1
|
Abrams LR, Zhang YS, Munsey AD, Farah MA, Brown LL. Working Through It: Lifetime Experiences of Employment Discrimination Among Older Black Americans and Implications for Labor Force Participation, Job Dissatisfaction, and Mental Health in Older Adulthood. J Aging Health 2024:8982643241259781. [PMID: 38881277 DOI: 10.1177/08982643241259781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine lifetime experiences of employment discrimination and their association with Black older adults' employment status and well-being. METHODS We use data from the Health and Retirement Study's leave-behind questionnaire to characterize lifetime experiences of being unfairly fired, not hired, or not promoted among Black older adults (N = 2948) and test associations with labor force status at age 62, job satisfaction among those working, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Employment discrimination was commonly reported by Black older adults, especially among men and those with college educations. Employment discrimination was not associated with employment status at age 62 but was associated with job dissatisfaction (OR = 2.00, p = .001) and depressive symptoms (Beta = 0.34, p < .001). DISCUSSION Findings suggest a negative association between employment discrimination at any point in the life course and Black older adults' well-being. Employment discrimination is an obstacle to healthy aging, yet improved discrimination survey items are needed to fully capture its impact on Black Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Abrams
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan S Zhang
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ayisha D Munsey
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Muna A Farah
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauren L Brown
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hart RP, Benzshawel JA, Bonanno GA. Does cognitive load influence expressive flexibility? Comparing civilian and veteran populations. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:645-653. [PMID: 38349276 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2316194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Expressive flexibility (EF) is a component of emotion regulation flexibility repertoire that constitutes the ability to enhance or suppress the expression of emotion in accordance with a given situational context. Previous research has associated EF with healthy adjustment to adversity. This association has also been observed in combat veterans with elevated post-traumatic stress. EF and other elements of regulatory flexibility are believed to rely on functions of cognitive control, such as working memory. However, previous research has yet to investigate this link. Accordingly, we examined performance in veterans (N = 42) and non-veterans (N = 75) on an EF Task with and without the inclusion of a numerical cognitive load task. Results indicate an interaction between cognitive load and expressive condition. Specifically, suppression abilities were weaker in cognitive load conditions. These findings did not vary in veteran and non-veteran samples. These results add to a growing body of work indicating a relationship between cognitive control and regulatory flexibility, and suggest similar mechanisms between veteran and non-veteran populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland P Hart
- Department of Counseling & Clinical Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - George A Bonanno
- Department of Counseling & Clinical Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Springstein T, English T. Distinguishing Emotion Regulation Success in Daily Life From Maladaptive Regulation and Dysregulation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:209-224. [PMID: 37728098 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT This paper aims to motivate research on emotion regulation success in naturalistic settings. We define emotion regulation success as achieving one's emotion regulation goal and differentiate it from related concepts (i.e., maladaptive regulation and dysregulation). As goals vary across individuals and situations, it is insufficient to conceptualize emotion regulation success as maximizing positive affect and minimizing negative affect. Instead, emotion regulation success can be measured through novel approaches targeting the achievement of emotion regulation goals. In addition to utilizing novel data analytic tools (e.g., response surface analyses), future research can make use of informant reports and observing ambulatory behavior or physiology. Considering emotion regulation goals when measuring daily emotion regulation success has the potential to answer key questions about personality, development, and mental health. PUBLIC ABSTRACT People differ in how they want to feel in daily situations (e.g., excited) and why they want to feel that way (e.g., to make others feel better), depending on factors such as culture or age. Although people manage their emotions to reach these goals, most research assessing emotion regulation success has not taken individual goals into account. When assessing if people successfully regulate their emotions, most research in daily life has been focused on whether people feel more positive or less negative. To help study emotion regulation success in a more thoughtful and inclusive way, we propose a new approach to conceptualizing emotion regulation success that incorporates individual differences in what motivates people to regulate and discuss future research directions and applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dekker J, Doppenberg-Smit E, Braamse A, Lamers F, van Linde M, Verheul HMW, Sprangers M, Beekman ATF. Toward an improved conceptualization of emotions in patients with cancer. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1352026. [PMID: 38600981 PMCID: PMC11004313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1352026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer and its associated treatment is a major stressor, leading to emotions such as anxiety or depressive mood. Human emotions have developed through the course of evolution because they facilitate adaptation to important events, such as cancer and its associated treatment. On the other hand, emotions can be maladaptive and interfere with adaptation to cancer. Emotions are maladaptive if they are disproportionally severe or persistent, and if they interfere with functioning. We aim to expand the conceptualization of adaptive and maladaptive emotions in patients with cancer. We draw on major theories in the field of mental disorder and mental health, and apply these theories to conceptualize adaptive and maladaptive emotions in patients with cancer. (i) Maladaptive emotions have two essential features: mental dysfunction and patient harm. Maladaptive emotions are characterized by a network of strongly associated emotional symptoms, which may include cancer-related somatic symptoms. The dysfunctional symptom network is hypothesized to be the result of disturbance of life goal pursuit caused by cancer. (ii) Adaptive emotions have two essential features: ability to deal with cancer and functioning well. The ability to use emotions in an adaptive way depends on skills to recognize, express, and regulate emotions in a flexible manner. A secure attachment style facilitates adaptive emotional responses to cancer. The present conceptualization of adaptive and maladaptive emotions is expected to contribute to better understanding and management of emotions in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Dekker
