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Sheng C, Liu B, Chavarro J, Hart JE, Zhang C, Wang M, Sun Q. Maternal macronutrient intake at pregnancy and offspring growth trajectory through childhood: a prospective analysis in the Growing Up Today Study 2 cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2025; 121:843-852. [PMID: 39900248 PMCID: PMC11968214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 02/05/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity has become a public health challenge globally. Existing studies have indicated a potential link between maternal dietary macronutrient compositions and subsequent weight changes in their offspring during early childhood, although few studies have been conducted through early adulthood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal macronutrient intake before or during pregnancy and offspring body weight from late childhood till early adulthood. METHODS We included 5715 children from the Growing Up Today Study 2 (GUTS2) (mean 11.8 y old at baseline in 2004) born to 4731 mothers who participated in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) during 1989-1995. Diet during or before pregnancy was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 1991 and 1995. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) were used to define overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Multivariable linear and log-binomial regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the associations of interest. RESULTS The mean (SD) maternal macronutrient percent energy intake during pregnancy was 19.3% (3.1) for protein, 51.2% (6.6) for carbohydrates, and 30.8% (5.0) for total fat. For diet during pregnancy, after multivariate adjustment for maternal and offspring risk factors, compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of trans fatty acid consumption was associated with a 0.20 unit (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00, 0.40) increase in BMI z-score without a significant linear trend (P-trend = 0.06). A positive association with BMI z-score was also observed for total fat intake (β: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.36; P-trend = 0.02) when replacing total carbohydrate, and vice versa (β: -0.24; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.08; P-trend = 0.02 for total carbohydrate intake). For diet before pregnancy, none of the macronutrients were associated with offspring BMI z-score or the risk of overweight or obesity. CONCLUSIONS Higher fat, especially trans fat intake, during pregnancy was positively associated with higher body weight among offspring. Other macronutrients from various food sources were not associated with the offspring weight. Overall, these data suggest that, apart from trans fatty acids, other macronutrient composition of maternal diet may have minimal impact on offspring body weight in this well-nourished population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Binkai Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jorge Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Global Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Biesiekierska M, Strigini M, Śliwińska A, Pirola L, Balcerczyk A. The Impact of Ketogenic Nutrition on Obesity and Metabolic Health: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Nutr Rev 2025:nuaf010. [PMID: 40036324 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaf010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2025] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has recently gained increasing popularity. This high-fat, adequate-protein, and carbohydrate-poor eating pattern leads to nutritional ketosis. The KD has long been known for its antidiabetic and antiepileptic effects and has been used therapeutically in these contexts. Recently, the KD, due to its effectiveness in inducing weight loss, has also been proposed as a possible approach to treat obesity. Likewise, a KD is currently explored as a supporting element in the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic disorders and certain forms of cancer. Here, we discuss the metabolic and biochemical mechanisms at play during the shift of metabolism to fatty acids and fatty acid-derived ketone bodies as main fuel molecules, in the substitution of carbohydrates, in ketogenic nutrition. Different sources of ketone bodies and KDs as alternatives to glucose and carbohydrates as main energy substrates are discussed, together with an attempt to weigh the benefits and risks posed by the chronic use of a KD in the context of weight loss, and also considering the molecular effects that ketone bodies exert on metabolism and on the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Biesiekierska
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maura Strigini
- University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, INSERM, Mines Saint Etienne, SAINBIOSE U1059, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Luciano Pirola
- INSERM Unit 1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Lyon 1 University, F-69495 Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Aneta Balcerczyk
