of the cropland, the more significant the improvement. This new development enhances the ability of PT models to estimate ET and T using readily available field observations and provides some suggestions for wider application in the field for other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Jianghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China; Environment and Sustainability, School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Shiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
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Yactayo-Chang JP, Block AK. The impact of climate change on maize chemical defenses. Biochem J 2023; 480:1285-1298. [PMID: 37622733 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasingly affecting agriculture, both at the levels of crops themselves, and by altering the distribution and damage caused by insect or microbial pests. As global food security depends on the reliable production of major crops such as maize (Zea mays), it is vital that appropriate steps are taken to mitigate these negative impacts. To do this a clear understanding of what the impacts are and how they occur is needed. This review focuses on the impact of climate change on the production and effectiveness of maize chemical defenses, including volatile organic compounds, terpenoid phytoalexins, benzoxazinoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Drought, flooding, heat stress, and elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, all impact the production of maize chemical defenses, in a compound and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, changes in stomatal conductance and altered soil conditions caused by climate change can impact environmental dispersal and effectiveness certain chemicals. This can alter both defensive barrier formation and multitrophic interactions. The production of defense chemicals is controlled by stress signaling networks. The use of similar networks to co-ordinate the response to abiotic and biotic stress can lead to complex integration of these networks in response to the combinatorial stresses that are likely to occur in a changing climate. The impact of multiple stressors on maize chemical defenses can therefore be different from the sum of the responses to individual stressors and challenging to predict. Much work remains to effectively leverage these protective chemicals in climate-resilient maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Yactayo-Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Anna K Block
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Shanker AK, Gunnapaneni D, Bhanu D, Vanaja M, Lakshmi NJ, Yadav SK, Prabhakar M, Singh VK. Elevated CO 2 and Water Stress in Combination in Plants: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091330. [PMID: 36138809 PMCID: PMC9495351 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The changing dynamics in the climate are the primary and important determinants of agriculture productivity. The effects of this changing climate on overall productivity in agriculture can be understood when we study the effects of individual components contributing to the changing climate on plants and crops. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) and drought due to high variability in rainfall is one of the important manifestations of the changing climate. There is a considerable amount of literature that addresses climate effects on plant systems from molecules to ecosystems. Of particular interest is the effect of increased CO2 on plants in relation to drought and water stress. As it is known that one of the consistent effects of increased CO2 in the atmosphere is increased photosynthesis, especially in C3 plants, it will be interesting to know the effect of drought in relation to elevated CO2. The potential of elevated CO2 ameliorating the effects of water deficit stress is evident from literature, which suggests that these two agents are brothers in arms protecting the plant from stress rather than partners in crime, specifically for water deficit when in isolation. The possible mechanisms by which this occurs will be discussed in this minireview. Interpreting the effects of short-term and long-term exposure of plants to elevated CO2 in the context of ameliorating the negative impacts of drought will show us the possible ways by which there can be effective adaption to crops in the changing climate scenario.
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Liu L, Hao L, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Ma B, Cheng Y, Tian Y, Chang Z, Zheng Y. The CO 2 fertilization effect on leaf photosynthesis of maize ( Zea mays L.) depends on growth temperatures with changes in leaf anatomy and soluble sugars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890928. [PMID: 36061776 PMCID: PMC9437643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the potential mechanisms and processes of leaf photosynthesis in response to elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and temperature is critical for estimating the impacts of climatic change on the growth and yield in crops such as maize (Zea mays L.), which is a widely cultivated C4 crop all over the world. We examined the combined effect of elevated [CO2] and temperature on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal traits, and biochemical compositions of maize with six environmental growth chambers controlling two CO2 levels (400 and 800 μmol mol-1) and three temperature regimes (25/19°C, 31/25°C, and 37/31°C). We found that leaf photosynthesis was significantly enhanced by increasing growth temperature from 25/19°C to 31/25°C independent of [CO2]. However, leaf photosynthesis drastically declined when the growth temperature was continually increased to 37/31°C at both ambient CO2 concentration (400 μmol mol-1, a[CO2]) and elevated CO2 concentration (800 μmol mol-1, e[CO2]). Meanwhile, we also found strong CO2 fertilization effect on maize plants grown at the highest temperature (37/31°C), as evidenced by the higher leaf photosynthesis at e[CO2] than that at a[CO2], although leaf photosynthesis was similar between a[CO2] and e[CO2] under the other two temperature regimes of 25/19°C and 31/25°C. Furthermore, we also found that e[CO2] resulted in an increase in leaf soluble sugar, which was positively related with leaf photosynthesis under the high temperature regime of 37/31°C (R 2 = 0.77). In addition, our results showed that e[CO2] substantially decreased leaf transpiration rates of maize plants, which might be partially attributed to the reduced stomatal openness as demonstrated by the declined stomatal width and stomatal area. These results suggest that the CO2 fertilization effect on plant growth and leaf photosynthesis of maize depends on growth temperatures through changing stomatal traits, leaf anatomy, and soluble sugar contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Lihua Hao
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yunxin Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Baoguo Ma
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yinshuai Tian
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Zhijie Chang
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yunpu Zheng
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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Ding R, Xie J, Mayfield‐Jones D, Zhang Y, Kang S, Leakey ADB. Plasticity in stomatal behaviour across a gradient of water supply is consistent among field-grown maize inbred lines with varying stomatal patterning. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2324-2336. [PMID: 35590441 PMCID: PMC9541397 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomata regulate leaf CO2 assimilation (A) and water loss. The Ball-Berry and Medlyn models predict stomatal conductance (gs ) with a slope parameter (m or g1 ) that reflects the sensitivity of gs to A, atmospheric CO2 and humidity, and is inversely related to water use efficiency (WUE). This study addressed knowledge gaps about what the values of m and g1 are in C4 crops under field conditions, as well as how they vary among genotypes and with drought stress. Four inbred maize genotypes were unexpectedly consistent in how m and g1 decreased as water supply decreased. This was despite genotypic variation in stomatal patterning, A and gs . m and g1 were strongly correlated with soil water content, moderately correlated with predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd ), but not correlated with midday leaf water potential (Ψmd ). This implied that m and g1 respond to long-term water supply more than short-term drought stress. The conserved nature of m and g1 across anatomically diverse genotypes and water supplies suggests there is flexibility in structure-function relationships underpinning WUE. This evidence can guide the simulation of maize gs across a range of water supply in the primary maize growing region and inform efforts to improve WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ding
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityWuweiGansuChina
| | - Jiayang Xie
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Dustin Mayfield‐Jones
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Yanqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Department of Irrigation and DrainageChina Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Shaozhong Kang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityWuweiGansuChina
