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Louthan AM, Keighron M, Kiekebusch E, Cayton H, Terando A, Morris WF. Climate change weakens the impact of disturbance interval on the growth rate of natural populations of Venus flytrap. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Louthan
- Biology Department Duke University Durham NC
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan KS
| | | | - Elsita Kiekebusch
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - Heather Cayton
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners MI
| | - Adam Terando
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center Raleigh NC
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Slatyer RA, Umbers KDL, Arnold PA. Ecological responses to variation in seasonal snow cover. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13727. [PMID: 33636757 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal snow is among the most important factors governing the ecology of many terrestrial ecosystems, but rising global temperatures are changing snow regimes and driving widespread declines in the depth and duration of snow cover. Loss of the insulating snow layer will fundamentally change the environment. Understanding how individuals, populations, and communities respond to different snow conditions is thus essential for predicting and managing future ecosystem change. We synthesized 365 studies that examined ecological responses to variation in winter snow conditions. This research encompasses a broad range of methods (experimental manipulations, measurement of natural snow gradients, and long-term monitoring), locations (35 countries), study organisms (plants, mammals, arthropods, birds, fish, lichen, and fungi), and response measures. Earlier snowmelt was consistently associated with advanced spring phenology in plants, mammals, and arthropods. Reduced snow depth often increased mortality or physical injury in plants, although there were few clear effects on animals. Neither snow depth nor snowmelt timing had clear or consistent directional effects on body size of animals or biomass of plants. However, because 96% of studies were from the northern hemisphere, the generality of these trends across ecosystems and localities is also unclear. We identified substantial research gaps for several taxonomic groups and response types; research on wintertime responses was notably scarce. Future research should prioritize examination of the mechanisms underlying responses to changing snow conditions and the consequences of those responses for seasonally snow-covered ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Slatyer
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kate D L Umbers
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pieter A Arnold
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Decreased snowpack and warmer temperatures reduce the negative effects of interspecific competitors on regenerating conifers. Oecologia 2019; 191:731-743. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Transplant experiments predict potential future spread of alien succulents along an elevation gradient. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Marcora PI, Ferreras AE, Zeballos SR, Funes G, Longo S, Urcelay C, Tecco PA. Context-dependent effects of fire and browsing on woody alien invasion in mountain ecosystems. Oecologia 2018; 188:479-490. [PMID: 30062564 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have increased disturbances and alien woody invasion in mountain ecosystems worldwide. Whether disturbances promote or counteract upward movement of woody aliens is poorly understood. We assessed if the most successful woody invader of low mountains of central Argentina (Gleditsia triacanthos) might expand its elevational distribution in response to the principal disturbances of these ecosystems (fire and livestock browsing) across increasing climatic severity. We assessed seedling emergence, growth and mycorrhizal colonization on sown plots distributed in burned and unburned sites, with and without browsing at the lower and upper elevation belts (i.e. 1000 and 2400 m a.s.l.). Additionally, several abiotic variables were measured to relate their influence on the seedling establishment. Disturbances reduced seedling emergence at both elevations. Burned conditions increased seedling growth and arbuscular colonization only in the lower belt. Seedling success (total seedling biomass per plot) was not modified by disturbances at the upper elevation, but was reduced by browsing and enhanced by fire in the lower elevation. The overall reduction in seedling emergence and growth in the upper elevation despite the higher soil nutrient content places climate as the strongest regulator of G. triacanthos seedling establishment. Accordingly, climate rather than disturbances would be the main limiting factor of upward expansion of this woody alien. Our findings differ from general patterns described for mountain invasion by herbaceous species, highlighting that mountain invasibility is highly growth-form dependent, and that upper range expansion by woody aliens interacting with multiple disturbances should be assessed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Marcora
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A E Ferreras
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - S R Zeballos
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Funes
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000HVA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S Longo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000HVA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C Urcelay
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000HVA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P A Tecco
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sársfield, 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000HVA, Córdoba, Argentina
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6
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Crandall RM, Knight TM. Role of multiple invasion mechanisms and their interaction in regulating the population dynamics of an exotic tree. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raelene M. Crandall
- Biology Department University of Missouri‐St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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7
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Hernández-Pedrero R, Valverde T. The use of periodic matrices to model the population dynamics of the long-lived semelparous Furcraea parmentieri (Asparagaceae) in a temperate forest in central Mexico. POPUL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-017-0572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Bart RR, Tague CL, Moritz MA. Effect of Tree-to-Shrub Type Conversion in Lower Montane Forests of the Sierra Nevada (USA) on Streamflow. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161805. [PMID: 27575592 PMCID: PMC5004902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher global temperatures and increased levels of disturbance are contributing to greater tree mortality in many forest ecosystems. These same drivers can also limit forest regeneration, leading to vegetation type conversion. For the Sierra Nevada of California, little is known about how type conversion may affect streamflow, a critical source of water supply for urban, agriculture and environmental purposes. In this paper, we examined the effects of tree-to-shrub type conversion, in combination with climate change, on streamflow in two lower montane forest watersheds in the Sierra Nevada. A spatially distributed ecohydrologic model was used to simulate changes in streamflow, evaporation, and transpiration following type conversion, with an explicit focus on the role of vegetation size and aspect. Model results indicated that streamflow may show negligible change or small decreases following type conversion when the difference between tree and shrub leaf areas is small, partly due to the higher stomatal conductivity and the deep rooting depth of shrubs. In contrast, streamflow may increase when post-conversion shrubs have a small leaf area relative to trees. Model estimates also suggested that vegetation change could have a greater impact on streamflow magnitude than the direct hydrologic impacts of increased temperatures. Temperature increases, however, may have a greater impact on streamflow timing. Tree-to-shrub type conversion increased streamflow only marginally during dry years (annual precipitation < 800 mm), with most streamflow change observed during wetter years. These modeling results underscore the importance of accounting for changes in vegetation communities to accurately characterize future hydrologic regimes for the Sierra Nevada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Bart
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina L. Tague
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Max A. Moritz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Zefferman E, Stevens JT, Charles GK, Dunbar-Irwin M, Emam T, Fick S, Morales LV, Wolf KM, Young DJN, Young TP. Plant communities in harsh sites are less invaded: a summary of observations and proposed explanations. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv056. [PMID: 26002746 PMCID: PMC4497477 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities in abiotically stressful, or 'harsh', habitats have been reported to be less invaded by non-native species than those in more moderate habitats. Here, we synthesize descriptive and experimental evidence for low levels of invasion in habitats characterized by a variety of environmental stressors: low nitrogen; low phosphorus; saline, sodic or alkaline soils; serpentine soils; low soil moisture; shallow/rocky soils; temporary inundation; high shade; high elevation; and high latitude. We then discuss major categories of hypotheses to explain this pattern: the propagule limitation mechanism suggests invasion of harsh sites is limited by relatively low arrival rates of propagules compared with more moderate habitats, while invasion resistance mechanisms suggest that harsh habitats are inherently less invasible due to stressful abiotic conditions and/or increased effects of biotic resistance from resident organisms. Both propagule limitation and invasion resistance may simultaneously contribute to low invadedness of harsh sites, but the management implications of these mechanisms differ. If propagule limitation is more important, managers should focus on reducing the likelihood of propagule introductions. If invasion resistance mechanisms are in play, managers should focus on restoring or maintaining harsh conditions at a site to reduce invasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zefferman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Present address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37917, USA
| | - Jens T Stevens
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA John Muir Institute for the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grace K Charles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mila Dunbar-Irwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Taraneh Emam
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Fick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura V Morales
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristina M Wolf
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Derek J N Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Truman P Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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