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Zarrouk A, Boussaa S, Belqat B. Distribution and Ecology of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Endemic and Nonendemic Area of Leishmaniasis in Northern Morocco. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2120-2129. [PMID: 36130172 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Northern Morocco is endemic for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Our entomological investigations aim to evaluate the risk of Leishmania transmission by determining the species composition, the density, and seasonal fluctuation of sand fly populations in endemic and nonendemic areas of leishmaniasis in Tetouan province (North-Western Morocco). Using Sticky-paper traps, 8,370 specimens were collected between May and November 2015 in two localities: peri-urban area of Tetouan city, where leishmaniasis is endemic and that of the Oued Laou village where no cases of leishmaniasis have been recorded. Six sand fly species were identified. The genus Phebotomus was represented by five species: Phlebotomus ariasi, Phlebotomus. longicuspis, Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus kazeruni, and Phlebotomus sergenti, while the genus Sergentomyia was represented by only one species Sergentomyia minuta. Phlebotomus perniciosus was dominant in the nonendemic area (47%) while Phlebotomus sergenti was dominant in the endemic area (51%). The spatio-temporal distribution of sand fly populations is discussed according to biotic and abiotic variables. Seasonal fluctuation in sand fly density showed a bimodal pattern for the subgenus Larroussius and a unimodal pattern for the subgenus Paraphlebotomus in Tetouan city. But, in Oued Laou village, a unimodal density distribution for species of the Larroussius subgenus and a bimodal seasonal distribution for species of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus were identified. We affirm the coexistence, in the study area, of vectors of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, namely P. ariasi, P. longicuspis and P. perniciosus vectors of Leishmania infantum and P. sergenti vector of L. tropica. However, the geographic distribution, the specific abundance, and the activity reveal significant differences between endemic and nonendemic areas in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Zarrouk
- LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Samia Boussaa
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Boutaïna Belqat
- LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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Talbi FZ, Taam A, El Omari H, Hilali S, Fadil M, El Khayyat F, Najy M, Mrani Alaoui M, El-Akhal F, Alami A, Amaiach R, Lahouiti K, Taroq A, El Ouali Lalami A. Taxonomic and Ecological Interaction of Leishmaniasis Vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sefrou Province (Middle Atlas Morocco). ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:9382154. [PMID: 36132438 PMCID: PMC9484978 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9382154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomological survey was carried out in the locality of Aichoune to conduct a study on sand flies, species composition, and monthly relative abundance. This study is essential for the implementation of integrated vector management control. Insects collection was carried out twice a month from January 2013 to December 2014 by means of adhesive and CDC-type light traps. A total of 5441 sand flies were collected with the predominance of males (a sex ratio = 1.89). The sampled specimens consist of seven species divided into two genera: Phlebotomus (99.55%) and Sergentomyia (0.44%). Phlebotomus sergenti was the dominant species with an average annual proportion of 47.38%, followed by P. perniciosus (37.32%), P. longicuspis (8,56%), P. papatasi (6.23%), and P. ariasi (0.05%). The genus Sergentomyia was less common (0.44%). S.minuta was represented only by 0.36% and S. fallax by 0.07%. The species dynamics showed a unimodal evolution for P. sergenti and P. papatasi. They were active from May to October. P. perniciosus presents a trimodal trend showing the most relevant peak in August. The highest number of specimens was collected in June, when the temperature reaches an annual average value of 25.5°C. The obtained results will help us better understand the leishmaniasis transmission dynamics in the Aichoune locality and will contribute to the design of a surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Talbi
- Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, P.O. Box 577, Settat 26000, Morocco
- Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Abdelkarim Taam
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences, National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA), Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Hajar El Omari
- National Education, Preschool and Sports, Regional Academy of Education and Formation of Fez-Meknes, Qualifying Secondary Education, Moulay Ismail High School, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Said Hilali
- Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, P.O. Box 577, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Mouhcine Fadil
- Physio-Chemical Laboratory of Inorganic and Organique Materials (LPCMIO), Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatiha El Khayyat
- Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Najy
- Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| | - Meryem Mrani Alaoui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment and Agrifood, URAC36, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan II University Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Fouad El-Akhal
- Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan (Annex Al Hociema), Regional Health Directorate, Mohammed V Hospital, Al Hociema 32000, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Alami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Rachid Amaiach
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Fez, Regional Health Directorate Fez-Meknes, El Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Khadija Lahouiti
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 2202, Road of Immouzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - Amal Taroq
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology Environment, Modilesation, Health and Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
- Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Fez, Regional Health Directorate Fez-Meknes, El Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco
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Karmaoui A, Sereno D, Maia C, Campino L, El Jaafari S, Taybi AF, Hajji L. A conceptual model for understanding the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission risk in the Moroccan pre-Saharan area. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 17:e00243. [PMID: 35243048 PMCID: PMC8856991 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmanioses are of public health concern in Morocco, mainly the Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) endemic in the Moroccan pre-Saharian area. Transmission of this disease depends on eco-epidemiological and socio-economic conditions. Therefore, a multivariable approach is required to delineate the risk and intensity of transmission. This will help outline main disease risk factors and understand interactions between all underlying factors acting on disease transmission at a local and regional scale. In this context, we propose a new conceptual model, the Biophysical-Drivers-Response-Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (BDRZCL), adapted to the Pre-Saharian area. The proposed model highlights how the physical and human drivers affect the environment and human health. The incidence of ZCL is linked to human activity and biophysical changes or by their interactions. The human response added to risk drivers are the main components that influence the biophysical part. This model improves our understanding of the cause-effect interactions and helps decision-makers and stakeholders react appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karmaoui