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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6
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Ahmed M, Hayat R, Ahmad M, ul-Hassan M, Kheir AMS, ul-Hassan F, ur-Rehman MH, Shaheen FA, Raza MA, Ahmad S. Impact of Climate Change on Dryland Agricultural Systems: A Review of Current Status, Potentials, and Further Work Need. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PRODUCTION 2022; 16:341-363. [PMID: 35614974 PMCID: PMC9122557 DOI: 10.1007/s42106-022-00197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dryland agricultural system is under threat due to climate extremes and unsustainable management. Understanding of climate change impact is important to design adaptation options for dry land agricultural systems. Thus, the present review was conducted with the objectives to identify gaps and suggest technology-based intervention that can support dry land farming under changing climate. Careful management of the available agricultural resources in the region is a current need, as it will play crucial role in the coming decades to ensure food security, reduce poverty, hunger, and malnutrition. Technology based regional collaborative interventions among Universities, Institutions, Growers, Companies etc. for water conservation, supplemental irrigation, foliar sprays, integrated nutrient management, resilient crops-based cropping systems, artificial intelligence, and precision agriculture (modeling and remote sensing) are needed to support agriculture of the region. Different process-based models have been used in different regions around the world to quantify the impacts of climate change at field, regional, and national scales to design management options for dryland cropping systems. Modeling include water and nutrient management, ideotype designing, modification in tillage practices, application of cover crops, insect, and disease management. However, diversification in the mixed and integrated crop and livestock farming system is needed to have profitable, sustainable business. The main focus in this work is to recommend different agro-adaptation measures to be part of policies for sustainable agricultural production systems in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rifat Hayat
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Water Conservation, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Mahmood ul-Hassan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. S. Kheir
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
- Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Cairo University Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayyaz ul-Hassan
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Habib ur-Rehman
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, INRES) University, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef Agriculture University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan
| | - Farid Asif Shaheen
- Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan
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Soil Organic Carbon Isotope Tracing in Sorghum under Ambient CO2 and Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2Air], continue their uncontrolled rise, the capacity of soils to accumulate or retain carbon is uncertain. Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments have been conducted to better understand the plant, soil and ecosystem response to elevated [CO2], frequently employing commercial CO2 that imparts a distinct isotopic signal to the system for tracing carbon. We conducted a FACE experiment in 1998 and 1999, whereby sorghum (C4 photosynthetic pathway) was grown in four replicates of four treatments using a split-strip plot design: (i) ambient CO2/ample water (365 μmol mol−1, “Control–Wet”), (ii) ambient CO2/water stress (“Control–Dry”), (iii) CO2-enriched (560 μmol mol−1, “FACE–Wet”), and (iv) CO2-enriched/water stressed (“FACE–Dry”). The stable-carbon isotope composition of the added CO2 (in FACE treatments) was close to that of free atmosphere background values, so the subsequent similar 13C-enriched carbon signal photosynthetically fixed by C4 sorghum plants could be used to trace the fate of carbon in both FACE and control treatments. Measurement of soil organic carbon content (SOC (%) = gC/gdry soil × 100%) and δ13C at three depths (0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm) were made on soils from the beginning and end of the two experimental growing seasons. A progressive ca. 0.5‰–1.0‰ δ13C increase in the upper soil SOC in all treatments over the course of the experiment indicated common entry of new sorghum carbon into the SOC pools. The 0–15 cm SOC in FACE treatments was 13C-enriched relative to the Control by ca. 1‰, and according to isotopic mass balance, the fraction of the new sorghum-derived SOC in the Control–Wet treatment at the end of the second season was 8.4%, 14.2% in FACE–Wet, 6.5% in Control–Dry, and 14.2% in FACE–Dry. The net SOC enhancement resulting from CO2 enrichment was therefore 5.8% (or 2.9% y−1 of experiment) under ample water and 7.7% (3.8% y−1 of experiment) under limited water, which matches the pattern of greater aboveground biomass increase with elevated [CO2Air] under the Dry treatment, but no parallel isotopic shifts were found in deeper soils. However, these increased fractions of new carbon in SOC at the end of the experiment do not necessarily mean an increase in total SOC content, because gravimetric measurements of SOC did not reveal a significant increase under elevated [CO2Air], at least within the limits of SOC-content error bars. Thus, new carbon gains might be offset by pre-experiment carbon losses. The results demonstrate successful isotopic tracing of carbon from plants to soils in this sorghum FACE experiment showing differences between FACE and Control treatments, which suggest more dynamic cycling of SOC under elevated [CO2Air] than in the Control treatment.
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Xu Z, Zhou G, He Q. Vertical distribution of gas exchanges and their integration throughout the entire canopy in a maize field. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 147:269-281. [PMID: 33511520 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluxes of carbon and water along a vertical profile within a canopy, particularly the associations between canopy and ecosystem levels, are not well studied. In this study, gas exchange along the vertical profile in a maize canopy was examined. The relationships between leaf- and ecosystem-level carbon and water fluxes were compared. The results from research conducted over two growing seasons showed that during vegetative growth, the top and middle leaf layers in the canopy contribute most to the carbon and water fluxes of the entire canopy. During the grain-filling stage, gas exchange processes were performed mostly in the middle leaves with and near the ears. Significant relationships were observed between the net ecosystem CO2 exchange rate (NEE) plus soil respiration and the assumed canopy levels (Acanopy) and between evapotranspiration rates at the ecosystem (ET) and assumed canopy levels (Ecanopy). This highlights the close associations between these parameters by integrating the leaf gas exchange rates measured in a conventional leaf cuvette and those at the ecosystem level via the eddy covariance technique. These results improve our understanding of how carbon assimilation varies vertically within a canopy, highlighting the critical role of ear leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qijin He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Ainsworth EA, Long SP. 30 years of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE): What have we learned about future crop productivity and its potential for adaptation? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:27-49. [PMID: 33135850 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) allows open-air elevation of [CO2 ] without altering the microclimate. Its scale uniquely supports simultaneous study from physiology and yield to soil processes and disease. In 2005 we summarized results of then 28 published observations by meta-analysis. Subsequent studies have combined FACE with temperature, drought, ozone, and nitrogen treatments. Here, we summarize the results of now almost 250 observations, spanning 14 sites and five continents. Across 186 independent studies of 18 C3 crops, elevation of [CO2 ] by ca. 200 ppm caused a ca. 18% increase in yield under non-stress conditions. Legumes and root crops showed a greater increase and cereals less. Nitrogen deficiency reduced the average increase to 10%, as did warming by ca. 2°C. Two conclusions of the 2005 analysis were that C4 crops would not be more productive in elevated [CO2 ], except under drought, and that yield responses of C3 crops were diminished by nitrogen deficiency and wet conditions. Both stand the test of time. Further studies of maize and sorghum showed no yield increase, except in drought, while soybean productivity was negatively affected by early growing season wet conditions. Subsequent study showed reduced levels of nutrients, notably Zn and Fe in most crops, and lower nitrogen and protein in the seeds of non-leguminous crops. Testing across crop germplasm revealed sufficient variation to maintain nutrient content under rising [CO2 ]. A strong correlation of yield response under elevated [CO2 ] to genetic yield potential in both rice and soybean was observed. Rice cultivars with the highest yield potential showed a 35% yield increase in elevated [CO2 ] compared to an average of 14%. Future FACE experiments have the potential to develop cultivars and management strategies for co-promoting sustainability and productivity under future elevated [CO2 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Departments of Plant Biology and of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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He Z, Deng Y, Xu M, Li J, Liang J, Xiong J, Yu H, Wu B, Wu L, Xue K, Shi S, Carrillo Y, Van Nostrand JD, Hobbie SE, Reich PB, Schadt CW, Kent AD, Pendall E, Wallenstein M, Luo Y, Yan Q, Zhou J. Microbial functional genes commonly respond to elevated carbon dioxide. