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O'Connell KA, Newman DK, Palmer MH. When Did They Start? Age of Onset of Toileting Behaviors and Urinary Cues as Reported by Older Women. WOMEN'S HEALTH REPORTS (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2023; 4:387-399. [PMID: 37529759 PMCID: PMC10389249 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2023.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are prevalent across women's life course. Evidence shows toileting behaviors (TBs) and urinary urge cues are related to LUTS. It is unknown when women start using these behaviors and responding to urinary cues. Methods An online survey was administered to 338 women, 65 years of age and older, to assess the age of onset for 20 TBs from the Toileting Behaviors-Women's Elimination Behavior (TB-WEB) questionnaire, 10 urinary urge cues from the Urinary Cues Questionnaire, and urinary urgency and leakage items from the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Overactive Bladder (ICIQ-OAB) Short Form. Descriptive statistics were reported for each TB and urinary cue. A timeline was generated with the average earliest age of onsets for each type of TB, urinary cues, and urinary urgency and leakage symptoms. Results Place preference, delayed voiding, and hovering over toilets away from home were reported to have the earliest ages of onset. Urinary urge cues, premature voiding, and straining to void tended to start after 45 years of age, as did the symptoms of urinary urgency and leakage. The timeline indicated that the earliest place preference and position preference TBs started before 20 years of age. Conclusion Some TBs begin early in life and persist into old age, while other TBs and urinary cues begin later. Bladder health promotion may depend on intervening at specific times in the life course to alter TBs and responses, and potentially making environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. O'Connell
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diane K. Newman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary H. Palmer
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Rumeng C, Ya Z, Xirong C, Yue S, Lixia C, Shenshen W, Chao J, Chunxia Z. Work-Related Factors Associated With the Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Among a Sample of Female Nurses in China. Workplace Health Saf 2023; 71:282-295. [PMID: 36988052 DOI: 10.1177/21650799231154282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female nurses are a high-risk group for pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). Predictors of female nurses' PFD among work-related factors are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PFD and its association with workplace conditions among female nurses in China. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in May 2021. A sample of 380 registered nurses working in six tertiary hospitals in Nanjing, China participated. Data on individual characteristics, work-related factors, the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 were used. FINDINGS The overall prevalence of PFD among nurses was 83.9%, with 43.9% of participants experiencing pelvic organ prolapse, 66.6% experiencing anorectal dysfunction and 60.5% experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms. In terms of work-related factors, PFD was associated with heavy lifting, pushing, and carrying at work, delayed toileting at work and fluid intake. Female nurses with PFD reported lower quality of life (QoL) relative to nurses without PFD. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Our findings provide initial insights into workplace conditions that promote PFD among female nurses. Occupational health nurses should consider providing educational information for female workers who are potentially at risk for PFD and consider integrating screening of PFD into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Rumeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhu Ya
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chen Xirong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Su Yue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chen Lixia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wang Shenshen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jin Chao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhang Chunxia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
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Choi B, Yoon J, Kim JH, Yoo J, Sorensen G, Kim SS. Working Alone, Limited Restroom Accessibility, and Poor Menstrual Health Among Cosmetics Saleswomen in South Korea. New Solut 2022; 32:40-47. [PMID: 35243928 DOI: 10.1177/10482911221083666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) at work has been neglected in occupational health research despite its importance for female workers' health. This study investigated the association between hours of working alone and poor menstrual health among 740 cosmetics saleswomen in South Korea. Hours of working alone in a day were classified into 4 categories. MHM was measured by asking "Over the past six months, have you ever experienced that you could not change your sanitary pad when you need to change it at work?" We also measured the experience of dermatopathy due to unchanged sanitary pads. Cosmetics saleswomen who worked alone for 3 h or more in a day reported a higher prevalence of ever being unable to change the sanitary pads (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-2.46) and dermatopathy due to unchanged sanitary pads (PR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.18-3.59) than those who worked alone less than 1 h in a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyoung Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Yoon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghun Yoo