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elise Doppenberg-Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Braamse
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Myra van Linde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk M. W. Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Sprangers
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T. F. Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Békés V, Starrs CJ. Assessing transgenerational trauma transmission: development and psychometric properties of the Historical Intergenerational Trauma Transmission Questionnaire (HITT-Q). Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2329510. [PMID: 38530844 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2329510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective/Background: Despite increasing attention on transgenerational trauma, currently no comprehensive model and measure exists to be applied on various populations. This study represents the first step in the validation of such a model and a related scale. The Historical Intergenerational Trauma Questionnaire (HITT-Q) assesses family and offspring self-reported vulnerability and resilience, as well as offspring historical moral injury and current levels of insidious trauma.Method: We developed the HITT-Q based on the cross-population model (HITT model; [Starrs, C. & Békés, V. (2024). Historical and transgenerational trauma: A conceptual framework. Traumatology. In Press]) which incorporates key findings in existing population specific studies. For initial validation of the model and its measurement, Holocaust survivors' offspring (N = 1104) completed the HITT-Q, measures of current mental health symptoms (PTSD, C-PTSD, anxiety, and depression), and a resilience scale.Results: In line with the HITT model, confirmatory factor analyses supported a 12-factor solution with the following factors under theorized dimensions: I. Family Vulnerability: (1) Dysregulated and Trauma-related Communication; (2)Trauma-influenced Parenting, (3) Fear; (4) Distress; II. (5) Family Resilience, III. Offspring Vulnerability: (6) Escape; (7) Heightened Responsibility; (8) Trauma-related distress; IV. Offspring Resilience: (9) Coping; (10) Belonging; (11) Values; V. (12) Historical Moral injury. The 12-factor model showed acceptable to good internal validity, and comparison with an existing measure of transgenerational Holocaust trauma indicated good concurrent validity. Finally, the HITT-Q demonstrated predictive validity for mental health symptoms and current resilience.Conclusions: The current study represents the first step in validating the HITT-Q as a comprehensive measure of historical intergenerational vulnerability and resilience. Our findings provide strong support for the underlying model, and suggest that the HITT-Q represents a valuable scale for both research and historical trauma-informed care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Békés
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claire J Starrs
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miller ML, Jiang LJ, O'Hara MW. Experiential avoidance as a mediator of risk factors for higher order internalizing psychopathology in the perinatal period. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:625-645. [PMID: 38265296 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perinatal psychopathology can be damaging. This study examined the strength of the associations between risk factors and all perinatal mood and anxiety disorder symptoms while assessing the mediating effect of experiential avoidance. METHOD Participants (N = 246) completed assessments during pregnancy (28-32 weeks) and the postpartum (6-8 weeks). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine associations between risk factors and latent factors: distress (composed of depression, generalized anxiety, irritability, and panic symptoms); fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive); and bipolar (mania and obsessive-compulsive). RESULTS During pregnancy, past psychiatric history, anxiety sensitivity, maladaptive coping, and age were significant risk factors. In the postpartum, negative maternal attitudes and past psychiatric history were only risk factors for symptoms that composed distress. Experiential avoidance mediated the relation between maladaptive coping and symptoms that composed fear. CONCLUSION It is important to assess for psychological risk factors starting in pregnancy. This study identified critical risk factors that are associated with the underlying commonality among perinatal mood and anxiety symptoms. Some of the risk factors as well as the mediator are malleable (negative maternal attitudes, experiential avoidance), creating new possibilities for prevention and treatment of perinatal mood and anxiety disorder symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Miller
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lily J Jiang
- Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tng GYQ, Yang H. Social anxiety and emotion regulation flexibility: a daily diary approach. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:199-216. [PMID: 37937802 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2279176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that social anxiety symptoms are maintained and intensified by inflexible emotion regulation (ER). Therefore, we examined whether trait-level social anxiety moderates ER flexibility operationalised at both between-person (covariation between variability in emotional intensity and variability in strategy use across occasions) and within-person (associations between emotional intensity and strategy use on a given day) levels. In a sample of healthy college-aged adults (N = 185, Mage = 21.89), we examined overall and emotion-specific intensities (shame, guilt, anxiety, anger, sadness) and regulatory strategies (i.e. experiential avoidance, expressive suppression, and rumination) in response to each day's most emotionally intense event over 6 days. During the study period, we found a positive association between variability in emotional intensity and variability of experiential avoidance in individuals with lower, rather than higher, levels of trait social anxiety after controlling for key covariates (i.e. gender, personality traits, and stress exposure). However, we did not find evidence for the moderating role of trait social anxiety in ER flexibility assessed at within-person levels. Our findings highlight the need to delineate dynamic ER flexibility across everyday events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Y Q Tng