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Mulet-Cabero AI, Torres-Gonzalez M, Geurts J, Rosales A, Farhang B, Marmonier C, Ulleberg EK, Hocking E, Neiderer I, Gandolfi I, Anderson L, Brader L, Vermaak M, Cameron M, Myrup Christensen M, Haryono R, Peters S. The Dairy Matrix: Its Importance, Definition, and Current Application in the Context of Nutrition and Health. Nutrients 2024; 16:2908. [PMID: 39275224 PMCID: PMC11397276 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition research has shifted from single nutrients to examining the association of foods and dietary patterns with health. This includes recognizing that food is more than the sum of the individual nutrients and relates to the concept of the food matrix. Like other foods, dairy foods are characterized by their unique matrices and associated health effects. Although the concepts of the food matrix and/or dairy matrix are receiving increasing attention in the nutrition and health literature, there are different terms and definitions that refer to it. This article aims to provide insights into the application of the concepts of the food matrix and dairy matrix and to provide a current overview of the definitions and terminology surrounding the food matrix and dairy matrix. By analysing these aspects, we aim to illustrate the practical implications of the food matrix and dairy matrix on nutrition and health outcomes and evaluate their roles in shaping evidence-based policies for the benefit of public health. There is a need for harmonized definitions within the literature. Therefore, the International Dairy Federation put forward harmonized terms to be internationally applicable: the "dairy matrix" describes the unique structure of a dairy food, its components (e.g., nutrients and non-nutrients), and how they interact; "dairy matrix health effects" refers to the impact of a dairy food on health that extend beyond its individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Geurts
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bita Farhang
- Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Mississauga, ON L5N 2L8, Canada
| | - Corinne Marmonier
- Centre National Interprofessionnel de l'Economie Laitière C.N.I.E.L., 75009 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Anderson
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephan Peters
- Nederlandse Zuivel Organisatie, 2596 BC The Hague, The Netherlands
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Lee H, Moyo GT, Theophilus RJ, Oldewage-Theron W. Association of Dietary Changes with Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes among Older Adults in Sharpeville, South Africa, from 2004 to 2014. Nutrients 2023; 15:4751. [PMID: 38004145 PMCID: PMC10675501 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the associations of dietary changes with risk factors of type 2 diabetes among older populations in Sharpeville, South Africa. A 24 h recall assessment, dietary diversity, and anthropometrics were measured. Blood samples were collected to assess fasting glucose and insulin. Regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. The mean BMI of the total of 103 participants was 30.63 kg/m2 at baseline and 29.66 kg/m2 at follow-up. Significantly higher BMI levels were reported in women than men both at baseline (p = 0.003) and follow-up (p = 0.009). Waist circumference significantly decreased from 96.20 cm to 93.16 cm (p = 0.046). The mean levels of HOMA-B significantly increased from 88.99 to 111.19 (p = 0.021). BMI was positively associated with intakes of total energy (p = 0.22), polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.050), and cholesterol (p = 0.006). Waist circumference was strongly associated with total energy (p = 0.048), polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.037), trans fatty acids (p = 0.039), and cholesterol (p = 0.000). HOMA-IR and HOMA-B were associated with intakes of fat (HOMA-IR: p = 0.013; HOMA-B: p = 0.040) and monounsaturated fatty acids (HOMA-IR: p = 0.003; HOMA-B: p = 0.040).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gugulethu T. Moyo
- Center for Health and Wellbeing, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
| | - Rufus J. Theophilus
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wilna Oldewage-Theron
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Department of Sustainable Food Systems and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
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Maraschim J, Honicky M, Moreno YMF, Hinnig PDF, Cardoso SM, Back IDC, Vieira FGK. Consumption and Breakfast Patterns in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5146. [PMID: 36982054 PMCID: PMC10048830 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about skipping breakfast and breakfast patterns (BP) and their evaluation according to sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle, cardiometabolic and nutritional data in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD). This cross-sectional study with 232 children and adolescents with CHD identified the prevalence and patterns of the breakfast, described these according to sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics, and assessed their association with cardiometabolic and nutritional markers. Breakfast patterns were identified by principal components, and bivariate and linear regression analysis were applied. Breakfast consumption was observed in 73% of participants. Four BP were identified: pattern 1 "milk, ultra-processed bread, and chocolate milk", pattern 2 "margarine and processed bread", pattern 3 "cold meats/sausages, cheeses and butter/cream" and pattern 4 "fruits/fruit juices, breakfast cereals, yogurts, and homemade cakes/pies and sweet snacks". Family history for obesity and acyanotic CHD were associated with breakfast skipping. Younger participants and greater maternal education were associated with greater adherence to pattern 1 and pattern 4. Older participants and longer post-operative time showed greater adherence to pattern 3. No association between skipping breakfast or BP and cardiometabolic and nutritional markers was observed. Nonetheless, the findings reinforce the need for nutritional guidance for healthy breakfast, aiming to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods and to prioritize fresh and minimally processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Maraschim
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Honicky
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Yara Maria Franco Moreno
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia de Fragas Hinnig
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Silvia Meyer Cardoso
- University Hospital Polydoro Ernanni de São Tiago, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Carlos Back