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Glorian Sorensen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, South Korea
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Moreira FD, Rezende S, Passos F. Public toilets from the perspective of users: a case study in a public place, Brazil. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:41-53. [PMID: 35100153 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Public toilets are essential infrastructure to guarantee the right to sanitation in public spaces and, in more general terms, the right to inclusive and sustainable cities. Moreover, since the equipment has a direct user interface, it is important to understand their demands and needs. Given this, the present research aims to understand the perspective of public toilet users on the Pampulha Lake Shore (PLS), a public touristic place in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. For that, observations and semi-structured interviews were carried out with different public toilet users. In addition, comments posted on the Google Local Guides tool of Google Maps were used as a secondary database for understanding users' experience of PLS toilets. The analysis made it possible to identify aspects related to availability, quality (health and hygiene), security, and accessibility. Collected data showed how the conflicting choice of whether or not to use the toilet was directly related to the health and conservation of the urban equipment and interfered with social and leisure prospects. On the whole, the importance of the user's perspective was highlighted in this study with emphasis on elaborating adequate urban planning with regard to health, sanitation, and accessibility issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Deister Moreira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Sonaly Rezende
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Fabiana Passos
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil E-mail:
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Zhang N, He H, Zhang J, Chi R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Sun P, Ma G. Urination behaviours of senior citizens in five Chinese cities: Results of a cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14285. [PMID: 34037297 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the urination behaviours of senior citizens in China. METHODS Stratified random sampling was used to recruit senior citizens who met the inclusion criteria from five cities in China. After training by researchers, participants recorded their urination behaviours in real time by using the validated 7-day 24-hour urination behaviour record, which consisted of frequency of urination, time of urination, urinary urgency and urine colour. RESULTS Of the 551 recruited participants, 524 (233 male and 291 female) completed the survey, yielding a completion rate of 95.1%. The median frequency of urination was 7.4 times per day. The frequency of urination was highest among participants in Guangzhou, at 8.0 times per day (χ2 = 29.356; P < .001), and participants in the first percentile body mass index group, at 8.0 times per day (χ2 = 10.344; P = .016). The percentage of participants who urinated >7 times during the day was 44.3%. The percentage of participants who urinated ≥1 time at night was 77.5%. The number of times participants reported feeling no urge to urinate, a strong urge to urinate and an uncomfortable urge to urinate accounted for 59.7%, 62.8% and 24.8% of all records of urinary urgency, respectively. Instances of patients having no urge to urinate, a strong urgent to urinate and an uncomfortable urge accounted for 16.1%, 13.3% and 2.9% of all instances of urination, respectively. The number of times participants whose urine was yellow and dark yellow accounted for 69.1% and 18.9% of all records of urine colour, respectively. Urine with yellow and dark yellow colour accounted for 13.0% and 1.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION Unhealthy urination behaviours, including urinating at night and holding back urine, were common among senior citizens. This result can provide information for the prevention and control of urinary system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hairong He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixin Chi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinbin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Fengtai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyu Sun