- Bioactives (Health and environmental lab, epidenetics team, UMI), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, & Southern Center for Culture and Science, Morocco
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, University of Montpellier, InterTryp, Parasite Infectiology Reaserch Group, 34000 Montpellier, France
- IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier MiVeGec, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL) & Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Bioactives, Environmental health and epigenetics research team, UMI, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelkhaleq Fouzi Taybi
- Équipe de Recherche en Biologie et Biotechnologie Appliquées; Faculté Pluridisciplinaire de Nador, University Mohammed I, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Bioactives, Health and Environmental Laboratory, Epigenetics team, Moulay Ismail University, Morocco
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Kettani K, Ebejer MJ, Ackland DM, Bächli G, Barraclough D, Barták M, Carles-Tolrá M, Černý M, Cerretti P, Chandler P, Dakki M, Daugeron C, Jong HD, Dils J, Disney H, Droz B, Evenhuis N, Gatt P, Graciolli G, Grichanov IY, Haenni JP, Hauser M, Himmi O, MacGowan I, Mathieu B, Mouna M, Munari L, Nartshuk EP, Negrobov OP, Oosterbroek P, Pape T, Pont AC, Popov GV, Rognes K, Skuhravá M, Skuhravý V, Speight M, Tomasovic G, Trari B, Tschorsnig HP, Vala JC, von Tschirnhaus M, Wagner R, Whitmore D, Woźnica AJ, Zatwarnicki T, Zwick P. Catalogue of the Diptera (Insecta) of Morocco- an annotated checklist, with distributions and a bibliography. Zookeys 2022; 1094:1-466. [PMID: 35836978 PMCID: PMC9018666 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1094.62644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The faunistic knowledge of the Diptera of Morocco recorded from 1787 to 2021 is summarized and updated in this first catalogue of Moroccan Diptera species. A total of 3057 species, classified into 948 genera and 93 families (21 Nematocera and 72 Brachycera), are listed. Taxa (superfamily, family, genus and species) have been updated according to current interpretations, based on reviews in the literature, the expertise of authors and contributors, and recently conducted fieldwork. Data to compile this catalogue were primarily gathered from the literature. In total, 1225 references were consulted and some information was also obtained from online databases. Each family was reviewed and the checklist updated by the respective taxon expert(s), including the number of species that can be expected for that family in Morocco. For each valid species, synonyms known to have been used for published records from Morocco are listed under the currently accepted name. Where available, distribution within Morocco is also included. One new combination is proposed: Assuaniamelanoleuca (Séguy, 1941), comb. nov. (Chloropidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawtar Kettani
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation of Biodiversity (LESCB), URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, MoroccoAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco
| | - Martin J. Ebejer
- National Museum and Galleries of Wales, Entomology Section, Department of Natural Sciences, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF1 3NP, Wales, UKNational Museum and Galleries of WalesCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - David M. Ackland
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation of Biodiversity (LESCB), URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, MoroccoAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco
| | - Gerhard Bächli
- Zoological Museum Winterthurerstr. 190. CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandZoological Museum Winterthurerstr.ZürichSwitzerland
| | - David Barraclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa Zulu-Natal, P. Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South AfricaUniversity of Kwa Zulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Miroslav Barták
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePraha-SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Miguel Carles-Tolrá
- Avda. Riera de Cassoles 30, ático 1. E-08012 Barcelona. SpainUnaffiliatedBarcelonaSpain
| | - Milos Černý
- CZ–763 63 Halenkovice 1, Czech RepublicUnaffiliatedHalenkoviceCzech Republic
| | - Pierfilippo Cerretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale, Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, ItalyUniversità di Roma “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Peter Chandler
- 606B Berryfield Lane, Melksham, Wilts SN12 6EL, England, UKUnaffiliatedMelkshamUnited Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Dakki
- Laboratoire de Géo-Biodiversité et Patrimoine naturel, Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, MoroccoUniversité Mohammed V de RabatRabatMorocco
| | - Christophe Daugeron
- MECADEV, UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CP 50 – Entomologie, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, FranceMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleParisFrance
| | - Herman De Jong
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Josef Dils
- Krekelberg, 149, 2940 Hoevenen, BelgiumUnaffiliatedHoevenenBelgium
| | - Henry Disney
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England, UKUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Boris Droz
- Ruelle de l’Aurore 7, CH-2300, La Chaux-de-Fonds, SwitzerlandUnaffiliatedLa Chaux-de-FondsSwitzerland
| | - Neal Evenhuis
- Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-2704, USABishop MuseumHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - Paul Gatt
- 44 Monarch Close, Wickford SS11 8GF, Essex, England, UKUnaffiliatedWickfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
| | - Igor Y. Grichanov
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shosse Podbelskogo 3, VIZR, St. Petersburg-Pushkin 196608, RussiaInstitute of Plant ProtectionSt. Petersburg-PushkinRussia
| | - Jean-Paul Haenni
- Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Rue des Terreaux 14, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, SwitzerlandMuséum d’histoire naturelleNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Martin Hauser
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food & Agriculture 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USACalifornia Department of Food & AgricultureSacramentoUnited States of America
| | - Oumnia Himmi
- Laboratoire de Géo-Biodiversité et Patrimoine naturel, Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, MoroccoUniversité Mohammed V de RabatRabatMorocco
| | - Iain MacGowan
- National Museums of Scotland, Collection Centre, 242 West Granton Road, Edinburgh EH5 1JA, ScotlandNational Museums of ScotlandEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Bruno Mathieu
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, UR7292 Dynamique des interactions hôte pathogène, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceUniversité de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Mohamed Mouna
- Laboratoire de Géo-Biodiversité et Patrimoine naturel, Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, MoroccoUniversité Mohammed V de RabatRabatMorocco
| | - Lorenzo Munari
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum, Fontego dei Turchi, S. Croce 1730, I-30135 Venezia, ItalyNatural History MuseumVeneziaItaly
| | - Emilia P. Nartshuk
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya naberezhnaya 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute of Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Oleg P. Negrobov
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation of Biodiversity (LESCB), URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, MoroccoAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco
| | - Pjotr Oosterbroek