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
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Different Metabolism and Toxicity of TRANS Fatty Acids, Elaidate and Vaccenate Compared to Cis-Oleate in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137298. [PMID: 35806300 PMCID: PMC9266973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans fatty acids (TFAs) are not synthesized in the human body but are generally ingested in substantial amounts. The widespread view that TFAs, particularly those of industrial origin, are unhealthy and contribute to obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes is based mostly on in vivo studies, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we used a hepatoma model of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity to compare the metabolism and effects of the representative industrial and ruminant TFAs, elaidate and vaccenate, respectively, with those of cis-oleate. Cellular FAs, triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and ceramides were quantitated using chromatography, markers of stress and apoptosis were assessed at mRNA and protein levels, ultrastructural changes were examined by electron microscopy and viability was evaluated by MTT assay. While TFAs were just slightly more damaging than oleate when applied alone, they were remarkably less protective against palmitate toxicity in cotreatments. These differences correlated with their diverse incorporation into the accumulating diacylglycerols and ceramides. Our results provide in vitro evidence for the unfavorable metabolic features and potent stress-inducing character of TFAs in comparison with oleate. These findings strengthen the reasoning against dietary trans fat intake, and they can also help us better understand the molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity.
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Mozafarinia M, Heidari-Beni M, Abbasi B, Kelishadi R. Association between dietary fat quality indices with anthropometric measurements in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:244. [PMID: 35501838 PMCID: PMC9059420 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between anthropometric measures and dietary fat quality indices is unclear in pediatric age groups. The present study aimed to assess the association between dietary lipophilic index (LI) and thrombogenic index (TI) as dietary fat quality indices with anthropometric measurements in children and adolescents. Method This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted on 4323 students aged 6-18 years that were selected by multistage cluster sampling from 31 provinces of Iran. Dietary intake was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire and dietary LI and TI were calculated by formula. Data on anthropometric measures were collected by standard protocols. Results The multivariate regression analysis revealed that TI and LI had inverse association with neck circumference Z-score (β = 0.11, p = 0.013 and β = 0.12 p = 0.006, respectively). There was a positive correlation between LI with height Z-score (β = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.01, p = 0.009). However, there was no significant association between LI and TI with other anthropometric indices (P > 0.05). Conclusion The quality of dietary fats was associated with some anthropometric indices. Further large-scale studies are required to highlight the importance of dietary fat quality indices in relation to cardio-metabolic risk factors in pediatric age groups. Reducing intake of saturated fatty acids, increasing consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids and a balanced intake of omega-3 and omega-6 to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases risk factors are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Mozafarinia
- Department of Nutrition, Electronic Health and Statistics Surveillance Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Behnood Abbasi
- Department of Nutrition, Electronic Health and Statistics Surveillance Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Intake of n-3 LCPUFA and trans-fatty acids is unrelated to development in body mass index and body fat among children. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:1. [PMID: 34980278 PMCID: PMC8722340 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of children and adolescents with obesity has increased worldwide. Some studies have found an increase in the intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) to be beneficial for weight and obesity status. The objectives of this study were to examine if intake of trans-fatty acids (TFA) and n-3 LCPUFA at school start was associated with weight and body fat development in the following 3 and 7 years, and if substituting other fats for n-3 LCPUFA in regression models influenced weight and body fat development. METHODS A total of 285 children (boys:130, girls:155) were included in this study. Weight, height and skinfold thickness (SF) of children were measured at age 6, 9 and 13 years by trained research personnel. Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between n-3 LCPUFA or TFA intake and subsequent changes in body mass index (BMI) or SF. To investigate substitution effects, we constructed regression models including information on n-3 LCPUFA and all other energy given components of the diet, except for the nutrient to be substituted (all other fats and specific subgroups; saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)). RESULTS No significant associations were observed between intake of TFA or n-3 LCPUFA and changes in BMI and SF. Also, results from regression analysis showed substituting other fats for n-3 LCPUFA did not associate with BMI or SF development. CONCLUSION The lack of associations between n-3 LCPUFA and TFA and adiposity suggests that fat composition in the diet does not play a major role in obesity development among school-aged children.