- Department of Urology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Guansheng Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Hartigan S, Finn M, Dmochowski R, Reynolds WS. Real-time daily assessment of work interference on healthcare professionals' restroom use: A pilot study. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:728-734. [PMID: 33616293 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Certain occupations may predispose individuals to develop lower urinary tract symptoms presumably through the adoption of unhealthy toileting behaviors. This study aimed to pilot the feasibility of recording healthcare workers' perceptions of daily, work-related interference with toilet use using a cellular, text-based survey tool. METHODS A cohort study of adult healthcare professionals completed a baseline questionnaire, a daily survey for fourteen consecutive days regarding their restroom use for the current workday, and a posttest survey providing feedback on study design and participation. Contributors to daily toilet use were analyzed in a linear mixed effects model that allowed for modeling effects within a given day. A backward stepwise regression was performed to assess for the presence of the effect of toilet use among control variables. RESULTS Increased work burden (i.e., increased inconvenience for using the restroom at work) was provisionally found to be associated with fewer voids per day. The number of voids at work was also associated with the number of breaks, urinary urgency, and limiting fluids. Subjects reported that participation in the study was easy, did not interfere with work, and that they would be willing to participate again in a similar study. CONCLUSION The utilization of a daily text message survey is a feasible way to study healthcare workers and their toileting behaviors at work. A larger similarly designed study could potentially confirm that limitations to restroom use may result in toileting behaviors that could predispose healthcare workers to develop bothersome urinary symptoms. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Finn
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roger Dmochowski
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - W Stuart Reynolds
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Nerbass FB, Santo CE, Fialek EV, Calice-Silva V, Vieira MA. Female nurses have a higher prevalence of urinary tract symptoms and infection than other occupations in dialysis units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 43:495-501. [PMID: 34032819 PMCID: PMC8940105 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary tract symptoms and infection have been associated with occupational
factors that impact hydration habits particularly in women. We compared
self-reported urinary symptoms and infection and hydration habits between
nurses and other occupations in dialysis units. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Participants worked in five nephrology centers in
Brazil and answered an online questionnaire comprising questions regarding
urinary tract symptoms and infection episodes in the preceding year; data on
usual daily beverage intake, urine frequency, and urine color according to a
urine color chart were also collected, as well as perceptions of water
access and toilet adequacy at work. Results: We included 133 women (age=36.9±9.5 years). The self-reported usual daily
beverage intake was 6.6±2.9 cups/day (~1320 mL), daily urine frequency was
5.4±2.1, and urine color chart score: 3.0±1.2. Nurses (N=66/49.6%) reported
higher prevalence of burning sensation (50 versus 27%; P<0.001), urinary
urgency (42 versus 21%; P<0.001), and infection (42% versus 25%; P=0.04)
as well as lower liquid intake (6.0±2.6 versus 7.3±3.0 cups/day; P=0.01)
than controls. Forty four percent of nurses reported being able to drink
when thirsty "always" and "most of the time" versus 93% of the control
group. Conclusion: Dialysis female nurses reported lower beverage intake and higher prevalence
of symptoms and infection than other occupations in the same environment.
Interventions to improve hydration can potentially decrease urinary problems
in this population.
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Kok G, Kocaoz S, Guvenc G, Akyuz A. Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in nurses and civil servants working at a hospital: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:220-229. [PMID: 34394301 PMCID: PMC8356616 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in women and can interrupt daily living activities of the individuals. The study aimed at determining the LUTS prevalence and the influencing factors in nurses and civil servants working at a hospital. Methods This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with 158 female nurses and 105 female civil servants. The data were obtained with a data collection form and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form. Results This paper exposes that the prevalence of at least one LUTS was 94.2% in nurses and 97.1% in civil servants. The most common LUTS symptoms of nurses and civil servants were urgency (60.1% nurses, 81.9% civil servants) and urge incontinence (59.5% nurses, 81.9% civil servants). Nurses (60.8%) expressed significantly higher rates of having inadequate time going to the toilet due to their work conditions compared to the civil servants (41.9%) (p<0.05). BFLUTS-SF scores in terms of age, BMI, parity, having cesarean and vaginal delivery and urinary incontinence in their previous pregnancies were compared between two groups, statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05). Conclusion Workplace conditions of the health workers should be reorganizing to have healthy urinary habits for preventing them from the development of LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Kok
