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Douville H, Allan RP, Arias PA, Fisher RA. Call for caution regarding the efficacy of large-scale afforestation and its hydrological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175299. [PMID: 39111413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale afforestation programmes are generally presented as effective ways of increasing the terrestrial carbon sink while preserving water availability and biodiversity. Yet, a meta-analysis of both numerical and observational studies suggests that further research is needed to support this view. The use of inappropriate concepts (e.g., the biotic pump theory), the poor simulation of key processes (e.g., tree mortality, water use efficiency), and the limited model ability to capture recent observed trends (e.g., increasing water vapour deficit, terrestrial carbon uptake) should all draw our attention to the limitations of available theories and Earth System Models. Observations, either based on remote sensing or on early afforestation initiatives, also suggest potential trade-offs between terrestrial carbon uptake and water availability. There is thus a need to better monitor and physically understand the observed fluctuations of the terrestrial water and carbon cycles to promote suitable nature-based mitigation pathways depending on pre-existing vegetation, scale, as well as baseline and future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Douville
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France.
| | - Richard P Allan
- Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, UK
| | - Paola A Arias
- Grupo de Ingeniería y Gestión Ambiental (GIGA), Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rosie A Fisher
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Ma S, Zhou S, Yu B, Song J. Deforestation-induced runoff changes dominated by forest-climate feedbacks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp3964. [PMID: 39151013 PMCID: PMC11328898 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale deforestation alters water availability through its direct effect on runoff generation and indirect effect through forest-climate feedbacks. However, these direct and indirect effects and their spatial variations are difficult to separate and poorly understood. Here, we develop an attribution framework that combines the Budyko theory and deforestation experiments with climate models, showing that widespread runoff reductions caused by the indirect effect of forest-climate feedbacks can largely offset the direct effect of reduced forest cover on runoff increases. The indirect effect dominates the hydrological responses to deforestation over 63% of deforested areas worldwide. This indirect effect arises from deforestation-induced reductions in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, which decrease and increase runoff, respectively, leading to complex patterns of runoff responses. Our findings underscore the importance of forest-climate feedbacks for improved understanding and prediction of climate and hydrological changes caused by deforestation, with profound implications for sustainable management of forests and water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bofu Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiaxi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zimmermann B, Kruber S, Nendel C, Munack H, Hildmann C. Assessing the cooling potential of climate change adaptation measures in rural areas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121595. [PMID: 38991348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric heat has become a major public concern in a rapidly warming world. Evapotranspiration, however, provides effective land surface cooling during the vegetation period. Adversely, modern cultural landscapes - due to both water and potential evapotranspiration pathways lacking - are increasingly incapable of offering this important benefit. We hypothesised that concerted measures for a revived landscape water retention can fuel plant transpiration, especially during dry periods, and thus contribute to climate change adaptation by stabilising the regional climate. Seeking nature-based ways to an improved landscape water retention, we used the land surface temperature (LST) as a proxy for landscape mesoclimate. For our drought-prone rural study area, we identified potential candidate environmental predictors for which we established statistical relationships to LST. We then, from a set of potential climate change adaptation measures, mapped selected items to potential locations of implementation. Building on that, we evaluated a certain measures' probable cooling effect using (i) the fitted model and (ii) the expected expression of predictors before and after a hypothetical measure implementation. In the modelling, we took into account the spatial and temporal autocorrelation of the LST data and thus achieved realistic parameter estimates. Using the candidate predictor set and the model, we were able to establish a ranking of the effectiveness of climate adaptation measures. However, due to the spatial variability of the predictors, the modelled LST is site-specific. This results in a spatial differentiation of a measure's benefit. Furthermore, seasonal variations occur, such as those caused by plant growth. On average, the afforestation of arable land or urban brownfields, and the rewetting of former wet meadows have the largest cooling capacities of up to 3.5 K. We conclude that heat countermeasures based on fostering both evapotranspiration and landscape water retention, even in rural regions, offer promising adaptation ways to atmospheric warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Zimmermann
- Research Institute for Post-Mining Landscapes, Brauhausweg 2, Finsterwalde, 03238, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Kruber
- Research Institute for Post-Mining Landscapes, Brauhausweg 2, Finsterwalde, 03238, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | - Claas Nendel
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, Müncheberg, 15374, Brandenburg, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Am Mühlenberg 3, Potsdam, 14476, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | - Henry Munack
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Northfields Ave Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christian Hildmann
- Research Institute for Post-Mining Landscapes, Brauhausweg 2, Finsterwalde, 03238, Brandenburg, Germany.