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkNatural History Museum of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Adrian C. Pont
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UKOxford University Museum of Natural HistoryOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Grigory V. Popov
- Section of Entomology and Collection Management, I.I.Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnytsky st., 15, 01601 Kyiv, UkraineI.I.Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Knut Rognes
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation of Biodiversity (LESCB), URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, MoroccoAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco
| | - Marcela Skuhravá
- Bítovská 1227, CZ–140 00 Praha 4, Czech RepublicUnaffiliatedPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Vaclav Skuhravý
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation of Biodiversity (LESCB), URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, MoroccoAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco
| | - Martin Speight
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, IrelandTrinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | - Guy Tomasovic
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Unité d’Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive (Prof. E. Haubruge), Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, BelgiumUniversité de LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Bouchra Trari
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation of Biodiversity (LESCB), URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, MoroccoAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco
| | - Hans-Peter Tschorsnig
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, GermanyStaatliches Museum für Naturkunde StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Jean-Claude Vala
- Résidence Belle Fontaine, Bat B, 16 Avenue de la Trillade, 84000 Avignon, FranceUnaffiliatedAvignonFrance
| | - Michael von Tschirnhaus
- Fakultät Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, GermanyUniversität BielefeldBielefeldGermany
| | - Rüdiger Wagner
- Limnologische Fluss-Station des Max-Planck Instituts für Limnologie, P.O. Box 260, D-36105 Schlitz, GermanyLimnologische Fluss-Station des Max-Planck Instituts für LimnologieSchlitzGermany
| | - Daniel Whitmore
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, GermanyStaatliches Museum für Naturkunde StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Andrzej J. Woźnica
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, PolandWrocław University of Environmental & Life SciencesWrocławPoland
| | - Tadeusz Zatwarnicki
- Institute of Biology, Opole University, ul. Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, PolandOpole UniversityOpolePoland
| | - Peter Zwick
- Schwarzer Stock 9, 36110 Schlitz, GermanyUnaffiliatedSchlitzGermany
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Benallal KE, Garni R, Harrat Z, Volf P, Dvorak V. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Maghreb region: A systematic review of distribution, morphology, and role in the transmission of the pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009952. [PMID: 34990451 PMCID: PMC8735671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafik Garni
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Khoshnood S, Tavalla M, Abtahi SM, Jalali-Galousang A, Mohaghegh MA, Khamesipour F, Hejazi SH. Study of fauna, activity patterns and Leishmania infection rate of phlebotomine sand flies in Western Iran. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:263-272. [PMID: 33746413 PMCID: PMC7921254 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a crucial vector-borne disease caused by various species of Leishmania and is transmitted by several species of sandflies. The present study was conducted to describe sand fly fauna on vectors of leishmaniasis and performing molecular identification of Leishmania isolates from them on the Iran-Iraq border. Entomological surveys were done from May to October 2016-2018 in 2 counties (Mehran and Dehloran) of Ilam province, west of Iran. Sandflies were collected by 40 Sticky Traps at each station. Samples were mounted for species identification using morphological characters of the head and abdominal terminalia. DNA was extracted from Phlebotomus papatasi females, and Leishmania isolates were identified through PCR on minicircle kDNA, followed by sequencing. A total of 5592 sandflies including 2 genera of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia comprising 8 species of sand flies were detected. Leishmania major infection was detected in 3.33% of 300 tested female sandflies. Phlebotomus papatasi was predominant in outdoor and indoor resting places. Phlebotomus papatasi was determined as dominant vector of Leishmania major infection in Mehran and Dehloran counties, West of Iran. It seems the composition of sandfly species in the study area is almost similar to the other parts of Iran. A detailed description of the epidemiology and ecology of Phlebotomine sand flies needs to be established to accomplish effective vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Khoshnood
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tavalla
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asadollah Jalali-Galousang
- grid.411528.b0000 0004 0611 9352Department of Vectors Biology and Control, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- grid.411600.2Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XSkin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Entomological Investigations, Seasonal Fluctuations and Impact of Bioclimate Factors of Phlebotomines Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of an Emerging Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Aichoun, Central Morocco. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:6495108. [PMID: 32724665 PMCID: PMC7364196 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6495108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis diseases are endemic in Morocco. An entomological survey was conducted in Aichoun locality for 1 year from September 2013 to August 2014. The objective of this study was to investigate the sand fly fauna, mainly the species composition and the monthly species prevalence in accordance with bioclimate factors. Sand flies were collected twice a month, using sticky traps and CDC light traps. During a one-year study, 4472 specimens of sand fly were caught (72.56% male/22.44% female) that were composed of seven species divided into two genera: Phlebotomus (99.46%) and Sergentomyia (0.53%). Ph. sergenti was the most prevalent species (46.64%), followed by Ph. perniciosus (38.19%), Ph. longicuspis (9.32%), Ph. papatasi (5.23%), and Ph. ariasi (0.06%). The genus Sergentomyia was even less frequent. The population dynamics showed a bimodal trend with two peaks: the first one in October (12.03% of specimens) and the second in June (27.92% of specimens). The study of the effects of climatic factors in the study area showed a link between the dynamics of sand flies and the variation of these parameters (temperature and relative humidity). During the period between November and March, the sand flies were absent. The highest prevalence of sand flies was recorded in June when the temperature and relative humidity values reached, respectively, 25.8°C and 42%. The minimum number of specimens was collected in September with an average temperature of 23.19°C and relative humidity of 57.4%. Statistical analysis with principal component analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between temperature parameters and the seasonal distribution of sand flies. The climatic factor of relative humidity has been judged of being negatively correlated. The wind speed does not have any impact on the relative abundance of all species. Within this context, the results will be useful for the development of a monitoring program to better manage the operations and evaluate their effectiveness.