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Pipoyan D, Stepanyan S, Stepanyan S, Beglaryan M, Costantini L, Molinari R, Merendino N. The Effect of Trans Fatty Acids on Human Health: Regulation and Consumption Patterns. Foods 2021; 10:2452. [PMID: 34681504 PMCID: PMC8535577 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on human organisms can vary according to their type, structure, composition, and origin. Even though the adverse health effects of industrial TFAs (iTFAs) have been widely discussed, the health effects of natural TFAs (nTFAs) are still questionable. Hence, it is important to review the literature and provide an overall picture on the health effects of different TFAs coming from industrial and ruminant sources, underlining those types that have adverse health effects as well as suggesting methods for reducing their harmful effects. Multiple databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, etc.) were searched with the key words "trans fatty acid sources", "ruminant", "industrial", "conjugated trans linoleic acid", "human", "coronary heart disease", "cancer", etc. Reference lists of the studies were scanned discussing the health effects of iTFAs and nTFAs. The review of the literature showed that iTFAs are found to be more harmful than ruminant-produced nTFAs. Although several beneficial effects (such as reduced risk of diabetes) for nTFAs have been observed, they should be used with caution. Since during labeling it is usually not mentioned whether the TFAs contained in food are of industrial or natural origin, the general suggestion is to reduce their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Pipoyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Stella Stepanyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Seda Stepanyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Meline Beglaryan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Lara Costantini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Romina Molinari
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.C.); (R.M.)
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Fabiano V, Albani E, Cammi GM, Zuccotti GV. Nutrition in developmental age: few rules to stay healthy. Minerva Pediatr 2020; 72:182-195. [PMID: 32274912 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.20.05803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first 1000 days of life represent a critical window for infants' and children's development. Overweight and insulin resistance, at the basis of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are linked to various risk factors that begin in childhood, including children's diet. Italian data on infants' and children's dietary habits show higher intake of proteins, simple sugars, unhealthy fats and salt than recommended, while the iron intake is below requirement. We reviewed current literature analyzing observational studies, meta-analysis, systematic review and randomized clinical trials of the last 10 years (from 2009) on nutrition in developmental age, providing some few rules to abide by. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by World Health Organization for the first 6 months of life and it should be continued alongside the complementary feeding period until 12 months, or even afterward. Complementary feeding should not be started before the 17th week of age with energetically adequate foods, paying attention to limit protein intake and favoring iron-rich foods. Intake of simple sugars should be limited or avoided at all; it has been demonstrated that substituting sugar-sweetened beverages with water decreases body fatness development in adolescence. Quality of the ingested fats is more important than their quantity: polyunsaturated fatty acids should be preferred. Sodium intake should be limited in the first 24 months of life, as first prevention measure of arterial hypertension later in adulthood. Healthy eating habits are the first important step toward the prevention of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fabiano
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy -
| | - Elena Albani
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia M Cammi
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian V Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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