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106068. [PMID: 32871382 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration is increasing, largely due to anthropogenic activities. Previous studies of individual free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experimental sites have shown significant impacts of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on soil microbial communities; however, no common microbial response patterns have yet emerged, challenging our ability to predict ecosystem functioning and sustainability in the future eCO2 environment. Here we analyzed 66 soil microbial communities from five FACE sites, and showed common microbial response patterns to eCO2, especially for key functional genes involved in carbon and nitrogen fixation (e.g., pcc/acc for carbon fixation, nifH for nitrogen fixation), carbon decomposition (e.g., amyA and pulA for labile carbon decomposition, mnp and lcc for recalcitrant carbon decomposition), and greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., mcrA for methane production, norB for nitrous oxide production) across five FACE sites. Also, the relative abundance of those key genes was generally increased and directionally associated with increased biomass, soil carbon decomposition, and soil moisture. In addition, a further literature survey of more disparate FACE experimental sites indicated increased biomass, soil carbon decay, nitrogen fixation, methane and nitrous oxide emissions, plant and soil carbon and nitrogen under eCO2. A conceptual framework was developed to link commonly responsive functional genes with ecosystem processes, such as pcc/acc vs. soil carbon storage, amyA/pulA/mnp/lcc vs. soil carbon decomposition, and nifH vs. nitrogen availability, suggesting that such common responses of microbial functional genes may have the potential to predict ecosystem functioning and sustainability in the future eCO2 environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Ye Deng
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Junyi Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Jinbo Xiong
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Kai Xue
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Shengjing Shi
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Sydney 2751, Australia; University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Sydney 2751, Australia; The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Christopher W Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Angela D Kent
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Sydney 2751, Australia; University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Matthew Wallenstein
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States.
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States; Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Effects of Elevated Air Temperature and CO2 on Maize Production and Water Use Efficiency under Future Climate Change Scenarios in Shaanxi Province, China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing global warming and changing patterns of precipitation have significant implications for crop yields. Process-based models are the most commonly used method to assess the impacts of projected climate changes on crop yields. In this study, the crop-environment resource synthesis (CERES)-Maize 4.6.7 model was used to project the maize crop yield in the Shaanxi Province of China over future periods. In this context, the downscaled ensemble projections of 17 general circulation models (GCMs) under four representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5) were used as input for the calibrated CERES-Maize model. Results showed a negative correlation between temperature and maize yield in the study area. It is expected that each 1.0 °C rise in seasonal temperature will cause up to a 9% decrease in the yield. However, the influence of CO2 fertilization showed a positive response, as witnessed by the increase in the crop yield. With CO2 fertilization, the average increase in the maize crop yield compared to without CO2 fertilization per three decades was 10.5%, 11.6%, TA7.8%, and 6.5% under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. An elevated CO2 concentration showed a pronounced positive impact on the rain-fed maize yield compared to the irrigated maize yield. The average water use efficiency (WUE) was better at elevated CO2 concentrations and improved by 7–21% relative to the without CO2 fertilization of the WUE. Therefore, future climate changes with elevated CO2 are expected to be favorable for maize yields in the Shaanxi Province of China, and farmers can expect further benefits in the future from growing maize.
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12
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Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2253-2269. [PMID: 31872212 PMCID: PMC7134916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience changes in light intensity and quality due to variations in solar angle and shading from clouds and overlapping leaves. Stomatal opening to increasing irradiance is often an order of magnitude slower than photosynthetic responses, which can result in CO2 diffusional limitations on leaf photosynthesis, as well as unnecessary water loss when stomata continue to open after photosynthesis has reached saturation. Stomatal opening to light is driven by two distinct pathways; the 'red' or photosynthetic response that occurs at high fluence rates and saturates with photosynthesis, and is thought to be the main mechanism that coordinates stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis; and the guard cell-specific 'blue' light response that saturates at low fluence rates, and is often considered independent of photosynthesis, and important for early morning stomatal opening. Here we review the literature on these complicated signal transduction pathways and osmoregulatory processes in guard cells that are influenced by the light environment. We discuss the possibility of tuning the sensitivity and magnitude of stomatal response to blue light which potentially represents a novel target to develop ideotypes with the 'ideal' balance between carbon gain, evaporative cooling, and maintenance of hydraulic status that is crucial for maximizing crop performance and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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13
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Gray SB, Rodriguez‐Medina J, Rusoff S, Toal TW, Kajala K, Runcie DE, Brady SM. Translational regulation contributes to the elevated CO 2 response in two Solanum species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:383-397. [PMID: 31797460 PMCID: PMC7216843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) in global agriculture is important given climate change projections. Breeding climate-resilient crops depends on genetic variation within naturally varying populations. The effect of genetic variation in response to eCO2 is poorly understood, especially in crop species. We describe the different ways in which Solanum lycopersicum and its wild relative S. pennellii respond to eCO2 , from cell anatomy, to the transcriptome, and metabolome. We further validate the importance of translational regulation as a potential mechanism for plants to adaptively respond to rising levels of atmospheric CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B. Gray
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Joel Rodriguez‐Medina
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Samuel Rusoff
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Ted W. Toal
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
- Present address:
Plant EcophysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Daniel E. Runcie
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
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14
