Genetic characterisation of adult primary pleomorphic uterine rhabdomyosarcoma and comparison with uterine carcinosarcoma

The genomic landscape of distant metastatic endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE

The molecular underpinnings of primary treatment-naïve endometrial carcinoma (EC) are well described. Here we sought to characterize the genomic landscape of distant metastatic EC.

METHODS

Distant metastatic ECs from a total of 1888 cases subjected to a clinical panel sequencing between 4/2015 and 6/2020 were identified, and their genomic profiles, affected pathways and actionable alterations were compared to those of 711 primary ECs. Wilcoxon and Fisher's exact tests were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively, and p-values adjusted for multiple hypothesis-testing.

RESULTS

Distant EC metastases (n = 137) of the lung (n = 66, 48 %), liver (n = 21, 15 %), soft tissue (n = 15, 11 %), distant lymph nodes (n = 15, 11 %), gastrointestinal tract (n = 10, 7 %), central nervous system (n = 5, 4 %), bone (n = 4, 3 %), and renal system (n = 1, 1 %) were included. Distant EC metastases were most commonly of copy number (CN)-high/TP53 abnormal (42 %) or CN-low/no specific molecular profile (NSMP) (39 %) molecular subtype; 18 % were microsatellite instability (MSI)-high/mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient and 1 % were of POLE molecular subtype. Distant EC metastases were significantly more chromosomally unstable compared to primary ECs across molecular subtypes (p < 0.0001). CTNNB1 mutations were more prevalent in distant CN-low/NSMP and MSI-high/MMR-deficient metastases compared to primary ECs (q < 0.1). Clinically actionable alterations were significantly less common in metastatic ECs (27 % vs 37 % primary; p = 0.025). PI3K, p53 and epigenetic pathways were the most altered pathways among all anatomic sites.

CONCLUSIONS

Distant metastatic ECs are more frequently chromosomally unstable but less commonly exhibit hypermutator phenotypes. Exploitation of genetic differences of metastatic EC is warranted for targeted treatment strategy development.

A rare adult case of primary uterine rhabdomyosarcoma with mixed pattern: a clinicopathological & immunohistochemical study with literature review

BACKGROUND

Rhabdomyosarcomas are aggressive tumors that comprise a group of morphologically similar but biologically diverse lesions. Owing to its rarity, Mixed pattern RMS (ARMS and ERMS) constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

CASE

Herein is presented a very rare case of mixed alveolar & embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the uterus of a 68-year-old woman. The wall of the uterine corpus & cervix was replaced by multiple whitish-yellow, firm nodules, measuring up to 12 cm. Microscopically, the tumor was predominantly composed of round to polygonal cells arranged in nests with alveolar pattern intermingled with hypo- & hypercellular areas of more primitive cells with scattered multinucleated giant cells seen as well. Extensive sampling failed to show epithelial elements. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive staining for vimentin, desmin, myogenin, CD56 & WT-1. However, no staining was detected for CK, LCA, CD10, ER, SMA, CD99, S100, Cyclin-D1 & Olig-2. Metastatic deposits were found in the peritoneum. The patient received postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy but died of systemic metastases 3 months after surgery.

CONCLUSION

The rarity of this histological tumor entity and its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis grab attention to improving recognition and treatment modalities in adults.

Characterization of a rhabdomyosarcoma reveals a critical role for SMG7 in cancer cell viability and tumor growth

Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a rare and diverse group of mesenchymal cancers plagued with aggression, poor response to systemic therapy, and high rates of recurrence. Although STSs generally have low mutational burdens, the most commonly mutated genes are tumor suppressors, which frequently acquire mutations inducing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). This suggests that STS cells may exploit NMD to suppress these anti-cancer genes. To examine the role that the NMD factor SMG7 plays in STS, we developed an inducible knockout mouse model in the Trp53-/- background. Here, we isolated a subcutaneous STS and identified it as a rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). We report that knockout of SMG7 significantly inhibited NMD in our RMS cells, which led to the induction of NMD targets GADD45b and the tumor suppressor GAS5. The loss of NMD and upregulation of these anti-cancer genes were concomitant with the loss of RMS cell viability and inhibited tumor growth. Importantly, SMG7 was dispensable for homeostasis in our mouse embryonic fibroblasts and adult mice. Overall, our data show that the loss of SMG7 induces a strong anti-cancer effect both in vitro and in vivo. We present here the first evidence that disrupting SMG7 function may be tolerable and provide a therapeutic benefit for STS treatment.

The Role of FBXW7 in Gynecologic Malignancies

The F-Box and WD Repeat Domain Containing 7 (FBXW7) protein has been shown to regulate cellular growth and act as a tumor suppressor. This protein, also known as FBW7, hCDC4, SEL10 or hAGO, is encoded by the gene FBXW7. It is a crucial component of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex, which is a ubiquitin ligase. This complex aids in the degradation of many oncoproteins, such as cyclin E, c-JUN, c-MYC, NOTCH, and MCL1, via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The FBXW7 gene is commonly mutated or deleted in numerous types of cancer, including gynecologic cancers (GCs). Such FBXW7 mutations are linked to a poor prognosis due to increased treatment resistance. Hence, detection of the FBXW7 mutation may possibly be an appropriate diagnostic and prognostic biomarker that plays a central role in determining suitable individualized management. Recent studies also suggest that, under specific circumstances, FBXW7 may act as an oncogene. There is mounting evidence indicating that the aberrant expression of FBXW7 is involved in the development of GCs. The aim of this review is to give an update on the role of FBXW7 as a potential biomarker and also as a therapeutic target for novel treatments, particularly in the management of GCs.

Case Report: A PD-L1-Positive Patient With Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma Achieving an Impressive Response to Immunotherapy

There is currently a lack of effective systemic treatment for patients with advanced pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (PRMS). Although programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have shown efficacy in various solid tumors, their effects on PRMS have not been well established. Here, we present a case of a 12-year-old Chinese male adolescent with metastatic PRMS who benefited from the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab. The patient initially underwent primary tumor resection but failed to respond to subsequent first-line chemotherapy and second-line pazopanib treatment. Pathological examination showed positive PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the tumor tissue, and the patient was administered nivolumab as a posterior-line treatment. After attaining a clinically partial response (PR), surgical resection was performed, which was followed by adjuvant nivolumab. At the time of the submission of this manuscript, the patient achieved recurrence-free survival (RFS) lasting 45 months and counting. This is the first clinical evidence that a patient with refractory PRMS was controlled by anti-PD-1 antibody, with an RFS lasting more than 3 years. This case suggests that PD-L1 expression and T-cell infiltration could be used as potential biomarkers for PRMS immunotherapy.