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Mhaidi I, El Kacem S, Ait Kbaich M, El Hamouchi A, Sarih M, Akarid K, Lemrani M. Molecular identification of Leishmania infection in the most relevant sand fly species and in patient skin samples from a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, in Morocco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006315. [PMID: 29499040 PMCID: PMC5851645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by various species of Leishmania and transmitted by several species of sand flies. CL is among the most neglected tropical diseases, and it has represented a major health threat over the past 20 years in Morocco. The main objectives of this study were to identify relevant sand fly species and detect Leishmania infection in the most prevalent species and patient skin samples in Taza, a focus of CL in North-eastern Morocco. METHODOLOGY AND FINDING A total of 3672 sand flies were collected by CDC miniature light traps. Morphological identification permitted the identification of 13 species, namely 10 Phlebotomus species and 3 Sergentomyia species. P. longicuspis was the most abundant species, comprising 64.08% of the total collected sand flies, followed by P. sergenti (20.1%) and P. perniciosus (8.45%). Using nested-kDNA PCR, seven pools of P. sergenti were positive to Leishmania tropica DNA, whereas 23 pools of P. longicuspis and 4 pools of P. perniciosus tested positive for Leishmania infantum DNA. The rates of P. longicuspis and P. perniciosus Leishmania infection were 2.51% (23/915) and 7.27% (4/55), respectively, whereas the infection prevalence of P. sergenti was 3.24%. We also extracted DNA from lesion smears of 12 patients suspected of CL, among them nine patients were positive with enzymatic digestion of ITS1 by HaeIII revealing two profiles. The most abundant profile, present in eight patients, was identical to L. infantum, whereas L. tropica was found in one patient. The results of RFLP were confirmed by sequencing of the ITS1 DNA region. CONCLUSION This is the first molecular detection of L. tropica and L. infantum in P. sergenti and P. longicuspis, respectively, in this CL focus. Infection of P. perniciosus by L. infantum was identified for the first time in Morocco. This study also underlined the predominance of L. infantum and its vector in this region, in which L. tropica has been considered the causative agent of CL for more than 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Mhaidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - Sofia El Kacem
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mouad Ait Kbaich
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - Adil El Hamouchi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M’hammed Sarih
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- * E-mail:
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Kaabi B, Zhioua E. Modeling and comparative study of the spread of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from Northern to Central Tunisia. Acta Trop 2018; 178:19-26. [PMID: 29050950 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During the last twenty years, zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) spread from the north characterized by humid, sub-humid, and semi-arid bio-climates to the arid areas located in Central Tunisia. In order to understand the eco-epidemiological factors involved in the distribution of ZVL, both a sero-epidemiological and an entomological investigation were performed in two governorates situated in two different bio-geographical areas: Bizerte in the north and Kairouan in the center. A mathematical model for transmission of ZVL was built, describing the disease dynamic in these areas. Among 108 sera collected from clinically healthy owned dogs used for guarding houses in the governorate of Bizerte and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect immune-fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), 8.3% were positive. From a total of 191 serum samples collected from clinically healthy owned dogs used for guarding houses in the governorate of Kairouan and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by IFAT, 26.7% were sero-positive. The cumulative incidences of ZVL in humans in the governorates of Bizerte and Kairouan were 39.17/100,000 and 0.2/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The infection rates of sand flies with Leishmania DNA in the governorate of Bizerte and Kairouan were 3.8% and 9.4%, respectively. It is important to point out that ZVL epidemic in humans is preceded or concomitant to a high prevalence of Leishmania infantum in dogs and in sand flies. The model showed also a non-linear relationship between dog infection and ZVL in humans. These results suggest an important force of infection (R0) in emerging foci such as the governorate of Kairouan leading to an increased incidence of ZCL in humans. A high prevalence of L. infantum in dogs will result in high prevalence in the vector and obviously high probability to infect human; that it is a key factor for triggering transmission to humans, and subsequently it is an important parameter in the control of ZVL transmission.