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gulhane Faculty of Nursing, Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing Department, Etlik/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Kocaoz
- Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde Zubeyde Hanim School of Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Derbent Campus, 51200, Nigde/ Turkey
| | - Gulten Guvenc
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gulhane Faculty of Nursing, Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing Department, Etlik/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aygul Akyuz
- Demiroglu Bilim University, Florence Nightingale Hospital School of Nursing, Istanbul /Turkey
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Ribeiro de Menezes P, Teixeira Moreira Vasconcelos C, Gomes Lopes L, Macena de Almeida ME, Moura Barbosa Castro RC, Vasconcelos Neto JA. Lower urinary tract symptoms in female prison inmates: prevalence and impact on quality of life. Int Urogynecol J 2021; 32:2795-2802. [PMID: 33609160 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-021-04679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS The objective was to estimate the prevalence and assess the impact of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on the quality of life of incarcerated women. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted with 307 incarcerated women from the state of Ceará, Brazil, from June to September 2018. To identify the prevalence of symptoms, an instrument was developed according to the recommendations of the International Continence Society. To assess the frequency, intensity, and impact of the identified symptoms on quality of life, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form and King's Health Questionnaire were applied. RESULTS The profile of the inmates was mostly young women (mean = 32.9 ± 11.8 years), Black, who had been in prison for a mean of 17.3 ± 12.0 months. Approximately half (n = 152, 49.5%) presented with storage complaints, with emphasis on urinary incontinence (n = 61, 19.9%), nocturia (n = 55, 17.9%), and urinary urgency (n = 45, 14.7%). Among the voiding symptoms (n = 71, 23.1%), dysuria (n = 39, 12.7%), and recurrent UTI (n = 44, 14.3%) were the most frequent. The complaint of incomplete bladder emptying (19.5%) was mentioned by 60 of the inmates. Sociodemographic data and environmental conditions were mainly associated with storage symptoms (p = 0.019). Women from prisons 2 and 3 presented with a greater impact on the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of LUTS in female inmates, together with unhealthy toileting behaviors within the prison units, indicate that incarceration might play a role in the occurrence of these symptoms, while also affecting quality of life. The acknowledgement and investigation of these symptoms is important for improving health care in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lia Gomes Lopes
- Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Alexandre Baraúna, 1115, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Development of the Nurses' Occupational Stressor Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020649. [PMID: 31963903 PMCID: PMC7014241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although nurses work in stressful environments, stressors in such environments have yet to be clearly assessed. This study aimed to develop a Nurses’ Occupational Stressor Scale (NOSS) with high reliability and validity. Candidate questions for the NOSS were generated by expert consensus following focus group feedback, and were used to survey in 2013. A shorter version was then developed after examination for validity and reproducibility in 2014. The accuracy of the short version of the NOSS for predicting nurses’ stress levels was evaluated based on receiver operating characteristic curves to compare existing instruments for measuring stress outcomes, namely personal burnout, client-related burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intention to leave. Examination for validity and reproducibility yielded a shorter version of NOSS with only 21 items was considered sufficient for measuring stressors in nurses’ work environments. Nine subscales were included: (1) work demands, (2) work–family conflict, (3) insufficient support from coworkers or caregivers, (4) workplace violence and bullying, (5) organizational issues, (6) occupational hazards, (7) difficulty taking leave, (8) powerlessness, and (9) unmet basic physiological needs. The 21-item NOSS proved to have high concurrent and construct validity. The correlation coefficients of the subscales for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.71 to 0.83. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) coefficients ranged from 0.35 to 0.77. The NOSS exhibited accurate prediction of personal burnout, client-related burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intention to leave.