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4
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Chen S, Stark SC, Nobre AD, Cuartas LA, de Jesus Amore D, Restrepo-Coupe N, Smith MN, Chitra-Tarak R, Ko H, Nelson BW, Saleska SR. Amazon forest biogeography predicts resilience and vulnerability to drought. Nature 2024; 631:111-117. [PMID: 38898277 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Amazonia contains the most extensive tropical forests on Earth, but Amazon carbon sinks of atmospheric CO2 are declining, as deforestation and climate-change-associated droughts1-4 threaten to push these forests past a tipping point towards collapse5-8. Forests exhibit complex drought responses, indicating both resilience (photosynthetic greening) and vulnerability (browning and tree mortality), that are difficult to explain by climate variation alone9-17. Here we combine remotely sensed photosynthetic indices with ground-measured tree demography to identify mechanisms underlying drought resilience/vulnerability in different intact forest ecotopes18,19 (defined by water-table depth, soil fertility and texture, and vegetation characteristics). In higher-fertility southern Amazonia, drought response was structured by water-table depth, with resilient greening in shallow-water-table forests (where greater water availability heightened response to excess sunlight), contrasting with vulnerability (browning and excess tree mortality) over deeper water tables. Notably, the resilience of shallow-water-table forest weakened as drought lengthened. By contrast, lower-fertility northern Amazonia, with slower-growing but hardier trees (or, alternatively, tall forests, with deep-rooted water access), supported more-drought-resilient forests independent of water-table depth. This functional biogeography of drought response provides a framework for conservation decisions and improved predictions of heterogeneous forest responses to future climate changes, warning that Amazonia's most productive forests are also at greatest risk, and that longer/more frequent droughts are undermining multiple ecohydrological strategies and capacities for Amazon forest resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Luz Adriana Cuartas
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Diogo de Jesus Amore
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Cupoazu LLC, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Rutuja Chitra-Tarak
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hongseok Ko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce W Nelson
- Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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5
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Palácios R, Castagna D, Barbosa L, Souza AP, Imbiriba B, Zolin CA, Nassarden D, Duarte L, Morais FG, Franco MA, Cirino G, Kuhn P, Sodré G, Curado L, Basso J, Roberto de Paulo S, Rodrigues T. ENSO effects on the relationship between aerosols and evapotranspiration in the south of the Amazon biome. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118516. [PMID: 38373551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The effects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events have local, regional, and global consequences for water regimes, causing floods or extreme drought events. Tropical forests are strongly affected by ENSO, and in the case of the Amazon, its territorial extension allows for a wide variation of these effects. The prolongation of drought events in the Amazon basin contributes to an increase in gas and aerosol particle emissions mainly caused by biomass burning, which in turn alter radiative fluxes and evapotranspiration rates, cyclically interfering with the hydrological regime. The ENSO effects on the interactions between aerosol particles and evapotranspiration is a critical aspect to be systematically investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ENSO effect on a site located on the southern portion of the Amazonian region. In addition to quantifying and testing possible differences between aerosols and evapotranspiration under different ENSO classes (El Niño, La Niña and Neutrality), this study also evaluated possible variations in evapotranspiration as a function of the aerosol load. A highly significant difference was found for air temperature, relative humidity and aerosol load between the El Niño and La Niña classes. For evapotranspiration, significant differences were found for the El Niño and La Niña classes and for El Niño and Neutrality classes. Under the Neutrality class, the aerosol load correlated significantly with evapotranspiration, explaining 20% of the phenomenon. Under the El Niño and La Niña classes, no significant linear correlation was found between aerosol load and evapotranspiration. However, the results showed that for the total data set, there is a positive and significant correlation between aerosol and evapotranspiration. It increases with a quadratic fit, i.e., the aerosol favors evapotranspiration rates up to a certain concentration threshold. The results obtained in this study can help to understand the effects of ENSO events on atmospheric conditions in the southern Amazon basin, in addition to elucidating the role of aerosols in feedback to the water cycle in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Palácios
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil; Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Castagna
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Luzinete Barbosa
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Adilson P Souza
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Breno Imbiriba
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cornélio A Zolin
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Sinop, MT, 78550-000, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nassarden
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Leilane Duarte
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando G Morais
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Marco A Franco
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Glauber Cirino
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Paulo Kuhn
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Giordani Sodré
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Leone Curado
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - João Basso
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil; Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
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6
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Staal A, Theeuwen JJE, Wang-Erlandsson L, Wunderling N, Dekker SC. Targeted rainfall enhancement as an objective of forestation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17096. [PMID: 38273477 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Forestation efforts are accelerating across the globe in the fight against global climate change, in order to restore biodiversity, and to improve local livelihoods. Yet, so far the non-local effects of forestation on rainfall have largely remained a blind spot. Here we build upon emerging work to propose that targeted rainfall enhancement may also be considered in the prioritization of forestation. We show that the tools to achieve this are rapidly becoming available, but we also identify drawbacks and discuss which further developments are still needed to realize robust assessments of the rainfall effects of forestation in the face of climate change. Forestation programs may then mitigate not only global climate change itself but also its adverse effects in the form of drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Staal