- School of Social Sciences, Management University, Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Hwajin Yang
- School of Social Sciences, Management University, Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nardelli C, Bonanno GA, Chen S, Bortolon C. Emotion regulation flexibility and psychosis: A longitudinal study disentangling components of flexibility in psychosis-proneness. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:54-72. [PMID: 37846929 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flexibility in self-regulation has emerged as an important component of mental health. Previous findings found that deficits in two components of regulatory flexibility were linked cross-sectionally to psychosis-proneness. We aimed to replicate and extend these findings longitudinally. METHODS We measured psychosis-proneness and components of emotion regulation flexibility (i.e. context sensitivity, repertoire and feedback) at two time points with three months in between. RESULTS Two flexibility components predicted psychotic-like experiences. The ability to detect the absence of contextual cues was implicated in both positive and negative dimensions but through opposite pathways. Expressive suppression ability-a subcomponent of repertoire-predicted positive symptoms. None of the flexibility components predicted distress related to the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides further evidence on the implication of emotion regulation flexibility in the longer-term maintenance of psychotic-like experiences. Future studies can advance this work further by evaluating possible bidirectional relationships between psychotic-like experiences and deficits in emotion regulation flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nardelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Shuquan Chen
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Bortolon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- C3R - Réhabilitation psychosociale et remédiation cognitive, Centre Hospitalier Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meneghini AM, Colledani D, Morandini S, De France K, Hollenstein T. Emotional Engagement and Caring Relationships: The Assessment of Emotion Regulation Repertoires of Nurses. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:212-234. [PMID: 35751169 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221110548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the importance of emotion regulation for nurses' well-being, little is known about which strategies nurses habitually use, how these strategies combine in order to regulate their emotional distress, and how these are related to their caregiving orientations. The current study aimed to explore the emotion regulation repertoires that characterize health-care providers and to investigate the association between these repertoires and caregiving orientations in a sample of nurses. Firstly, a confirmatory factor analyses was run to test the suitability of the Regulation of Emotion System Survey for the assessment of six emotion regulation strategies among health-care providers. Subsequently, the latent profiles analysis was employed to explore emotion regulation repertoires. Three repertoires emerged: The Average, the Suppression Propensity and the Engagement Propensity profiles. The participants of the last two groups relied on Expressive Suppression and Engagement, respectively, more often than others. Nurses were more likely to be placed within the Engagement Propensity group when compared to the first responders, and higher levels of hyperactivation of the Caregiving System were associated with this repertoire. A greater reliance on Expressive Engagement among nurses was discussed in terms of the fact that nurses usually have a longer and more care-oriented relationships with patients than first responders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiana Colledani
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Morandini
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kalee De France
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tom Hollenstein
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonanno GA, Chen S, Bagrodia R, Galatzer-Levy IR. Resilience and Disaster: Flexible Adaptation in the Face of Uncertain Threat. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:573-599. [PMID: 37566760 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-011123-024224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Disasters cause sweeping damage, hardship, and loss of life. In this article, we first consider the dominant psychological approach to disasters and its narrow focus on psychopathology (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder). We then review research on a broader approach that has identified heterogeneous, highly replicable trajectories of outcome, the most common being stable mental health or resilience. We review trajectory research for different types of disasters, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we consider correlates of the resilience trajectory and note their paradoxically limited ability to predict future resilient outcomes. Research using machine learning algorithms improved prediction but has not yet illuminated the mechanism behind resilient adaptation. To that end, we propose a more direct psychological explanation for resilience based on research on the motivational and mechanistic components of regulatory flexibility. Finally, we consider how future research might leverage new computational approaches to better capture regulatory flexibility in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; , ,
| | - Shuquan Chen
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; , ,
| | - Rohini Bagrodia
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; , ,
| | - Isaac R Galatzer-Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA;