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Kellner J, Houska T, Manderscheid R, Weigel HJ, Breuer L, Kraft P. Response of maize biomass and soil water fluxes on elevated CO 2 and drought-From field experiments to process-based simulations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2947-2957. [PMID: 31166058 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is known to increase the total aboveground biomass of several C3 crops, whereas C4 crops are reported to be hardly affected when water supply is sufficient. However, a free-air carbon enrichment (FACE) experiment in Braunschweig, Germany, in 2007 and 2008 resulted in a 25% increased biomass of the C4 crop maize under restricted water conditions and elevated CO2 (550 ppm). To project future yields of maize under climate change, an accurate representation of the effects of eCO2 and drought on biomass and soil water conditions is essential. Current crop growth models reveal limitations in simulations of maize biomass under eCO2 and limited water supply. We use the coupled process-based hydrological-plant growth model Catchment Modeling Framework-Plant growth Modeling Framework to overcome this limitation. We apply the coupled model to the maize-based FACE experiment in Braunschweig that provides robust data for the investigation of combined CO2 and drought effects. We approve hypothesis I that CO2 enrichment has a small direct-fertilizing effect with regard to the total aboveground biomass of maize and hypothesis II that CO2 enrichment decreases water stress and leads to higher yields of maize under restricted water conditions. Hypothesis III could partly be approved showing that CO2 enrichment decreases the transpiration of maize, but does not raise soil moisture, while increasing evaporation. We emphasize the importance of plant-specific CO2 response factors derived by use of comprehensive FACE data. By now, only one FACE experiment on maize is accomplished applying different water levels. For the rigorous testing of plant growth models and their applicability in climate change studies, we call for datasets that go beyond single criteria (only yield response) and single effects (only elevated CO2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kellner
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Houska
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lutz Breuer
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kraft
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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15
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Zhu P, Zhuang Q, Archontoulis SV, Bernacchi C, Müller C. Dissecting the nonlinear response of maize yield to high temperature stress with model-data integration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2470-2484. [PMID: 30929302 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that global maize yield declines with a warming climate, particularly with extreme heat events. However, the degree to which important maize processes such as biomass growth rate, growing season length (GSL) and grain formation are impacted by an increase in temperature is uncertain. Such knowledge is necessary to understand yield responses and develop crop adaptation strategies under warmer climate. Here crop models, satellite observations, survey, and field data were integrated to investigate how high temperature stress influences maize yield in the U.S. Midwest. We showed that both observational evidence and crop model ensemble mean (MEM) suggests the nonlinear sensitivity in yield was driven by the intensified sensitivity of harvest index (HI), but MEM underestimated the warming effects through HI and overstated the effects through GSL. Further analysis showed that the intensified sensitivity in HI mainly results from a greater sensitivity of yield to high temperature stress during the grain filling period, which explained more than half of the yield reduction. When warming effects were decomposed into direct heat stress and indirect water stress (WS), observational data suggest that yield is more reduced by direct heat stress (-4.6 ± 1.0%/°C) than by WS (-1.7 ± 0.65%/°C), whereas MEM gives opposite results. This discrepancy implies that yield reduction by heat stress is underestimated, whereas the yield benefit of increasing atmospheric CO2 might be overestimated in crop models, because elevated CO2 brings yield benefit through water conservation effect but produces limited benefit over heat stress. Our analysis through integrating data and crop models suggests that future adaptation strategies should be targeted at the heat stress during grain formation and changes in agricultural management need to be better accounted for to adequately estimate the effects of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Carl Bernacchi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
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16
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DeLucia EH, Chen S, Guan K, Peng B, Li Y, Gomez‐Casanovas N, Kantola IB, Bernacchi CJ, Huang Y, Long SP, Ort DR. Are we approaching a water ceiling to maize yields in the United States? Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evan H. DeLucia
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Shiliu Chen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining Qinghai 810016 China
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining Qinghai 810016 China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Nuria Gomez‐Casanovas
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Ilsa B. Kantola
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- USDA‐ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Yuefei Huang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining Qinghai 810016 China
| | - Stephen P. Long
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Donald R. Ort
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Crop Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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17
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Köhler IH, Huber SC, Bernacchi CJ, Baxter IR. Increased temperatures may safeguard the nutritional quality of crops under future elevated CO 2 concentrations. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:872-886. [PMID: 30447177 PMCID: PMC6850270 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are a global human health problem that may worsen by the growth of crops at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ). However, climate change will also involve higher temperature, but it is unclear how the combined effect of eCO2 and higher temperature will affect the nutritional quality of food crops. To begin to address this question, we grew soybean (Glycine max) in a Temperature by Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (T-FACE) experiment in 2014 and 2015 under ambient (400 μmol mol-1 ) and elevated (600 μmol mol-1 ) CO2 concentrations, and under ambient and elevated temperatures (+2.7°C day and +3.4°C at night). In our study, eCO2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both seasons (-8.7 and -7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (-8.9%), while higher temperature (at ambient CO2 concentration) had the opposite effect. The combination of eCO2 with elevated temperature generally restored seed Fe and Zn concentrations to levels obtained under ambient CO2 and temperature conditions, suggesting that the potential threat to human nutrition by increasing CO2 concentration may not be realized. In general, seed Fe concentration was negatively correlated with yield, suggesting inherent limitations to increasing seed Fe. In addition, we confirm our previous report that the concentration of seed storage products and several minerals varies with node position at which the seeds developed. Overall, these results demonstrate the complexity of predicting climate change effects on food and nutritional security when various environmental parameters change in an interactive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris H. Köhler
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureUrbanaIL61801USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
- Present address:
Graduate School HIGRADEHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Steven C. Huber
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureUrbanaIL61801USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL61801USA
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18
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Pramanik P, Chakrabarti B, Bhatia A, Singh SD, Mridha N, Krishnan P. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on soil hydrothermal regimes and growth of maize crop (Zea mays L.) in semi-arid tropics of Indo-Gangetic Plains. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:661. [PMID: 30345462 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To see the effect of climate change on the variation of soil hydrothermal regimes and growth of maize crop, an experiment was conducted in free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility during the kharif season of 2015 at Climate Change Facility of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Under elevated CO2 and ambient condition, surface bulk density (BD) were 1.38 Mgm-3 and 1.44 Mgm-3, respectively but BD were not significantly different. During different days after sowing (DAS), in 0 to 10-cm soil depth, soil water content (SWC) in FACE varied between 14.58-20.70%, whereas in ambient condition, SWC variations were in between 19.33-22.94%. In 10 to 20-cm soil depth, SWC ranged in between 20.47-27.14% in FACE and 23.57-25.42% in ambient condition for different DAS. It is also observed that the arrival of peak surface ST was 1 h early in elevated CO2 condition. Photosynthetic rate increased by 5.7% on 44 DAS and 18.1% on 70 DAS under elevated carbon dioxide condition. Elevated carbon dioxide had reduced the stomatal conductance but the reduction was not significant. Like variation in air temperature for climate change, more intensive study is required to see the effect of climate change on soil temperature and its effect on crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pramanik