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Palmer MH, Cockerell R, Griebling TL, Rantell A, van Houten P, Newman DK. Review of the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence: Primary prevention of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2019; 39:66-72. [PMID: 31737950 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To report the state of the science on primary prevention of urinary incontinence (UI) in adults from the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence with an update through January 2019. METHODS Online databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Medline were searched in March 2016 and February 2019 with a focus on literature published after 2010. The International Consultation on Urological Diseases modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence and grades of recommendation were used to evaluate the literature. RESULTS Grade B recommendations to prevent UI in pregnant and postpartum women are available and promising evidence exists for educational interventions to prevent UI up to 2 years in older women. There is little evidence for adding preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercises to postprostatectomy pelvic floor muscle exercises for men to regain continence. Insufficient evidence exists for the effectiveness of screening for UI in women. The absence of information on primary prevention remains for adolescents, nulliparous and perimenopausal women, and middle-aged and aged men and women. CONCLUSIONS Few primary prevention interventions for UI exist for specific populations, especially pregnant and postpartum women. Research interest in developing foundational knowledge to design these interventions is growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Palmer
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Tomas L Griebling
- Department of Urology and The Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Angie Rantell
- Department of Urogynaecology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Diane K Newman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Wu C, Xue K, Palmer MH. Toileting Behaviors Related to Urination in Women: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16204000. [PMID: 31635040 PMCID: PMC6843934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review explores the state of science regarding women’s toileting behaviors, gaps in knowledge, and areas for future research. Online databases were searched to identify papers published in English between January 2010 through July 2019; the search identified 25 articles. The Toileting Behaviors–Women’s Elimination Behaviors scale has been published in four validated language versions and used in 17 of the 25 studies. The most frequent behaviors include concern about public toilet cleanliness, delaying urination when busy or away from home, and using different toileting postures at and away from home. Determinants of toileting behaviors include environmental factors, chronic health conditions, and cognitive/psychological factors. Associations were found between toileting behaviors and lower urinary tract symptoms and between toileting postures and uroflowmetric parameters and post-void residual volume. Strategies that address modifiable determinants of toileting behaviors should be developed and tested in future research. Furthermore, little is known about the toileting behaviors and bladder health in older women and women from developing countries. Rigorous studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of toileting behaviors, the nature of associations between toileting behaviors and lower urinary tract symptoms, and effects of the environment on women’s toileting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kaikai Xue
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China.
| | - Mary H Palmer
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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13
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Toileting behaviors and factors associated with urinary incontinence in college-aged female students in China. Int Urogynecol J 2019; 31:961-971. [PMID: 31289874 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-019-04043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Urinary incontinence (UI) is prevalent among women, including young women (18-30 years old). This article aims to explore the prevalence of UI, as well as toileting behaviors and other factors that are associated with UI, in female college students in central China. METHODS We used convenience sampling to recruit 1000 students from five institutions of higher education. We distributed pencil-and-paper questionnaires to obtain demographic, environmental, and general health information, including whether UI was present or not, and information regarding toileting behaviors used by the respondents. RESULTS Most students, n = 929, responded to the questionnaire. Their ages ranged from 18 to 26 years old (average: 20.5 ± 1.6); 23.6% of these respondents reported UI, 52.7% often/always worried about public toilet cleanliness, and 25.3% often/always delayed emptying their bladder when they were busy. Respondents who were between 21 and 26 years old had a lower probability of UI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.867 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.771-0.975) than younger respondents (18-21 years old). Respondents who reported constipation (OR = 2.395, 95% CI = 1.494-3.839), drank alcohol (OR = 1.763, 95% CI = 1.114-2.792), often/always delayed urination (OR = 1.738, 95% CI = 1.306-2.313), and/or often/always strained to urinate (OR = 1.433, 95% CI = 1.111-1.849) had greater odds of having UI than respondents who did not have constipation or engage in these behaviors. CONCLUSIONS UI is prevalent in young Chinese women who are attending college. These women should be asked and given culturally appropriate information about UI and associated factors that include toileting behaviors.