- Google LLC, Mountain View, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang HJ, Xiong Q, Remawi BN, Preston N. Taiwanese family members' bereavement experience following an expected death: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Palliat Care 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38212776 PMCID: PMC10782629 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-024-01344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bereavement experience is shaped by cultural and social contexts. No systematically constructed reviews were identified to explore the bereavement experience for people who are influenced by Chinese culture valuing filial piety and mutual dependence. This review aimed to systematically review the bereavement experience of Taiwanese family members living in Taiwan following an expected death. METHODS MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, China Academic Journal Database, and Chinese Electronic Periodical Services were searched with no date restrictions from inception to 20 October 2022. The methodological rigour of studies was assessed using Hawker's appraisal tool. A narrative synthesis approach using Popay's work was employed to synthesise the findings of the studies. Studies investigating Taiwanese family members' bereavement experiences were included. We excluded papers studying bereavement through the death of a child. RESULTS Searches retrieved 12,735 articles (after de-duplication), 17 of which met the inclusion criteria and were included for synthesis: English [9] and Chinese [8], published between 2006 and 2021. The studies varied in quality with scores ranging from 22 to 33 out of 36. The studies differed in the relationship between participants and the deceased, the bereaved time frames, and the definitions of bereavement. Most studies focussed on family members of cancer patients receiving specialist palliative care. Three bereavement theories and four tools were used. Risk factors of bereavement outcomes included family members feeling less prepared for death and deaths where palliative sedative therapy was used. Protective factors were higher caregiving burden and longer caregiving periods. Four themes regarding Taiwanese bereavement experience were generated: multiple impacts of death; problem-based coping strategies; importance of maintaining connections; influential religious beliefs and rituals. CONCLUSION Continuing the relationship with the deceased is a key element of Taiwanese bereavement experience and it is influenced by religious and cultural beliefs. Suppressing or hiding emotions during bereavement to connect with the deceased and maintain harmonious relationships needs to be acknowledged as culturally acceptable and encouraged by some religions in Taiwan. The findings could be potentially relevant for other Chinese populations, predominantly Buddhist countries or other East Asian societies. The role of preparing for death in bereavement outcomes is little understood and requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Liang
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Health Innovation One, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, UK.
| | - Qian Xiong
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Health Innovation One, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, UK
| | - Bader Nael Remawi
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Health Innovation One, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, UK
| | - Nancy Preston
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Health Innovation One, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Myroniuk S, Reitsema AM, de Jonge P, Jeronimus BF. Childhood abuse and neglect and profiles of adult emotion dynamics. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38196323 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) is experienced by ∼40% of all children at major personal and societal costs. The divergent associations between emotional, physical, and sexual abuse or neglect in childhood and differences in adult emotional functioning and regulation were examined in terms of daily emotion intensity, variability, instability, inertia, and diversity, reported over 30 days by 290 Dutch aged 19-73. Participants described their abuse/neglect experiences retrospectively using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Dissecting CM effects on adult emotion dynamics may inform theories on the ontogenesis and functioning of emotions, on effects of abuse and neglect, to better understand (dys)functional emotional development, and to prevent their adverse sequelae. Structural equation models (SEM) showed that most types of CM were associated with specific patterns of emotion dynamics, and only emotional abuse had no unique effects on the emotional dynamic indices. Emotional neglect was associated with most measures of emotion dynamics (i.e., less intense, variable, unstable, and diverse emotions). Sexual abuse associated with increases and physical neglect decreases in negative affect variability and instability. Physical abuse was associated with inertia but with a small effect size. Social contact frequency did not mediate much of the relationship between CM types and emotion dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Myroniuk
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Reitsema
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P de Jonge
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B F Jeronimus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Specker P, Nickerson A. Investigating the effectiveness of instructing emotion regulation flexibility to individuals with low and high anxiety. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:143-156. [PMID: 37120826 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2205641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Psychopathology has been associated with a deficit in emotion regulation (ER) flexibility - the ability to flexibly utilize ER strategies that are appropriate to situational demands. Yet, whether anxious individuals can be taught ER flexibility, or whether ER flexibility is effective in managing negative affect, remains unknown. We investigated the impact of instructed ER flexibility on emotional responding among individuals with differing levels of anxiety. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants (N = 109) were taught two ER strategies (reappraisal, distraction) and randomized to be instructed in either flexible or inflexible ER while viewing images that differed in negative emotional intensity. RESULTS When averaged over anxiety, or for participants with low anxiety, negative affect did not differ between conditions. However, among anxious participants, those in the flexible regulatory conditions - those who were instructed to flexibly switch between strategies - reported lower negative affect than those in the inflexible Reappraisal only condition, but not the Distraction only condition. The effectiveness of the two flexible conditions did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS Anxious individuals benefitted from being instructed in either ER flexibility or distraction. This finding supports literature on the adaptiveness of distraction and provides preliminary evidence linking instructed ER flexibility and improved emotional responding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Specker