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J E Theeuwen
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Lan Wang-Erlandsson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico Wunderling
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stefan C Dekker
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Ruv Lemes M, Sampaio G, Garcia-Carreras L, Fisch G, Alves LM, Bassett R, Betts R, Maksic J, Shimizu MH, Torres RR, Guatura M, Basso LS, Bispo PDC. Impacts on South America moisture transport under Amazon deforestation and 2 °C global warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167407. [PMID: 37777132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The increase in greenhouse gasses (GHG) anthropogenic emissions and deforestation over the last decades have led to many chemical and physical changes in the climate system, affecting the atmosphere's energy and water balance. A process that could be affected is the Amazonian moisture transport in the South American continent (including La Plata basin), which is crucial to the southeast Brazilian water regime. The focus of our research is on evaluating how local (i.e. Amazon deforestation) and global forcings (increase of atmospheric GHG concentration) may modify this moisture transport under climate change scenarios. We used two coupled land-atmosphere models forced by CMIP6 sea surface temperatures to simulate these processes for two scenarios: i) increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) - RCP8.5 atmospheric levels (00DEF), and ii) total Amazon deforestation simultaneous with atmospheric CO2 levels increased (100DEF). These scenarios were compared with a control simulation, set with a constant CO2 of 388 ppm and present-day Amazon Forest cover. The 30-year Specific Warming Level 2 (SWL2) index evaluated from the simulations is set to be reached 2 years earlier due to Amazon deforestation. A reduction in precipitation was observed in the Amazon basin (-3.1 mm·day-1) as well as in La Plata Basin (-0.5 mm·day-1) due to reductions in the Amazon evapotranspiration (-0.9 mm·day-1) through a stomatal conductance decrease (00DEF) and land cover change (100DEF). In addition, the income moisture transport decreased (22 %) in the northern La Plata basin in both scenarios and model experiments. Our results indicated a worse scenario than previously found in the region. Both Amazon and La Plata hydrological regimes are connected (moisture and energy transport), indicating that a large-scale Amazon deforestation will have additional climate, economic and social implications for South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Ruv Lemes
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Manchester (UoM), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Gilvan Sampaio
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Garcia-Carreras
- University of Manchester (UoM), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gilberto Fisch
- University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Agronomy Department, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Muniz Alves
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Bassett
- University of Manchester (UoM), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jelena Maksic
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Harumi Shimizu
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Guatura
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Polyanna da C Bispo
- University of Manchester (UoM), Geography Department, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Restrepo-Coupe N, O'Donnell Christoffersen B, Longo M, Alves LF, Campos KS, da Araujo AC, de Oliveira RC, Prohaska N, da Silva R, Tapajos R, Wiedemann KT, Wofsy SC, Saleska SR. Asymmetric response of Amazon forest water and energy fluxes to wet and dry hydrological extremes reveals onset of a local drought-induced tipping point. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6077-6092. [PMID: 37698497 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of intensification of Amazon basin hydrological cycling-manifest as increasingly frequent floods and droughts-on water and energy cycles of tropical forests is essential to meeting the challenge of predicting ecosystem responses to climate change, including forest "tipping points". Here, we investigated the impacts of hydrological extremes on forest function using 12+ years of observations (between 2001-2020) of water and energy fluxes from eddy covariance, along with associated ecological dynamics from biometry, at the Tapajós National Forest. Measurements encompass the strong 2015-2016 El Niño drought and La Niña 2008-2009 wet events. We found that the forest responded strongly to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Drought reduced water availability for evapotranspiration (ET) leading to large increases in sensible heat fluxes (H). Partitioning ET by an approach that assumes transpiration (T) is proportional to photosynthesis, we found that water stress-induced reductions in canopy conductance (Gs ) drove T declines partly compensated by higher evaporation (E). By contrast, the abnormally wet La Niña period gave higher T and lower E, with little change in seasonal ET. Both El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events resulted in changes in forest structure, manifested as lower wet-season leaf area index. However, only during El Niño 2015-2016, we observed a breakdown in the strong meteorological control of transpiration fluxes (via energy availability and atmospheric demand) because of slowing vegetation functions (via shutdown of Gs and significant leaf shedding). Drought-reduced T and Gs , higher H and E, amplified by feedbacks with higher temperatures and vapor pressure deficits, signaled that forest function had crossed a threshold, from which it recovered slowly, with delay, post-drought. Identifying such tipping point onsets (beyond which future irreversible processes may occur) at local scale is crucial for predicting basin-scale threshold-crossing changes in forest energy and water cycling, leading to slow-down in forest function, potentially resulting in Amazon forests shifting into alternate degraded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bradley O'Donnell Christoffersen
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marcos Longo
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kleber Silva Campos
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará-UFOPA, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C da Araujo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará-UFOPA, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Raphael Tapajos
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará-UFOPA, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Kenia T Wiedemann
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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