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Lopes LG, Vasconcelos CTM, Neto JAV, Oriá MOB, Saboia DM, Gomes MLS, de Menezes PR, de Moraes Lopes MHB. A systematic review of the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of pelvic floor dysfunctions in nurses. Neurourol Urodyn 2019; 38:1492-1503. [PMID: 31165519 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of pelvic floor dysfunctions in female nurses. DESIGN A systematic review. DATA SOURCES Searches were conducted in the following five electronic databases: PubMed/Medline, LILACS, SCIELO, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. There were no period or language limitations. REVIEW METHODS Data extraction and synthesis were conducted and the appraisal of the quality of the studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool checklist for prevalence data. RESULTS A total of 15 studies were included. The symptoms investigated were lower urinary tract symptoms, including urinary incontinence and its subtypes, sexual dysfunctions, constipation, faecal incontinence, and dual incontinence. Overall, prevalence ranged from 9.9% to 89.6%. Associated factors related to occupational roles were lifting heavy weights and poor bladder habits. Quality of life was significantly worse for nurses with pelvic floor disorders. CONCLUSION Pelvic floor dysfunctions are very common among female nurses, considerably affecting their quality of life. Additional studies are needed to investigate the impact on work productivity, causal relationships with the occupation and the performance of prevention and treatment interventions directed toward this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Gomes Lopes
- Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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15
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Pierce H, Perry L, Gallagher R, Chiarelli P. Culture, teams, and organizations: A qualitative exploration of female nurses’ and midwives’ experiences of urinary symptoms at work. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:1284-1295. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Pierce
- Faculty of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lin Perry
- Faculty of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital Sydney NSWAustralia
| | - Robyn Gallagher
- Charles Perkins Centre Sydney School of Nursing University of Sydney Sydney NSWAustralia
| | - Pauline Chiarelli
- School of Health Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan Australia
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Xu D, Zhu S, Li H, Gao J, Mou H, Wang K. Relationships among occupational stress, toileting behaviors, and overactive bladder in nurses: A multiple mediator model. J Adv Nurs 2018; 75:1263-1271. [PMID: 30585354 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate: (a) the prevalence of overactive bladder among male and female operating room nurses; (b) the unhealthy toileting behaviours that nurses adopt to void their bladders; and (c) the mediating roles that different toileting behaviours play in the relationship between occupational stress and overactive bladder. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used. METHODS This study was conducted from July - September 2016 in Jinan, China. Four hundred eligible operating room nurses in five hospitals were recruited. Data were collected through survey questionnaires including the nurse job stress scale, the toileting behaviours scale and the overactive bladder symptom score questionnaire. Multivariate linear or logistic regression models, as appropriate, were used to test the mediation effect of each toileting behaviour on the relationship between occupational stress and overactive bladder. RESULTS Overactive bladder was highly prevalent in both male and female nurses working in operating rooms. Approximately one of three nurses reported experiencing an overactive bladder. The most common unhealthy toileting behaviour was delayed voiding. Unhealthy toileting behaviours mediated the relationship between occupational stress and overactive bladder. With high levels of occupational stress, nurses tended to adopt unhealthy toileting behaviours to empty their bladders. The more the nurses engaged in unhealthy toileting behaviours (e.g. delayed voiding and straining to void), the greater the likelihood of having overactive bladders. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the mediating role of toileting behaviours on occupational stress and overactive bladder. To accommodate occupational stress, nurses engaged in unhealthy toileting behaviours that were detrimental to their bladder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Xu
- Purdue University School of Nursing, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Operating Room, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huanyu Mou
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kefang Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Xu D, Huang L, Gao J, Li J, Wang X, Wang K. Effects of an education program on toileting behaviors and bladder symptoms in overactive bladder patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 87:131-139. [PMID: 30096579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overactive bladder is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes than in those without diabetes. Many patients with diabetes adopt unhealthy toileting behaviors to empty their bladder that may contribute to the onset or worsening of overactive bladder. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether an education program targeting toileting behaviors is effective for helping overactive bladder patients with type 2 diabetes in terms of adopting healthy toileting behaviors, improving bladder symptoms, and enhancing quality of life. DESIGN The study was a parallel, pragmatic, open-label randomized trial. SETTINGS The trial was conducted in a hospital-based endocrinology outpatient department in Jinan, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 104 patients were randomly assigned to a 6-week education program or a control group. METHODS Primary outcomes included toileting behaviors and bladder symptoms, including dry/wet overactive bladder and severity of urgency. Secondary outcomes were overactive bladder-specific and general quality of life. The patients were reassessed on the outcome variables at the end of the intervention and at 3 months and 6 months following the intervention. The analysis followed the intent-to-treat principle. To account for the longitudinal data with repeated measures, group comparisons for continuous outcomes were evaluated using linear mixed models. Group differences in binary outcomes were examined using mixed-effects logit models. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the education program group showed significant changes in three unhealthy toileting behaviors: premature voiding (-0.7, p < 0.001), place preference for voiding (-0.5, p = 0.007), and delayed voiding (-0.2, p = 0.011). The program significantly relieved the bladder symptoms (-2.2, p < 0.001) and decreased the probability of having wet overactive bladder (-0.3, p < 0.001) and the severity of urgency (-0.4, p < 0.001). It also significantly improved the overactive bladder-specific quality of life by 10.8 points (p = 0.001). Regarding patients' general quality of life, the physical aspect was enhanced by 3.0 points (p = 0.049); however, no effect on the mental well-being aspect was observed. CONCLUSIONS Among overactive bladder patients with type 2 diabetes, the 6-week education program targeting toileting behaviors resulted in the adoption of healthy toileting behaviors, relief of bladder symptoms and improvement in quality of life in the 6 months following the intervention compared with routine care alone. The education program was highly successful and may represent an effective, acceptable, feasible, and safe intervention for improving bladder health and quality of life during diabetes care, given that the toileting behavioral changes were maintained during the 6-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Xu
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Liqun Huang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Surgical Nursing, Ningbo College of Health Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kefang Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Zhou F, Newman DK, Palmer MH. Urinary Urgency in Working Women: What Factors Are Associated with Urinary Urgency Progression? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 27:575-583. [PMID: 29394127 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary urgency is the primary symptom of overactive bladder (OAB). This study aimed to identify targets for effective intervention to delay progression of urinary urgency. MATERIAL AND METHODS Secondary analyses of data from a study conducted with female employees of a large academic medical center were conducted. Women were ≥18 years and nonpregnant at the time of the survey. An online questionnaire obtained demographic information, presence of lower urinary tract symptoms, and toileting behaviors. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were applied to explore factors related to different stages of urinary urgency. RESULTS Four stages of urinary urgency were constructed: (1) Stage 1: no urinary symptoms (n = 20), (2) Stage 2: continent but urinary urgency reported (n = 19), (3) Stage 3: nonsevere urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) (incontinent but leakage ≤1/day, n = 74); and (4) Stage 4: severe UUI (leakage ≥1/day, n = 26). In multivariate analyses, older women were more likely to be in Stage 3 than in Stage 2 (aOR 1.053, 95% CI 1.012-1.096). Women who lost urine with defecation were more likely to be in Stage 4 than Stage 3 (aOR 3.828, 95% CI 1.921-7.629). Women who habitually strained to empty the bladder faster were more likely to be in Stage 4 than in Stage 3 (aOR 6.588, 95% CI 1.317-32.971). CONCLUSIONS Losing urine with defecation and making the bladder empty faster by pushing down should be explored as intervention targets to prevent women from progressing from Stage 3 to Stage 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- 1 School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, China
| | - Diane K Newman
- 2 Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary H Palmer
- 3 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Palmer MH, Willis-Gray MG, Zhou F, Newman DK, Wu JM. Self-reported toileting behaviors in employed women: Are they associated with lower urinary tract symptoms? Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 37:735-743. [PMID: 28671729 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe toileting behaviors working women habitually use and investigate behaviors associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), especially urinary urgency with or without leakage. METHODS Non-pregnant female employees of a large academic medical center 18 years and over were eligible to complete an online survey about bladder health and toileting behaviors. RESULTS One hundred eighty-two women participated in the survey. The majority were white (83.52%), married (52.49%), had ≥1 pregnancy (54.40%), and in excellent health (93.41%). The average age and body mass index were 47.28 ± 13.56 years and 27.92 ± 6.78, respectively. The sample was further sub-divided into two groups: urinary urgency (N = 119) or no urinary urgency symptoms (N = 51). Habitual toileting behaviors for these groups (N = 170) included: sitting to urinate at home (98.24%), emptying the bladder completely (88.82%), emptying the bladder before leaving home (80.00%), and sitting to urinate when away from home (68.82%). Logistic regression analysis showed age increased the odds of urinary urgency (aOR 1.06, 95%CI 1.02-1.09). Women who waited too long to urinate at work (aOR 7.85, 95%CI 1.57-39.24) and wore panty liners for urinary leakage (aOR 2.86, 95%CI 1.25-6.56) had greater odds of urinary urgency than women who did neither. CONCLUSIONS Most habitual toileting behaviors were not associated with urinary urgency except waiting too long to urinate when at work. Logistic regression revealed significant relationships among health-related factors, personal characteristics, behaviors, and urinary urgency. LUTS in women is both a women's health and occupational health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Palmer