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Nickerson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Whitmoyer P, Fisher ME, Duraney EJ, Manzler C, Isaacowitz DM, Andridge R, Prakash RS. Age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and flexibility in daily life. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:330-343. [PMID: 37735914 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2256245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-related shifts in emotion regulation patterns are important for explaining preserved emotional well-being in late adulthood amidst declines in physical and cognitive health. Although several studies have examined age-related shifts in emotion regulation strategy use, age differences in how specific strategies are flexibly adapted to shifting contexts in daily life and the adaptiveness of such shifts remains poorly understood. METHODS 130 younger adults (ages 22-35) and 130 older adults (ages 65-85) completed a modified Day Reconstruction Method Assessment and self-report questionnaires to examine age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and one aspect of emotion regulation flexibility (responsiveness) in daily life, and the adaptive implications of these differences. RESULTS Older adults exhibited more frequent acceptance use, less frequent distraction use, and less flexibility in the responsiveness of strategies with varying negative affect. Across age groups, the use of expressive suppression and distraction was associated with less adaptive outcomes, whereas higher acceptance responsiveness, positive reappraisal responsiveness, and situation selection responsiveness were associated with more adaptive outcomes. Age-group moderated the associations between adaptiveness metrics with the use and flexibility of several emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSION The current findings provide early evidence of age-related decreases in emotion regulation flexibility as well as age-related shifts in the adaptiveness of emotion regulation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Whitmoyer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan E Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Charles Manzler
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Andridge
- Department of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruchika Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Borghesi F, Chirico A, Cipresso P. Outlining a novel psychometric model of mental flexibility and affect dynamics. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1183316. [PMID: 38155694 PMCID: PMC10753024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1183316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretically, affective states have always been conceived as complex phenomena enabling individuals to respond flexibly and dynamically to environmental demands. Methodologically, the novel field of Affect Dynamics has started to analyze affective states as inherently dynamic and interdependent phenomena by focusing on how and why they fluctuate over time. Fluctuations of affective states can also be conceived as a function of individuals' ability to flexibly modulate their responses according to environmental demands. However, this ability has been sparsely investigated in different disciplines and domains, thus, engendering a plethora of terms and models. In this conceptual analysis, we first aimed to disentangle the puzzle of flexibility by outlining the distinctive cross-domain features of this concept, thus providing a novel comprehensive operationalization. We termed this novel unitary concept "mental flexibility," the general ability to variably adapt to environmental demands. Then, we outlined the interplay between individuals' mental flexibility and affect dynamics by proposing a novel psychometric model of affect dynamics, using Markovian chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Chirico
- Department of Psychology, Research Center in Communication Psychology, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dwyer CL, Tegge AN, Craft WH, Tomlinson DC, Athamneh LN, Bickel WK. The Phenotype of Recovery X: Associations between delay discounting, regulatory flexibility, and remission from substance use disorder. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 155:209122. [PMID: 37451516 PMCID: PMC10787043 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting (DD) and self-regulation are important predictors of substance use disorder (SUD) outcomes. Further, regulatory flexibility (RF; i.e., selecting, monitoring, and adapting coping techniques based on contextual demands) is related to psychological resilience. However, studies have yet to examine associations among DD, RF, and remission from SUDs among individuals in recovery. METHODS Individuals (N = 148) in SUD recovery completed the Context Sensitivity Index (CSI), the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale, and the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT) Scale to assess RF and, an $1000 hypothetical reward Adjusting Amount Delay Discounting Task. The study considered individuals to be in remission from SUD if they did not endorse any SUD DSM-5 symptom other than craving (except tobacco use disorder) in the past three months. The study team used t-tests to examine differences in RF and DD by remission status. Univariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between RF and DD. Finally, mediation models examined the dynamic relationship among DD, RF, and remission status. RESULTS Remitted individuals (n = 82) had significantly lower DD (i.e., greater preference for larger, later rewards) rates (p < .001) and higher context sensitivity (p < .001) and coping flexibility (p < .001). The study found significant negative associations between DD and context sensitivity (p = .008), coping flexibility (p = .002), and emotion regulation flexibility (p < .001). Finally, context sensitivity (p = .023) and coping flexibility (p = .009) mediated the relationship between DD and SUD remission. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that individuals in recovery with broader temporal windows can better identify contextual demands and flexibly cope, contributing to improved SUD recovery outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice L Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Levy-Gigi E, Sudai E, Bar M. Context as a barrier: Impaired contextual processing increases the tendency to develop PTSD symptoms across repeated exposure to trauma. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 100:102765. [PMID: 37738686 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence links repeated traumatic exposure with impaired ability to process contextual information. Specifically, like individuals with PTSD, non-PTSD trauma-exposed individuals fail to react according to contextual demands. In the present study, we explored the process that underlies this impairment. First, we tested the ability of first responders to benefit from contextual primes to improve recognition. Second, we assessed its moderating role in the relationship between traumatic exposure and PTSD symptoms. Fifty-three active-duty firefighters and 33 unexposed civilians matched for age, gender, and years of education participated in the study. All participants completed the contextual priming paradigm, the CAPS-5 clinical interview, and the WAIS-IV vocabulary subtest and were assessed for depression and general traumatic exposure. Repeated traumatic exposure was assessed objectively using the fire-and-rescue-service tracking system. As predicted, we found that trauma-exposed individuals failed to use primes to facilitate rapid and accurate recognition of contextually related objects. Not only did contextual information not improve performance, but it achieved the opposite effect, manifested as negative priming. Hence, context appeared to be an obstacle for trauma-exposed individuals and delayed rapid and accurate recognition. Moreover, impaired ability to process contextual information predicted the tendency to develop PTSD symptoms across repeated exposure to trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einat Levy-Gigi