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Yared S, Gebresilassie A, Akililu E, Deribe K, Balkew M, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T. Diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of northwest Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2017; 176:1-10. [PMID: 28712974 PMCID: PMC5590723 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Leishmaniases are caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and are transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases are widely distributed in different parts of Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies from Kafta Humera to Gondar town in northwest Ethiopia. METHODS Seven localities were selected with distinct altitudinal variations between 550m above sea level (m a.s.l) and 2300m a.s.l. In each locality, sand flies were collected using standard CDC light traps and sticky traps during the active sand fly season from December 2012 to May 2013. Shannon-Weiner species diversity index and Jaccard's coefficient were used to estimate species diversity and similarity between altitudes and localities, respectively. RESULTS A total of 89,044 sand flies (41,798 males and 47, 246 females) were collected from the seven localities/towns throughout the study period. Twenty-two species belonging to 11 species in the genus Phlebotomus and 11 species in the genus Sergentomyia were documented. Of these, Sergentomyia clydei (25.87%), S. schwetzi (25.21%), S. africana (24.65%), S. bedfordi (8.89%), Phlebotomus orientalis (6.43%), and S. antennata (4.8%) were the most prevalent species. The remaining 10 Phlebotomus species and six Sergentomyia were less frequent catches. In CDC light trap and sticky trap, higher species diversity and richness for both male and female sand flies was observed at low altitude ranging from 550 to 699m a.s.l in Adebay village in Kafta Humera district whereas low species richness and high evenness of both sexes were also observed in an altitude 1950-2300m a.s.l. CONCLUSION The results revealed that the presence of leishmaniasis vectors such as P. orientalis, P. longipes, P. papatasi, and P. duboscqi in different altitudes in northwest Ethiopia. P. orientalis a vector of L. donovani, occurred between altitude 500-1100m a.s.l, the area could be at high risk of VL. P. longipes a vector of L. aethiopica, was recorded in the highland area in Tikil-Dingay and Gondar town, implicating the possibility of CL transmission. Hence, further investigation into vector competence in relation to leishmaniasis (VL and CL) in the region is very vital.
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Species composition of sand flies and bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic foci, Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:60. [PMID: 26830689 PMCID: PMC4736259 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in Morocco. Leishmania major and L. tropica are the main culprits identified in all endemic foci across the country. These two etiological agents are transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti, the two most prevalent sand fly species in Morocco. Previous studies reflected gaps of knowledge regarding the environmental fingerprints that affect the distribution of these two potential vectors across Morocco. Methods The sand flies were collected from 48 districts across Morocco using sticky paper traps. Collected specimens were preserved in 70 % ethanol for further processing and identification. Male and female densities were calculated in each site to examine their relations to the environmental conditions across these sites. The study used 19 environmental variables including precipitation, aridity, elevation, soil variables and a composite representing maximum, minimum and mean of day- and night-time Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Results A total of 11,717 specimens were collected during this entomological survey. These specimens represented 11 species of two genera; Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. Correlations of the sand fly densities with the environmental variables were estimated to identify the variables which influence the distribution of the two potential vectors, Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti, associated with all CL endemic foci across the country. The density of P. papatasi was most affected by temperature changes. The study showed a significant positive correlation between the densities of both sexes of P. papatasi and night-time temperatures. Both P. papatasi and P. sergenti showed a negative correlation with aridity, but, such correlation was only significant in case of P. papatasi. NDVI showed a positive correlation only with densities of P. sergenti, while, soil PH and soil water stress were negatively correlated with the densities of both males and females of only P. papatasi. Conclusions Our results identified the sand fly species across all CL endemic sites and underlined the influences of night-time temperature, soil water stress and NDVI as the most important variables affecting the sand fly distribution in all sampled sites. This preliminary study considered the importance of these covariates to anticipate the potential distribution of P. papatasi and P. sergenti in Morocco. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1343-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Llanes-Acevedo IP, Arcones C, Gálvez R, Martin O, Checa R, Montoya A, Chicharro C, Cruz S, Miró G, Cruz I. DNA sequence analysis suggests that cytb-nd1 PCR-RFLP may not be applicable to sandfly species identification throughout the Mediterranean region. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1287-95. [PMID: 26755361 PMCID: PMC4759228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods are increasingly used for both species identification of sandflies and assessment of their population structure. In general, they are based on DNA sequence analysis of targets previously amplified by PCR. However, this approach requires access to DNA sequence facilities, and in some circumstances, it is time-consuming. Though DNA sequencing provides the most reliable information, other downstream PCR applications are explored to assist in species identification. Thus, it has been recently proposed that the amplification of a DNA region encompassing partially both the cytochrome-B (cytb) and the NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nd1) genes followed by RFLP analysis with the restriction enzyme Ase I allows the rapid identification of the most prevalent species of phlebotomine sandflies in the Mediterranean region. In order to confirm the suitability of this method, we collected, processed, and molecularly analyzed a total of 155 sandflies belonging to four species including Phlebotomus ariasi, P. papatasi, P. perniciosus, and Sergentomyia minuta from different regions in Spain. This data set was completed with DNA sequences available at the GenBank for species prevalent in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East. Additionally, DNA sequences from 13 different phlebotomine species (P. ariasi, P. balcanicus, P. caucasicus, P. chabaudi, P. chadlii, P. longicuspis, P. neglectus, P. papatasi, P. perfiliewi, P. perniciosus, P. riouxi, P. sergenti, and S. minuta), from 19 countries, were added to the data set. Overall, our molecular data revealed that this PCR-RFLP method does not provide a unique and specific profile for each phlebotomine species tested. Intraspecific variability and similar RFLP patterns were frequently observed among the species tested. Our data suggest that this method may not be applicable throughout the Mediterranean region as previously proposed. Other molecular approaches like DNA barcoding or phylogenetic analyses would allow a more precise molecular species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Pamela Llanes-Acevedo