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Marcella G Willis-Gray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Fang Zhou
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Diane K Newman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Urology, Penn Center for Continence and Pelvic Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer M Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Xu D, Cheng R, Ma A, Zhao M, Wang K. Toileting behaviors and overactive bladder in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in China. BMC Urol 2017; 17:42. [PMID: 28610556 PMCID: PMC5470265 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-017-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overactive bladder is more prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes than in those without diabetes. Unhealthy toileting behaviors may be associated with the development and worsening of overactive bladder symptoms. However, little is known about the relationships between toileting behaviors and overactive bladder in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to identify unhealthy toileting behaviors that patients with type 2 diabetes adopted to empty their bladders and investigate the relationships between toileting behaviors and overactive bladder. Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes from the endocrinology outpatient department of a hospital in China were recruited. The Toileting Behaviors-Women’s Elimination Behavior and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score questionnaires were used to assess the patients’ toileting behaviors and overactive bladder symptoms. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the relationships between toileting behaviors and overactive bladder. Results Almost 14% of patients with diabetes had overactive bladder. The unhealthiest toileting behavior was premature voiding. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, premature voiding (OR = 1.286, p = 0.016) and straining to void (OR = 1.243, p = 0.026) were associated with overactive bladder. There was a greater likelihood of having overactive bladder when patients engaged in unhealthy toileting behaviors (premature voiding and straining to void). Conclusions Overactive bladder in patients with type 2 diabetes was more than twofold higher than that in the general population. Thus, overactive bladder is not just an inconsequential condition for patients with diabetes. Unhealthy toileting behaviors, e.g., premature voiding and straining to void, may contribute to the onset or worsening of overactive bladder in patients with diabetes. Identification and awareness of these modifiable behavioral factors during diabetes care is an essential component of primary prevention, alleviation, and management of overactive bladder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Xu
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Aixia Ma
- Department of endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kefang Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, No.44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Toileting behaviours and lower urinary tract symptoms among female nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2016; 65:1-7. [PMID: 28027949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy toileting behaviours exist among women, and lower urinary tract symptoms have a high prevalence and significant effects on quality of life. However, the relationship between toileting behaviours and lower urinary tract symptoms is unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms among female nurses, and the association between toileting behaviours and lower urinary tract symptoms. DESIGN A cross-sectional stratified cluster sampling study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 636 female clinical nurses from tertiary hospitals in Jinan (the capital city of Shandong Province, China). METHODS The Toileting Behaviour-Women's Elimination Behaviours and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms scales were used to assess the participants' toileting behaviours and lower urinary tract symptoms, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between toileting behaviours and lower urinary tract symptoms. RESULTS Unhealthy toileting behaviours were common among the female nurses, with delayed voiding being the unhealthiest toileting behaviour, which was followed by place and position preference for voiding. Nearly 68% of the female nurses had at least one lower urinary tract symptom, nearly 50% had incontinence symptoms, 40% had filling symptoms, and 18% had voiding symptoms. Unhealthy toileting behaviours (premature voiding, delayed voiding, and straining to void) were positively associated with lower urinary tract symptoms. However, lower urinary tract symptoms were not significantly associated with voiding place or position preference. Among the control variables, being married or having a history of a urinary tract infection was associated with lower urinary tract symptoms. Having a higher income and regular menstrual period were negatively associated with lower urinary tract symptoms. Compared with vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery had a protective association with lower urinary tract symptoms. CONCLUSION Lower urinary tract symptoms among female nurses should not be overlooked, because their prevalence among female clinical nurses exceeded that among the general population of women. These findings highlight the importance of avoiding unhealthy toileting behaviours (especially premature voiding, delayed voiding, and straining to void), as these unhealthy toileting behaviours were significantly associated with susceptibility to lower urinary tract symptoms.
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