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Bidisha Chakrabarti
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Arti Bhatia
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - S D Singh
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - N Mridha
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - P Krishnan
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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19
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Uddin S, Parvin S, Löw M, Fitzgerald GJ, Tausz-Posch S, Armstrong R, Tausz M. The water use dynamics of canola cultivars grown under elevated CO 2 are linked to their leaf area development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:164-169. [PMID: 30103086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 'CO2 fertilisation effect' is often predicted to be greater under drier than wetter conditions, mainly due to hypothesised early season water savings under elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]). However, water savings largely depend on the balance between CO2-induced improvement of leaf-level water use efficiency and CO2-stimulation of transpiring leaf area. The dynamics of water use during the growing season can therefore vary depending on leaf area development. Two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars of contrasting growth and vigour (vigorous hybrid cv. Hyola 50 and non-hybrid cv. Thumper) were grown under ambient [CO2] (a[CO2], ∼400 μmol mol-1) or e[CO2] (∼700 μmol mol-1) with two water treatments (well-watered and mild drought) in a glasshouse to investigate the interdependence of leaf area development and water use. Dynamics of water use during the growing season varied depending on [CO2] and cultivars. Early stimulation of leaf growth under e[CO2], which also depended on cultivar, overcompensated for the effect of increased leaf-level water use efficiency, so that weekly water use was greater and water depletion from soil greater under e[CO2] than a[CO2]. This result shows that the balance between leaf area and water use efficiency stimulation by e[CO2] can tip towards early depletion of available soil water, so that e[CO2] does not lead to water savings, and the 'CO2 fertilisation effect' is not greater under drier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Uddin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Shahnaj Parvin
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Markus Löw
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Glenn J Fitzgerald
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Private Bag 260, Horsham, VIC 3401, Australia
| | - Sabine Tausz-Posch
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Armstrong
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Private Bag 260, Horsham, VIC 3401, Australia; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Michael Tausz
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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20
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Uddin S, Löw M, Parvin S, Fitzgerald GJ, Tausz-Posch S, Armstrong R, O’Leary G, Tausz M. Elevated [CO2] mitigates the effect of surface drought by stimulating root growth to access sub-soil water. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198928. [PMID: 29902235 PMCID: PMC6002051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Through stimulation of root growth, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) may facilitate access of crops to sub-soil water, which could potentially prolong physiological activity in dryland environments, particularly because crops are more water use efficient under elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]). This study investigated the effect of drought in shallow soil versus sub-soil on agronomic and physiological responses of wheat to e[CO2] in a glasshouse experiment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) was grown in split-columns with the top (0-30 cm) and bottom (31-60 cm; 'sub-soil') soil layer hydraulically separated by a wax-coated, root-penetrable layer under ambient [CO2] (a[CO2], ∼400 μmol mol-1) or e[CO2] (∼700 μmol mol-1) [CO2]. Drought was imposed from stem-elongation in either the top or bottom soil layer or both by withholding 33% of the irrigation, resulting in four water treatments (WW, WD, DW, DD; D = drought, W = well-watered, letters denote water treatment in top and bottom soil layer, respectively). Leaf gas exchange was measured weekly from stem-elongation until anthesis. Above-and belowground biomass, grain yield and yield components were evaluated at three developmental stages (stem-elongation, anthesis and maturity). Compared with a[CO2], net assimilation rate was higher and stomatal conductance was lower under e[CO2], resulting in greater intrinsic water use efficiency. Elevated [CO2] stimulated both above- and belowground biomass as well as grain yield, however, this stimulation was greater under well-watered (WW) than drought (DD) throughout the whole soil profile. Imposition of drought in either or both soil layers decreased aboveground biomass and grain yield under both [CO2] compared to the well-watered treatment. However, the greatest 'CO2 fertilisation effect' was observed when drought was imposed in the top soil layer only (DW), and this was associated with e[CO2]-stimulation of root growth especially in the well-watered bottom layer. We suggest that stimulation of belowground biomass under e[CO2] will allow better access to sub-soil water during grain filling period, when additional water is converted into additional yield with high efficiency in Mediterranean-type dryland agro-ecosystems. If sufficient water is available in the sub-soil, e[CO2] may help mitigating the effect of drying surface soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Uddin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Markus Löw
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahnaj Parvin
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn J. Fitzgerald
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Tausz-Posch
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger Armstrong
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Garry O’Leary
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Horsham, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Tausz
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Wang P, Marsh EL, Ainsworth EA, Leakey ADB, Sheflin AM, Schachtman DP. Shifts in microbial communities in soil, rhizosphere and roots of two major crop systems under elevated CO 2 and O 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15019. [PMID: 29101364 PMCID: PMC5670137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and O3 are key features of global environmental change. To investigate changes in the belowground bacterial community composition in response to elevated CO2 and O3 (eCO2 and eO3) the endosphere, rhizosphere and soil were sampled from soybeans under eCO2 and maize under eO3. The maize rhizosphere and endosphere α-diversity was higher than soybean, which may be due to a high relative abundance of Rhizobiales. Only the rhizosphere microbiome composition of the soybeans changed in response to eCO2, associated with an increased abundance of nitrogen fixing microbes. In maize, the microbiome composition was altered by the genotype and linked to differences in root exudate profiles. The eO3 treatment did not change the microbial communities in the rhizosphere, but altered the soil communities where hybrid maize was grown. In contrast to previous studies that focused exclusively on the soil, this study provides new insights into the effects of plant root exudates on the composition of the belowground microbiome in response to changing atmospheric conditions. Our results demonstrate that plant species and plant genotype were key factors driving the changes in the belowground bacterial community composition in agroecosystems that experience rising levels of atmospheric CO2 and O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ellen L Marsh
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Amy M Sheflin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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23
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Jin Z, Zhuang Q, Wang J, Archontoulis SV, Zobel Z, Kotamarthi VR. The combined and separate impacts of climate extremes on the current and future US rainfed maize and soybean production under elevated CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2687-2704. [PMID: 28063186 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heat and drought are two emerging climatic threats to the US maize and soybean production, yet their impacts on yields are collectively determined by the magnitude of climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This study quantifies the combined and separate impacts of high temperature, heat and drought stresses on the current and future US rainfed maize and soybean production and for the first time characterizes spatial shifts in the relative importance of individual stress. Crop yields are simulated using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM), driven by high-resolution (12 km) dynamically downscaled climate projections for 1995-2004 and 2085-2094. Results show that maize and soybean yield losses are prominent in the US Midwest by the late 21st century under both Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, and the magnitude of loss highly depends on the current vulnerability and changes in climate extremes. Elevated atmospheric CO2 partially but not completely offsets the yield gaps caused by climate extremes, and the effect is greater in soybean than in maize. Our simulations suggest that drought will continue to be the largest threat to US rainfed maize production under RCP4.5 and soybean production under both RCP scenarios, whereas high temperature and heat stress take over the dominant stress of drought on maize under RCP8.5. We also reveal that shifts in the geographic distributions of dominant stresses are characterized by the increase in concurrent stresses, especially for the US Midwest. These findings imply the importance of considering heat and drought stresses simultaneously for future agronomic adaptation and mitigation strategies, particularly for breeding programs and crop management. The modeling framework of partitioning the total effects of climate change into individual stress impacts can be applied to the study of other crops and agriculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenong Jin