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Arcones
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oihane Martin
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Checa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Montoya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Cruz
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Israel Cruz
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics-FIND, Chemin des Mines 9, Campus Biotech, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kahime K, Boussaa S, El Mzabi A, Boumezzough A. Spatial relations among environmental factors and phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in central and southern Morocco. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:342-354. [PMID: 26611970 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) are of considerable public health importance because of their ability to transmit several human parasites, mainly as vectors of Leishmania spp. Over the past decade, the epidemiological situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has significantly increased with its geographic expansion to previously free areas and the emergence of overlapping foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in several provinces of Morocco. A total of 15,313 specimens was collected during this entomological survey. The genera Phlebotomus (57.38%) and Sergentomyia (42.62%) were identified. Sergentomyia minuta (22.01%) was the most prevalent species, followed by S. fallax (18.21%), Phlebotomus perniciosus (14.35%), P. papatasi (14.06%), P. sergenti (12.85%), P. longicuspis (10.74%), P. ariasi (2.68%), S. dreyfussi (1.53%), P. alexandri (1.31%), P. bergeroti (1.14%), S. christophersi (0.62%), S. africana (0.25%), P. chabaudi (0.14%), P. chadlii (0.05%), and P. kazeruni (0.04%). We aimed to determine current distribution of leishmaniases vectors, their ecological characteristics, and the significance of the predominant species at any bioclimate stage, altitude range, and soil texture in terms of the risk of leishmaniasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kahime
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, (URAC 32, CNRST; ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40 000, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - S Boussaa
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, (URAC 32, CNRST; ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40 000, Marrakesh, Morocco.
- Institut Supérieur des Professions Infirmières et des Techniques de Santé (ISPITS), 40 000, Marrakesh, Morocco.
| | - A El Mzabi
- Equipe Modélisation Economique-Lab PEL, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques Economiques et Sociales, Université Hassan 2, 20 650, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - A Boumezzough
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, (URAC 32, CNRST; ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40 000, Marrakesh, Morocco
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Zarrouk A, Kahime K, Boussaa S, Belqat B. Ecological and epidemiological status of species of the Phlebotomus perniciosus complex (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Morocco. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1045-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kahime K, Boussaa S, Ouanaimi F, Boumezzough A. Species composition of phlebotomine sand fly fauna in an area with sporadic cases of Leishmania infantum human visceral leishmaniasis, Morocco. Acta Trop 2015; 148:58-65. [PMID: 25930188 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases are the main endemic vector-born diseases in Morocco. Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL), by Leishmania infantum, currently presents a significant health problem throughout the country and may constitute factor for death, especially among children with less than 15 years old. In the past, HVL has been basically absent or at least sporadic in Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz region; however it became significant during the last decade. An entomological survey and a retrospective study on L. infantum HVL cases had been carried out to assess the risk of the disease apparition in this region. 7046 sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were collected and studied from twelve localities within Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz region. The result shows the presence of ten sand fly species, 58.76% from the genus Phlebotomus and 41.24% from genus Sergentomyia. A further analysis indicates that Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus longicuspis and Phlebotomus ariasi species, incriminated vectors of L. infantum, are dominant (35.56%), so, we describe their spatial (according to altitude and biotopes) and temporal (seasonal activity) distribution in study area.
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Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Morocco: results of an entomological survey along three transects from northern to southern country. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ajaoud M, Es-Sette N, Charrel RN, Laamrani-Idrissi A, Nhammi H, Riyad M, Lemrani M. Phlebotomus sergenti in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Azilal province (High Atlas, Morocco): molecular detection and genotyping of Leishmania tropica, and feeding behavior. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003687. [PMID: 25826399 PMCID: PMC4380298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti is at least one of the confirmed vectors for the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica and distributed widely in Morocco. This form of leishmaniasis is considered largely as anthroponotic, although dogs were found infected with Leishmania tropica, suggestive of zoonosis in some rural areas. Methodology and Findings This survey aimed at (i) studying the presence of Leishmania in field caught Phlebotomus sergenti, (ii) investigating genetic diversity within Leishmania tropica and (iii) identifying the host-blood feeding preferences of Phlebotomus sergenti. A total of 4,407 sand flies were collected in three rural areas of Azilal province, using CDC miniature light traps. Samples collected were found to consist of 13 species: Phlebotomus spp. and 3 Sergentomyia spp. The most abundant species was Phlebotomus sergenti, accounting for 45.75 % of the total. 