- Faculty of Education, Bar, Ilan University Ramt-Gan, Israel; The Leslie and Susan Gonda Brain Science Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Einav Sudai
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Brain Science Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Brain Science Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamama-Raz Y, Ben-Ezra M, Bibi H, Swarka M, Gelernter R, Abu-Kishk I. Vigor among health-care professionals at the workplace: the role of intra- and inter-personal resources. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2964-2976. [PMID: 36576138 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2159454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Feeling vigorous throughout the workday in a medical facility despite exposure to daily job-related stress is essential for productive work-related behavior and for the subjective well-being of health-care professionals. The current study explored the contribution of an intra-personal resource (i.e. coping flexibility) and an inter-personal resource (i.e. social support) to the explained variance of vigor among nurses and physicians. Two hundred two hospital personnel completed self-report questionnaires regarding personal and professional data, vigor, coping flexibility and social support. The results revealed that the intra-personal resource coping flexibility, was positively associated with vigor while the inter-personal resource social support was not found to be associated with vigor. In addition, older age and higher self-rated health positively associated with feeling vigor. The current study shed light on the role of intra-personal resources in feeling vigorous throughout stressful workdays that characterize the workplace of hospital personnel. Tailoring interventions that may enhance coping flexibility among hospital personnel can increase their vigor which in turn may beneficially contribute to their job performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haim Bibi
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel, affiliated to the Adelson school of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Muhareb Swarka
- Internal Medicine Department "F", Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Renana Gelernter
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ibrahim Abu-Kishk
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang J, Su D, Smith AP, Yang L. Reducing Work Withdrawal Behaviors When Faced with Work Obstacles: A Three-Way Interaction Model. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:908. [PMID: 37998655 PMCID: PMC10669106 DOI: 10.3390/bs13110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Work withdrawal behavior is a type of negative reaction when employees face obstacles at work. Its negative impact on individuals and organizations has caught the attention of academic circles and managers. In this study, data from 596 full-time employees were collected using two timepoint measurements one month apart. The internal mechanism of the link between obstructive stress and job withdrawal behavior was analyzed, and the combined effects of work control and cognitive flexibility on the negative effects of obstructive stress were analyzed in terms of the work demand-control-personal model. The results showed that negative work rumination played a complete mediating role between obstructive stress and work withdrawal behavior, and cognitive flexibility, obstructive stress, and work control had a significant three-way interaction. The results suggest that more attention should be paid to the role of employee cognition to avoid employees' withdrawal behavior in the face of work obstacles. In addition, when providing work resources to employees, the organization should also consider ensuring that work resources can be fully utilized to play a positive role in buffering work obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Humanity and Law, Social Governance Innovation Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Di Su
- School of Humanity and Law, Social Governance Innovation Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Andrew P. Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AS, UK
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Slonim DA, Yehezkel I, Paz A, Bar-Kalifa E, Wolff M, Dar A, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Facing Change: Using Automated Facial Expression Analysis to Examine Emotional Flexibility in the Treatment of Depression. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s10488-023-01310-w. [PMID: 37880472 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-023-01310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression involves deficits in emotional flexibility. To date, the varied and dynamic nature of emotional processes during therapy has mostly been measured at discrete time intervals using clients' subjective reports. Because emotions tend to fluctuate and change from moment to moment, the understanding of emotional processes in the treatment of depression depends to a great extent on the existence of sensitive, continuous, and objectively codified measures of emotional expression. In this observational study, we used computerized measures to analyze high-resolution time-series facial expression data as well as self-reports to examine the association between emotional flexibility and depressive symptoms at the client as well as at the session levels. METHOD Video recordings from 283 therapy sessions of 58 clients who underwent 16 sessions of manualized psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression were analyzed. Data was collected as part of routine practice in a university clinic that provides treatments to the community. Emotional flexibility was measured in each session using an automated facial expression emotion recognition system. The clients' depression level was assessed at the beginning of each session using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996). RESULTS Higher emotional flexibility was associated with lower depressive symptoms at the treatment as well as at the session levels. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the centrality of emotional flexibility both as a trait-like as well as a state-like characteristic of depression. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of computerized measures to capture key emotional processes in the treatment of depression at a high scale and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ido Yehezkel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adar Paz