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jiali Wang
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Zachary Zobel
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Slattery RA, VanLoocke A, Bernacchi CJ, Zhu XG, Ort DR. Photosynthesis, Light Use Efficiency, and Yield of Reduced-Chlorophyll Soybean Mutants in Field Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:549. [PMID: 28458677 PMCID: PMC5394119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reducing chlorophyll (chl) content may improve the conversion efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation into biomass and therefore yield in dense monoculture crops by improving light penetration and distribution within the canopy. The effects of reduced chl on leaf and canopy photosynthesis and photosynthetic efficiency were studied in two reportedly robust reduced-chl soybean mutants, Y11y11 and y9y9, in comparison to the wild-type (WT) "Clark" cultivar. Both mutants were characterized during the 2012 growing season whereas only the Y11y11 mutant was characterized during the 2013 growing season. Chl deficiency led to greater rates of leaf-level photosynthesis per absorbed photon early in the growing season when mutant chl content was ∼35% of the WT, but there was no effect on photosynthesis later in the season when mutant leaf chl approached 50% of the WT. Transient benefits of reduced chl at the leaf level did not translate to improvements in canopy-level processes. Reduced pigmentation in these mutants was linked to lower water use efficiency, which may have dampened any photosynthetic benefits of reduced chl, especially since both growing seasons experienced significant drought conditions. These results, while not confirming our hypothesis or an earlier published study in which the Y11y11 mutant significantly outyielded the WT, do demonstrate that soybean significantly overinvests in chl. Despite a >50% chl reduction, there was little negative impact on biomass accumulation or yield, and the small negative effects present were likely due to pleiotropic effects of the mutation. This outcome points to an opportunity to reinvest nitrogen and energy resources that would otherwise be used in pigment-proteins into increasing biochemical photosynthetic capacity, thereby improving canopy photosynthesis and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Slattery
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Andy VanLoocke
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Chinese Academy of Sciences–German Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Donald R. Ort
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, UrbanaIL, USA
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25
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Szoboszlay M, Näther A, Mitterbauer E, Bender J, Weigel HJ, Tebbe CC. Response of the rhizosphere prokaryotic community of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration in open-top chambers. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371280 PMCID: PMC5552935 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] on the diversity and composition of the prokaryotic community inhabiting the rhizosphere of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was investigated in a field experiment, using open‐top chambers. Rhizosphere samples were collected at anthesis (flowering stage) from six chambers with ambient [CO2] (approximately 400 ppm) and six chambers with elevated [CO2] (700 ppm). The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR‐amplified from the extracted DNA and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument. Above‐ground plant biomass was not affected by elevated [CO2] at anthesis, but plants exposed to elevated [CO2] had significantly higher grain yield. The composition of the rhizosphere prokaryotic communities was very similar under ambient and elevated [CO2]. The dominant taxa were Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Alpha‐, Gamma‐, and Betaproteobacteria. Elevated [CO2] resulted in lower prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere, but did not cause a significant difference in community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Näther
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Bender
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Braunschweig, Germany
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Jin Z, Zhuang Q, Tan Z, Dukes JS, Zheng B, Melillo JM. Do maize models capture the impacts of heat and drought stresses on yield? Using algorithm ensembles to identify successful approaches. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3112-26. [PMID: 27251794 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stresses from heat and drought are expected to increasingly suppress crop yields, but the degree to which current models can represent these effects is uncertain. Here we evaluate the algorithms that determine impacts of heat and drought stress on maize in 16 major maize models by incorporating these algorithms into a standard model, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), and running an ensemble of simulations. Although both daily mean temperature and daylight temperature are common choice of forcing heat stress algorithms, current parameterizations in most models favor the use of daylight temperature even though the algorithm was designed for daily mean temperature. Different drought algorithms (i.e., a function of soil water content, of soil water supply to demand ratio, and of actual to potential transpiration ratio) simulated considerably different patterns of water shortage over the growing season, but nonetheless predicted similar decreases in annual yield. Using the selected combination of algorithms, our simulations show that maize yield reduction was more sensitive to drought stress than to heat stress for the US Midwest since the 1980s, and this pattern will continue under future scenarios; the influence of excessive heat will become increasingly prominent by the late 21st century. Our review of algorithms in 16 crop models suggests that the impacts of heat and drought stress on plant yield can be best described by crop models that: (i) incorporate event-based descriptions of heat and drought stress, (ii) consider the effects of nighttime warming, and (iii) coordinate the interactions among multiple stresses. Our study identifies the proficiency with which different model formulations capture the impacts of heat and drought stress on maize biomass and yield production. The framework presented here can be applied to other modeled processes and used to improve yield predictions of other crops with a wide variety of crop models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenong Jin
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Qianlai Zhuang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zeli Tan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bangyou Zheng
- CSRIO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Qld, 4067, Australia
| | - Jerry M Melillo
- The Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA, 02536, USA
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27