965 female Phlebotomus sergenti were screened for the presence of Leishmania by ITS1-PCR-RFLP, giving a positive rate of 5.7% (55/965), all being identified as Leishmania tropica. Nucleotide heterogeneity of PCR-amplified ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2 was noted. Analyses of 31 sequences obtained segregated them into 16 haplotypes, of which 7 contain superimposed peaks at certain nucleotide positions, suggestive of heterozygosity. Phlebotomus sergenti collected were found to feed on a large variety of vertebrate hosts, as determined by Cytochrome b sequencing of the DNA from the blood meals of 64 engorged females. Conclusion Our findings supported the notion that Phlebotomus sergenti is the primary vector of Leishmania tropica in this focus, and that the latter is genetically very heterogeneous. Furthermore, our results might be suggestive of a certain level of heterozygosity in Leishmania tropica population. This finding, as well as the feeding of the vectors on different animals are of interest for further investigation. In Morocco three Leishmania species have been reported to cause cutaneous leishmaniasis: Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and less frequently Leishmania infantum. Amongst these clinically important Leishmania species, Leishmania tropica is considered as a public health problem by the Ministry of Health in Morocco and other endemic countries. Phlebotomus sergenti is the known vector, which is thought to take blood meals mainly from humans, since they appear to be the sole reservoir, considering anthroponosis of the cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica in many endemic areas. In the present study, we investigated by molecular tools the presence of Leishmania in field caught Phlebotomus, as well as the heterogeneity of Leishmania tropica in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in High Atlas of Morocco. Our results showed a high infection rate of Phlebotomus sergenti, which may be a consequence of high level of the parasite circulating in this region; and underlined the important genetic heterogeneity of Leishmania tropica in Morocco. Analysis of the blood meals of the vectors showed that Phlebotomus sergenti fed on a variety of vertebrates, including wild animals, such as rodent, monkey and bat. Whether these animals play any role in the maintenance of Leishmania tropica in this focus awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ajaoud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Centre d’Etudes Doctorales des Sciences de la Santé, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nargys Es-Sette
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", & IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Abderahmane Laamrani-Idrissi
- Service de Parasitologie, Direction d'Epidémiologie et de Lutte contre les Maladies, Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Haddou Nhammi
- Service de Parasitologie, Direction d'Epidémiologie et de Lutte contre les Maladies, Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Centre d’Etudes Doctorales des Sciences de la Santé, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Casablanca, Morocco
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Leishmanioses Cutanées, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zoghlami Z, Chouihi E, Barhoumi W, Dachraoui K, Massoudi N, Helel KB, Habboul Z, Hadhri MH, Limam S, Mhadhbi M, Gharbi M, Zhioua E. Interaction between canine and human visceral leishmaniases in a holoendemic focus of Central Tunisia. Acta Trop 2014; 139:32-8. [PMID: 25004438 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin. In Tunisia, CVL is spatially associated with human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years old. In this study, seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs was assessed in highly endemic districts of the governorate of Kairouan where more than 50% of HVL cases in Tunisia were reported. An entomological investigation was also carried out in two endemic districts (Bouhajla and Haffouz) to assess sand fly fauna and infection status of sand flies with Leishmania. A total of 191 serum samples were collected from healthy dogs and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Overall seroprevalence for L. infantum was 26.7% being highest among dogs in the district of Bouhajla (52.7%) and the lowest in the district of Chbika (5.2%). In dogs, seroprevalence did not differ significantly based on gender or age, with dogs younger than 1 year showing a higher seroprevalence compared to older dogs. These findings suggest strong force of infection in naïve animals in holoendemic regions leading to emerging high incidence of HVL. Concomitant to the high CVL prevalence observed in the Bouhajla district, a significantly high cumulative HVL incidence also was observed in this district. Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis were the most abundant sand fly species in Bouhajla and Haffouz districts. The rate of Leishmania-DNA infection in sand flies was 9.4%. This finding points to spatial correlation between the occurrence of disease in humans, a high rate of infection in dogs and a high abundance of P. pernicious and P. longicuspis. Thus, CVL is the main risk factor for transmission to humans and subsequently, it is an important parameter for controlling transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zoghlami
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - E Chouihi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - W Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K Dachraoui
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Massoudi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K Ben Helel
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Z Habboul
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - M H Hadhri
- Regional Department of Health, Governorate of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - S Limam
- Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M Mhadhbi
- Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M Gharbi
- Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - E Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
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19
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Abstract
Dogs are the major reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. In Morocco, canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is usually believed to be widespread mainly, if not only, in the northern regions and few data are available about the situation in southern parts of the country. Here, we report the results of a preliminary, clinical, and serological study carried out in 2004–2007, in four provinces of southern Morocco. Serological analyses were processed using two different Elisa techniques, a homemade Elisa test and IDVET commercial kit, and confirmed by two different western blot (WB) tests, homemade and LDBIO commercial kits. We highlighted the presence of CanL infection in southern regions, known until then as free of the disease: 19.8% (48/243) of examined dogs displayed clinical signs compatible with CanL and the seroprevalence was particularly high, respectively, 81.8% and 87.8% by Elisa and western blot tests. Our current developed and validated homemade (Elisa and WB) tools will be cost-effective and useful for next large-scale epidemiological studies on Moroccan leishmaniasis animal reservoir.