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Bar-Kalifa
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maya Wolff
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Avinoam Dar
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dougherty EN, Bottera AR, Haedt-Matt AA, Wildes JE. Reconceptualizing emotion regulation and coping strategy usage in eating disorders research: The utility of a regulatory flexibility framework. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1835-1841. [PMID: 37465948 PMCID: PMC10592414 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation and coping strategies are often conceptualized in eating disorder (ED) research as inherently adaptive or maladaptive, and successful regulation is often defined as greater overall use of adaptive strategies. However, recent empirical work outside of the field of EDs challenges this categorical conceptualization of strategies, demonstrating that adaptiveness is determined by the ability to flexibly implement and adjust strategies based on contextual demands (i.e., regulatory flexibility). Despite evidence that emotion regulation and coping strategies are best conceptualized in terms of flexibility in the broader literature, few ED studies have adopted this model. We review the current conceptual framework of emotion regulation and coping strategies used in ED research and present regulatory flexibility as an alternative approach to conceptualizing these strategies. The lack of research on regulatory flexibility among individuals with EDs limits our understanding of the role of emotion regulation and coping difficulties in ED risk and maintenance. Adopting a regulatory flexibility model of strategies in EDs may extend knowledge of the role of emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of EDs. We highlight the potential utility of investigating regulatory flexibility and present recommendations for future research on regulatory flexibility in EDs. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Research on emotion regulation and coping strategy usage in eating disorders often view regulatory strategies as inherently adaptive or maladaptive. However, recent studies support defining strategies in terms of flexibility. Adopting a regulatory flexibility model of strategies in eating disorders research may advance knowledge of the role of emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of eating disorders, ultimately enhancing prevention and treatment efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angeline R Bottera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Haag AC, Bonanno GA, Chen S, Herd T, Strong-Jones S, Spiva S, Noll JG. Understanding posttraumatic stress trajectories in adolescent females: A strength-based machine learning approach examining risk and protective factors including online behaviors. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1794-1807. [PMID: 35635211 PMCID: PMC9708933 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the course of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) following a major life trauma such as childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can be attributed to numerous contextual factors, psychosocial risk, and family/peer support. The present study investigates a comprehensive set of baseline psychosocial risk and protective factors including online behaviors predicting empirically derived PTSS trajectories over time. Females aged 12-16 years (N = 440); 156 with substantiated CSA; 284 matched comparisons with various self-reported potentially traumatic events (PTEs) were assessed at baseline and then annually for 2 subsequent years. Latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM) was used to derive PTSS trajectories, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression was used to investigate psychosocial predictors including online behaviors of trajectories. LGMM revealed four PTSS trajectories: resilient (52.1%), emerging (9.3%), recovering (19.3%), and chronic (19.4%). Of the 23 predictors considered, nine were retained in the LASSO model discriminating resilient versus chronic trajectories including the absence of CSA and other PTEs, low incidences of exposure to sexual content online, minority ethnicity status, and the presence of additional psychosocial protective factors. Results provide insights into possible intervention targets to promote resilience in adolescence following PTEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Haag
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY, USA
| | - George A. Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuquan Chen
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toria Herd
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sienna Strong-Jones
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sunshine Spiva
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jennie G. Noll
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee K, Sayre B, James TA, Duarte A. Age-related reductions in arousal-enhanced memory are moderated by trait emotion regulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15469. [PMID: 37726345 PMCID: PMC10509193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional arousal is known to enhance episodic memory in young adults. However, compared to valence, little is known about how healthy aging impacts arousal-enhanced memory effects. Furthermore, while emotion regulation is believed to improve with age, it is unclear how individual differences in emotion regulation influence arousal-enhanced memory. In this large-scale online study, we investigated the impact of age and individual differences in emotion regulation on arousal-enhanced memory. During encoding, participants made arousal ratings about negative, neutral, and positive images, and we compared their subsequent memory of high and low-arousal images. We found the impact of emotional arousal on memory was reduced with age, especially for older adults who habitually suppress their emotions. Our findings show that arousal-related memory benefits are reduced with advancing age, and that individual differences in habitual usage of emotion regulation impact these age-related alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungeun Lee
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.