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Ruiz-Vera UM, Siebers MH, Drag DW, Ort DR, Bernacchi CJ. Canopy warming caused photosynthetic acclimation and reduced seed yield in maize grown at ambient and elevated [CO2 ]. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:4237-49. [PMID: 26119211 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]) and attendant increases in growing season temperature are expected to be the most important global change factors impacting production agriculture. Although maize is the most highly produced crop worldwide, few studies have evaluated the interactive effects of elevated [CO2 ] and temperature on its photosynthetic physiology, agronomic traits or biomass, and seed yield under open field conditions. This study investigates the effects of rising [CO2 ] and warmer temperature, independently and in combination, on maize grown in the field throughout a full growing season. Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology was used to target atmospheric [CO2 ] to 200 μmol mol(-1) above ambient [CO2 ] and infrared heaters to target a plant canopy increase of 3.5 °C, with actual season mean heating of ~2.7 °C, mimicking conditions predicted by the second half of this century. Photosynthetic gas-exchange parameters, leaf nitrogen and carbon content, leaf water potential components, and developmental measurements were collected throughout the season, and biomass and yield were measured at the end of the growing season. As predicted for a C4 plant, elevated [CO2 ] did not stimulate photosynthesis, biomass, or yield. Canopy warming caused a large shift in aboveground allocation by stimulating season-long vegetative biomass and decreasing reproductive biomass accumulation at both CO2 concentrations, resulting in decreased harvest index. Warming caused a reduction in photosynthesis due to down-regulation of photosynthetic biochemical parameters and the decrease in the electron transport rate. The reduction in seed yield with warming was driven by reduced photosynthetic capacity and by a shift in aboveground carbon allocation away from reproduction. This field study portends that future warming will reduce yield in maize, and this will not be mitigated by higher atmospheric [CO2 ] unless appropriate adaptation traits can be introduced into future cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew H Siebers
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David W Drag
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, 196 ERML, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, 196 ERML, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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28
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Xie H, Liu K, Sun D, Wang Z, Lu X, He K. A field experiment with elevated atmospheric CO2-mediated changes to C4 crop-herbivore interactions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13923. [PMID: 26381457 PMCID: PMC4585379 DOI: 10.1038/srep13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of elevated CO2 (E-CO2) on maize and Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, in open-top chambers were studied. The plants were infested with ACB and exposed to ambient and elevated (550 and 750 μl/l) CO2. E-CO2 increased the plant height and kernel number per ear. The plants had lower nitrogen contents and higher TNC: N ratios under E-CO2 than at ambient CO2. The response of plant height to E-CO2 was significantly dampened in plants with ACB infestation. However, the weight gain of the survivors declined in plants grown under E-CO2. Moreover, the plant damage caused by ACB was not different among the treatments. Overwintering larvae developed under E-CO2 had a lower supercooling point than those developed under ambient CO2. The results indicated that there was a positive effect of E-CO2 on the accumulation of maize biomass, i.e., the “air-fertilizer” effect, which led to a nutritional deficiency in the plants. The fitness-related parameters of ACB were adversely affected by the CO2-mediated decreased in plant nutritional quality, and ACB might alter its food consumption to compensate for these changes. Larval damage to maize under E-CO2 appears to be offset by this “air-fertilizer” effect, with reductions in larval fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicui Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, P. R. China
| | - Kanglai He
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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29
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Borland AM, Wullschleger SD, Weston DJ, Hartwell J, Tuskan GA, Yang X, Cushman JC. Climate-resilient agroforestry: physiological responses to climate change and engineering of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a mitigation strategy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1833-49. [PMID: 25366937 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change threatens the sustainability of agriculture and agroforestry worldwide through increased heat, drought, surface evaporation and associated soil drying. Exposure of crops and forests to warmer and drier environments will increase leaf:air water vapour-pressure deficits (VPD), and will result in increased drought susceptibility and reduced productivity, not only in arid regions but also in tropical regions with seasonal dry periods. Fast-growing, short-rotation forestry (SRF) bioenergy crops such as poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) are particularly susceptible to hydraulic failure following drought stress due to their isohydric nature and relatively high stomatal conductance. One approach to sustaining plant productivity is to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) by engineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops. CAM improves WUE by shifting stomatal opening and primary CO2 uptake and fixation to the night-time when leaf:air VPD is low. CAM members of the tree genus Clusia exemplify the compatibility of CAM performance within tree species and highlight CAM as a mechanism to conserve water and maintain carbon uptake during drought conditions. The introduction of bioengineered CAM into SRF bioenergy trees is a potentially viable path to sustaining agroforestry production systems in the face of a globally changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Borland
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
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Cushman JC, Davis SC, Yang X, Borland AM. Development and use of bioenergy feedstocks for semi-arid and arid lands. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4177-93. [PMID: 25873672 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is predicted to increase heat, drought, and soil-drying conditions, and thereby increase crop sensitivity to water vapour pressure deficit, resulting in productivity losses. Increasing competition between agricultural freshwater use and municipal or industrial uses suggest that crops with greater heat and drought durability and greater water-use efficiency will be crucial for sustainable biomass production systems in the future. Agave (Agavaceae) and Opuntia (Cactaceae) represent highly water-use efficient bioenergy crops that could diversify bioenergy feedstock supply yet preserve or expand feedstock production into semi-arid, abandoned, or degraded agricultural lands, and reclaim drylands. Agave and Opuntia are crassulacean acid metabolism species that can achieve high water-use efficiencies and grow in water-limited areas with insufficient precipitation to support traditional C3 or C4 bioenergy crops. Both Agave and Opuntia have the potential to produce above-ground biomass rivalling that of C3 and C4 crops under optimal growing conditions. The low lignin and high amorphous cellulose contents of Agave and Opuntia lignocellulosic biomass will be less recalcitrant to deconstruction than traditional feedstocks, as confirmed by pretreatments that improve saccharification of Agave. Refined environmental productivity indices and geographical information systems modelling have provided estimates of Agave and Opuntia biomass productivity and terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric CO2; however, the accuracy of such modelling efforts can be improved through the expansion of field trials in diverse geographical settings. Lastly, life cycle analysis indicates that Agave would have productivity, life cycle energy, and greenhouse gas balances comparable or superior to those of traditional bioenergy feedstocks, but would be far more water-use efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA
| | - Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs and Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
| | - Anne M Borland
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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31
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Xiong J, He Z, Shi S, Kent A, Deng Y, Wu L, Van Nostrand JD, Zhou J. Elevated CO2 shifts the functional structure and metabolic potentials of soil microbial communities in a C4 agroecosystem. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9316. [PMID: 25791904 PMCID: PMC4366761 DOI: 10.1038/srep09316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration is continuously increasing, and previous studies have shown that elevated CO2 (eCO2) significantly impacts C3 plants and their soil microbial communities. However, little is known about effects of eCO2 on the compositional and functional structure, and metabolic potential of soil microbial communities under C4 plants. Here we showed that a C4 maize agroecosystem exposed to eCO2 for eight years shifted the functional and phylogenetic structure of soil microbial communities at both soil depths (0-5 cm and 5-15 cm) using EcoPlate and functional gene array (GeoChip 3.0) analyses. The abundances of key genes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling were significantly stimulated under eCO2 at both soil depths, although some differences in carbon utilization patterns were observed between the two soil depths. Consistently, CO2 was found to be the dominant factor explaining 11.9% of the structural variation of functional genes, while depth and the interaction of depth and CO2 explained 5.2% and 3.8%, respectively. This study implies that eCO2 has profound effects on the functional structure and metabolic potential/activity of soil microbial communities associated with C4 plants, possibly leading to changes in ecosystem functioning and feedbacks to global change in C4 agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Xiong
