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Zhao J, Uhde E, Salthammer T, Antretter F, Shaw D, Carslaw N, Schieweck A. Long-term prediction of the effects of climate change on indoor climate and air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117804. [PMID: 38042519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Limiting the negative impact of climate change on nature and humans is one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Meanwhile, people in modern society spend most of the day indoors. It is therefore surprising that comparatively little attention has been paid to indoor human exposure in relation to climate change. Heat action plans have now been designed in many regions to protect people from thermal stress in their private homes and in public buildings. However, in order to be able to plan effectively for the future, reliable information is required about the long-term effects of climate change on indoor air quality and climate. The Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model is an expediant tool for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality. The model follows a holistic approach in which building physics, emissions, chemical reactions, mold growth and exposure are combined with the fundamental parameters of temperature and humidity. The features of the model have already been presented in an earlier publication, and it is now used for the expected climatic conditions in Central Europe, taking into account various shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios up to the year 2100. For the test house examined in this study, the concentrations of pollutants in the indoor air will continue to rise. At the same time, the risk of mold growth also increases (the mold index rose from 0 to 4 in the worst case for very sensitive material). The biggest problem, however, is protection against heat and humidity. Massive structural improvements are needed here, including insulation, ventilation, and direct sun protection. Otherwise, the occupants will be exposed to increasing thermal discomfort, which can also lead to severe heat stress indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyue Zhao
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Uhde
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Antretter
- C3RROlutions GmbH, Steinbrucker Str. 11, 83064, Raubling, Germany; Fraunhofer IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - David Shaw
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Alexandra Schieweck
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany.
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You B, Zhou W, Li J, Li Z, Sun Y. A review of indoor Gaseous organic compounds and human chemical Exposure: Insights from Real-time measurements. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107611. [PMID: 36335895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous organic compounds, mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have become a wide concern in various indoor environments where we spend the majority of our daily time. The sources, compositions, variations, and sinks of indoor VOCs are extremely complex, and their potential impacts on human health are less understood. Owing to the deployment of the state-of-the-art real-time mass spectrometry during the last two decades, our understanding of the sources, dynamic changes and chemical transformations of VOCs indoors has been significantly improved. This review aims to summarize the key findings from mass spectrometry measurements in recent indoor studies including residence, classroom, office, sports center, etc. The sources and sinks, compositions and distributions of indoor VOCs, and the factors (e.g., human activities, air exchange rate, temperature and humidity) driving the changes in indoor VOCs are discussed. The physical and chemical processes of gas-particle partitioning and secondary oxidation processes of VOCs, and their impacts on human health are summarized. Finally, the recommendations for future research directions on indoor VOCs measurements and indoor chemistry are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Mansouri A, Wei W, Alessandrini JM, Mandin C, Blondeau P. Impact of Climate Change on Indoor Air Quality: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315616. [PMID: 36497689 PMCID: PMC9740977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can affect the indoor environment due to heat and mass transfers between indoor and outdoor environments. To mitigate climate change impacts and adapt buildings to the changing environment, changes in building characteristics and occupants' behavior may occur. To characterize the effects of climate change on indoor air quality (IAQ), the present review focused on four aspects: (1) experimental and modeling studies that relate IAQ to future environmental conditions, (2) evolution of indoor and outdoor air concentrations in the coming years with regard to temperature rise, (3) climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in the building sector, and (4) evolution of human behavior in the context of climate change. In the indoor environment, experimental and modeling studies on indoor air pollutants highlighted a combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on pollutant emissions from indoor sources. Five IAQ models developed for future climate data were identified in the literature. In the outdoor environment, the increasing ambient temperature may lead directly or indirectly to changes in ozone, particle, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compound concentrations in some regions of the world depending on the assumptions made about temperature evolution, anthropogenic emissions, and regional regulation. Infiltration into buildings of outdoor air pollutants is governed by many factors, including temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, and might increase in the years to come during summer and decrease during other seasons. On the other hand, building codes in some countries require a higher airtightness for new and retrofitted buildings. The building adaptation actions include the reinforcement of insulation, implementation of new materials and smart building technologies, and a more systematic and possibly longer use of air conditioning systems in summer compared to nowadays. Moreover, warmer winters, springs, and autumns may induce an increasing duration of open windows in these seasons, while the use of air conditioning in summer may reduce the duration of open windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mansouri
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement (LaSIE), UMR CNRS 7356, La Rochelle University, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Jean-Marie Alessandrini
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement (LaSIE), UMR CNRS 7356, La Rochelle University, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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Salthammer T, Zhao J, Schieweck A, Uhde E, Hussein T, Antretter F, Künzel H, Pazold M, Radon J, Birmili W. A holistic modeling framework for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13039. [PMID: 35762234 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The IPCC 2021 report predicts rising global temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events in the future, which will have different effects on the regional climate and concentrations of ambient air pollutants. Consequently, changes in heat and mass transfer between the inside and outside of buildings will also have an increasing impact on indoor air quality. It is therefore surprising that indoor spaces and occupant well-being still play a subordinate role in the studies of climate change. To increase awareness for this topic, the Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model system was developed, which allows short and long-term predictions of the indoor climate with respect to outdoor conditions. The IAQCC is a holistic model that combines different scenarios in the form of submodels: building physics, indoor emissions, chemical-physical reaction and transformation, mold growth, and indoor exposure. IAQCC allows simulation of indoor gas and particle concentrations with outdoor influences, indoor materials and activity emissions, particle deposition and coagulation, gas reactions, and SVOC partitioning. These key processes are fundamentally linked to temperature and relative humidity. With the aid of the building physics model, the indoor temperature and humidity, and pollutant transport in building zones can be simulated. The exposure model refers to the calculated concentrations and provides evaluations of indoor thermal comfort and exposure to gaseous, particulate, and microbial pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jiangyue Zhao
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schieweck
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Uhde
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki, Finland
- School of Science, Department of Physics, Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Florian Antretter
- Department Hygrothermics, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Valley, Germany
- C3RROlutions GmbH, Raubling, Germany
| | - Hartwig Künzel
- Department Hygrothermics, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Valley, Germany
| | | | - Jan Radon
- C3RROlutions GmbH, Raubling, Germany
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wolfram Birmili
- Department II 1 "Environmental Hygiene", German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin, Germany
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