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20
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Boudabous R, Jaouadi K, Bounamous A, Babba H. Morphological and molecular investigations of population structure of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Tunisia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:787-793. [PMID: 22897038 DOI: 10.1603/me11110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Morphological and molecular characterization of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus Newstead and Phlebotomus (L.) longicuspis Nitzulescu in Tunisia is reported. Different localities in central and southern Tunisia were sampled. Sand flies were collected by sticky-paper traps and Center for Disease Control traps. For morphological study of males, the copulatory valves (aedeagi) were examined and the number of coxite hairs was recorded. For molecular analysis, the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the cytochrome c oxidase I gene were sequenced to investigate the population structure of P. perniciosus and P. longicuspis. The majority of P. perniciosus samples from southern and some specimens from central Tunisia showed single-pointed aedeagi curved at their apicies that were indistinguishable from the P. longicuspis aedeagi and appeared similar to the atypical morph of P. perniciosus, previously described in northern Morocco. The current study gives evidence of a wide distribution of atypical morphs of P. perniciosus in southern and central Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Boudabous
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie code 99UR/08-05, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de Biologie Clinique B, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
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21
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Genetic structure of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ariasi populations, the vector of Leishmania infantum in the western Mediterranean: Epidemiological implications. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1335-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Guernaoui S, Boumezzough A. Habitat preferences of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in southwestern Morocco. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:1187-1194. [PMID: 19769053 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Data from a 4-yr study of phlebotomine sand flies in 44 stations in southwestern Morocco are presented. Correspondence analysis is used to describe the habitat preferences of nine sand fly species on a meso-scale (station) and a micro-scale (biotope). This work, based on highly diversified data from various stations, comprising several biotopes sampled during different seasons, provides new information on the ecology of sand flies in southwestern Morocco. It highlights many natural and artificial factors that affect the abundance and distribution of sand fly populations. The impact of climate, urbanization, proximity of humans and domestic animals, organic matter in the soil, shelter, and vegetation type is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guernaoui
- UR 079 Geodes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Bondy 93143, France.
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23
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Entomological and epidemiological study of a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:859-63. [PMID: 18592272 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica Wright has become an increasingly important problem in Al-Haouz province, Morocco. The objective of this paper was to undertake a retrospective analysis of CL between 2000 and 2006 and to study the sandfly fauna for the first time in this focus. The consultation of bulletins, registers and monthly and annual reports published by local and national medical services permitted a global synthesis of CL in Al-Haouz between 2000 and 2006. Sandflies were collected using sticky-paper traps in five selected stations in two communes, Ourika and Sti Fadma, the most affected by CL in Al-Haouz. Overall, 2,648 sandflies, belonging to five species of Phlebotomus and three of Sergentomyia, were collected. Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot (14.5%) was found in all studied stations where it was associated with domestic and peridomestic habitats. Based on this first report on ecology of sandflies and epidemiology of CL, Al-Haouz seems to be a typical focus of L. tropica and P. sergenti like the other Moroccan foci. Two communes, Sti Fadma and Ourika, constituted an important CL micro-focus in this region. Considering their economical importance (trade and tourism), they contribute probably to the dissemination of Leishmania parasite in bordering regions.
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Boussaa S, Boumezzough A, Remy P, Glasser N, Pesson B. Morphological and isoenzymatic differentiation of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Southern Morocco. Acta Trop 2008; 106:184-9. [PMID: 18456222 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and enzymatic characterization of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis in Morocco is reported. Twenty-nine localities in central and southern of Morocco were sampled and compared with three localities from the Rif (northern Morocco). For morphological study, sand flies were collected by sticky-paper traps. For males, the morphology of the copulatory valves (aedeagi) was examined and the number of coxite hairs was recorded. For isoenzyme analyses, specimens were collected in CDC light traps and immediately conserved at -80 degrees C. P. perniciosus samples from the south of Morocco, up to 150 km from Marrakech, showed single-pointed aedeagi curved at their apices, indistinguishable from the atypical morph of P. perniciosus, previously described in northern Morocco. Twelve enzyme systems were tested and the qualitative analysis of zymogram profiles revealed eight polymorphic loci (glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), hexokinase (HK), fumarate hydratase (FUM), malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1), malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2), 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and aconitase (ACO)). Enzyme loci showed fixed alleles diagnostic for P. perniciosus (aconitase) and P. longicuspis (aconitase and hexokinase).
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Guernaoui S, Boumezzough A, Laamrani A. Altitudinal structuring of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the High-Atlas mountains (Morocco) and its relation to the risk of leishmaniasis transmission. Acta Trop 2006; 97:346-51. [PMID: 16460654 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of entomological surveys on phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Haouz of Marrakech and High-Atlas mountains (Morocco). Sand flies were captured with sticky traps from 25 stations with altitudes ranging between 400 and 1400 m. A total of 2742 specimens belonging to nine phlebotomine species was collected, Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus Newstead being the predominant species. There was a remarkable difference in the diversity of the sand fly fauna among the altitudes. Two associations of sand fly faunas were determined, the first one in lower altitude and the second one in higher altitude. The significance of the predominant species at any altitude range was discussed in terms of the risk of transmission of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guernaoui
- Geodes Unit, Institute of Research for Development (IRD), 32, Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France.
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26
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Guernaoui S, Boussaa S, Pesson B, Boumezzough A. Nocturnal activity of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Chichaoua, Morocco. Parasitol Res 2005; 98:184-8. [PMID: 16323026 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nocturnal activity of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) was studied "at an epidemic focus" on human cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica Wright in Chichaoua province, in Morocco. Sandflies were collected using light and sticky-paper traps changed at 2-h intervals, inside and around houses, in August and October 2004. Overall, 633 sandflies, belonging to six species of Phlebotomus and three of Sergentomyia, were collected. Sandfly activity was nocturnal and higher at twilight. Several activity patterns were observed according to the species. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot, 1917, the suspected vector of L. tropica in this focus, was caught during each collection performed from 1900 to 0500 hours, the numbers of species caught peaked at 1900-2100 hours. There were seasonal variations of the nocturnal activity, which could be related to the variations in temperature and relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guernaoui
- UR Geodes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Bondy, France.
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