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Zhili He
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Shengjing Shi
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Angela Kent
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
| | - Ye Deng
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS, 100085, China
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Joy D. Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Bernacchi CJ, VanLoocke A. Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing environment: a dominant role for water. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:599-622. [PMID: 25621516 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Transpiration--the movement of water from the soil, through plants, and into the atmosphere--is the dominant water flux from the earth's terrestrial surface. The evolution of vascular plants, while increasing terrestrial primary productivity, led to higher transpiration rates and widespread alterations in the global climate system. Similarly, anthropogenic influences on transpiration rates are already influencing terrestrial hydrologic cycles, with an even greater potential for changes lying ahead. Intricate linkages among anthropogenic activities, terrestrial productivity, the hydrologic cycle, and global demand for ecosystem services will lead to increased pressures on ecosystem water demands. Here, we focus on identifying the key drivers of ecosystem water use as they relate to plant physiological function, the role of predicted global changes in ecosystem water uses, trade-offs between ecosystem water use and carbon uptake, and knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Bernacchi
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA-ARS, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
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Bishop KA, Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA. How seasonal temperature or water inputs affect the relative response of C
3
crops to elevated [CO
2
]: a global analysis of open top chamber and free air CO
2
enrichment studies. Food Energy Secur 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Bishop
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 1206 W Gregory Drive Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 1206 W Gregory Drive Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 1206 W Gregory Drive Urbana Illinois 61801
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit 1201 W Gregory Drive Urbana Illinois 61801
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Dib AE, Johnson CE, Driscoll CT, Fahey TJ, Hayhoe K. Simulating effects of changing climate and CO(2) emissions on soil carbon pools at the Hubbard Brook experimental forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1643-1656. [PMID: 24132912 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) sequestration in forest biomass and soils may help decrease regional C footprints and mitigate future climate change. The efficacy of these practices must be verified by monitoring and by approved calculation methods (i.e., models) to be credible in C markets. Two widely used soil organic matter models - CENTURY and RothC - were used to project changes in SOC pools after clear-cutting disturbance, as well as under a range of future climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) scenarios. Data from the temperate, predominantly deciduous Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire, USA, were used to parameterize and validate the models. Clear-cutting simulations demonstrated that both models can effectively simulate soil C dynamics in the northern hardwood forest when adequately parameterized. The minimum postharvest SOC predicted by RothC occurred in postharvest year 14 and was within 1.5% of the observed minimum, which occurred in year 8. CENTURY predicted the postharvest minimum SOC to occur in year 45, at a value 6.9% greater than the observed minimum; the slow response of both models to disturbance suggests that they may overestimate the time required to reach new steady-state conditions. Four climate change scenarios were used to simulate future changes in SOC pools. Climate-change simulations predicted increases in SOC by as much as 7% at the end of this century, partially offsetting future CO(2) emissions. This sequestration was the product of enhanced forest productivity, and associated litter input to the soil, due to increased temperature, precipitation and CO(2) . The simulations also suggested that considerable losses of SOC (8-30%) could occur if forest vegetation at HBEF does not respond to changes in climate and CO(2) levels. Therefore, the source/sink behavior of temperate forest soils likely depends on the degree to which forest growth is stimulated by new climate and CO(2) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain E Dib
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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Ryan AC, Hewitt CN, Possell M, Vickers CE, Purnell A, Mullineaux PM, Davies WJ, Dodd IC. Isoprene emission protects photosynthesis but reduces plant productivity during drought in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:205-216. [PMID: 24102245 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene protects the photosynthetic apparatus of isoprene-emitting plants from oxidative stress. The role of isoprene in the response of plants to drought is less clear. Water was withheld from transgenic isoprene-emitting and non-emitting tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants, to examine: the response of isoprene emission to plant water deficit; a possible relationship between concentrations of the drought-induced phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and isoprene; and whether isoprene affected foliar reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels. Isoprene emission did not affect whole-plant water use, foliar ABA concentration or leaf water potential under water deficit. Compared with well-watered controls, droughted non-emitting plants significantly increased ROS content (31-46%) and lipid peroxidation (30-47%), concomitant with decreased operating and maximum efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry and lower leaf and whole-plant water use efficiency (WUE). Droughted isoprene-emitting plants showed no increase in ROS content or lipid peroxidation relative to well-watered controls, despite isoprene emission decreasing before leaf wilting. Although isoprene emission protected the photosynthetic apparatus and enhanced leaf and whole-plant WUE, non-emitting plants had 8-24% more biomass under drought, implying that isoprene emission incurred a yield penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Ryan
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - C Nicholas Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Malcolm Possell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Anna Purnell
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - William J Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ian C Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Twine TE, Bryant JJ, T Richter K, Bernacchi CJ, McConnaughay KD, Morris SJ, Leakey ADB. Impacts of elevated CO2 concentration on the productivity and surface energy budget of the soybean and maize agroecosystem in the Midwest USA. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2838-52. [PMID: 23716193 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The physiological response of vegetation to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) modifies productivity and surface energy and water fluxes. Quantifying this response is required for assessments of future climate change. Many global climate models account for this response; however, significant uncertainty remains in model simulations of this vegetation response and its impacts. Data from in situ field experiments provide evidence that previous modeling studies may have overestimated the increase in productivity at elevated [CO2 ], and the impact on large-scale water cycling is largely unknown. We parameterized the Agro-IBIS dynamic global vegetation model with observations from the SoyFACE experiment to simulate the response of soybean and maize to an increase in [CO2 ] from 375 ppm to 550 ppm. The two key model parameters that were found to vary with [CO2 ] were the maximum carboxylation rate of photosynthesis and specific leaf area. Tests of the model that used SoyFACE parameter values showed a good fit to site-level data for all variables except latent heat flux over soybean and sensible heat flux over both crops. Simulations driven with historic climate data over the central USA showed that increased [CO2 ] resulted in decreased latent heat flux and increased sensible heat flux from both crops when averaged over 30 years. Thirty-year average soybean yield increased everywhere (ca. 10%); however, there was no increase in maize yield except during dry years. Without accounting for CO2 effects on the maximum carboxylation rate of photosynthesis and specific leaf area, soybean simulations at 550 ppm overestimated leaf area and yield. Our results highlight important model parameter values that, if not modified in other models, could result in biases when projecting future crop-climate-water relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E Twine
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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