- School of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
| | - Brialisse Sayre
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, USA
| | - Taylor A James
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blekić W, Ben Taieb S, Kandana Arachchige KG, Rossignol M, Schultebraucks K. Stress response and experiential avoidance among firefighters: Preliminary insights from network analyses. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 165:132-139. [PMID: 37499484 PMCID: PMC10546386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are at increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to exposure to potentially traumatic events during their careers. However, little is known about the prevalence of PTSD among this population, particularly when taking moderating variables into account. Using Gaussian Graphical Models and Directed Acyclic Graphs, we conducted network analyses to examine the interactions between clusters of PTSD symptoms, perceived stress, hardiness, and experiential avoidance among 187 firefighters. The data and code are published with the paper. Experiential avoidance, as part of psychological inflexibility, was found to be the only variable that interacted with PTSD symptomatology. Strong positive associations were observed between experiential avoidance and the "negative mood and cognitions" subscale of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Through this association, other PTSD symptoms were activated, particularly avoidance and arousal. Our findings suggest that experiential avoidance and negative mood and cognition symptoms are particularly important in the expression of PTSD symptomatology in firefighters. In addition, experiential avoidance may be used as a coping strategy to reduce perceived stress during potentially traumatic events. Therefore, experiential avoidance may be a prime target for future interventions and training focused on flexible self-regulation strategies in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wivine Blekić
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Souhaib Ben Taieb
- Department of Computer Science, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium; Big Data and Machine Learning Lab, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Mandy Rossignol
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Katharina Schultebraucks
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Osgood JM, Yates HK, Holzinger JB, Quartana PJ. Cognitive reappraisal moderates the effect of combat or other exposures on negative behavioral health symptoms. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37643329 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2250709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the individual differences that can buffer the impact of combat and other adverse exposures on deleterious behavioral health outcomes could lead to more targeted prevention and intervention efforts. Cognitive reappraisal, an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy, is linked to positive health outcomes such as lower levels of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. This study examined the moderating effect of individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use on the association between combat exposure and behavioral health outcomes in active-duty U.S. Soldiers (N = 2,290). This study utilized survey data collected approximately 18 months following a combat deployment to Afghanistan in 2014. Results showed that individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use significantly moderated the effect of combat exposure on anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms but not depressive symptoms. Specifically, increasing combat exposures predicted a steeper increase in negative behavioral health symptoms for Soldiers reporting lesser (versus greater) cognitive reappraisal use. These findings highlight a role for cognitive reappraisal as a targetable factor that can mitigate the behavioral health consequences of exposure to combat stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Osgood
- US Army Medical Research Directorate West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA
| | - Hunter K Yates
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jayne B Holzinger
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Phillip J Quartana
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grimm CJ, de Terte I, Hodgetts D, Kearney S. Narratives of holistic mental health recovery in New Zealand Defence Force personnel. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37643328 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2250708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on military mental health recovery has tended to focus on therapy outcomes while backgrounding the role of diverse healing influences. The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) is a bicultural military integrated with Māori customs and cultural perspectives on holistic health and wellbeing. This study used narrative analysis to examine the semi-structured interviews of 21 active duty NZDF personnel who had accessed mental healthcare to understand what factors contributed to their return to wellness. Narratives described an orientation toward recovery as a process, where many interrelated wellbeing and social factors together supported the return to health. Culturally available Māori wellbeing metaphors were adopted as heuristics by service members in their storying of growth and healing. Findings are considered in terms of how wellbeing and recovery are conceptualized and promoted within militaries with diverse cultures. Discussion focuses on how narratives within military institutions can promote resilience and support service member recovery from mental distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten James Grimm
- Directorate of Health, New Zealand Defence Force, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, Manawatu Campus, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ian de Terte
- School of Psychology, Wellington Campus, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Darrin Hodgetts
- School of Psychology, Albany Campus, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kearney
- Directorate of Health, New Zealand Defence Force, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kozubal M, Szuster A, Wielgopolan A. Emotional regulation strategies in daily life: the intensity of emotions and regulation choice. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1218694. [PMID: 37645071 PMCID: PMC10460911 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Emotion regulation is an adaptive ability affecting people's physical and mental health, quality of life and functioning. In the present study we focused on the influence of the intensity of experienced emotions on emotion regulation strategies (ERS) that are applied in everyday life. Methods For 7 days the participants kept an online diary where every day they described the situation which had aroused their strongest negative emotions. Next, they identified the emotions, their intensity and the type of applied strategies (acceptance vs. reappraisal vs. rumination vs. distraction vs. suppression). The study involved 88 people N = 88, which gives 538 observations. Results The obtained results indicate that the intensity of emotions affects the choice of regulation strategies. When the intensity increases, people are more likely to choose the rumination strategy and less likely to choose the reappraisal strategy. However, the expected relationship between the intensity and the number of regulation strategies was not confirmed. In turn, it was gender (male) that turned out to be associated with a greater number of strategies used. Conclusion The concern of this research was to look at making regulatory decisions in personally relevant and complex everyday situations. Although the emotions experienced in response to a difficult situation were varied, the intensity of the emotional experience was an important factor determining the choice of a regulation strategy. It indicates that this emotional dimension is a basic and determining aspect in people's regulatory capabilities. These results also indicate that perhaps men in a situation perceived as stressful and worthy of emotional involvement use more regulatory strategies than women. These findings may find an application in all kinds of psychological interventions (e.g., psychotherapy, anger management therapies).
Collapse
|
28
|
Waugh CE, Sali AW. Resilience as the Ability to Maintain Well-Being: An Allostatic Active Inference Model. J Intell 2023; 11:158. [PMID: 37623541 PMCID: PMC10455562 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11080158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience is often characterized as the outcome of well-being maintenance despite threats to that well-being. We suggest that resilience can also be characterized as an emotional-intelligence-related ability to obtain this outcome. We formulate an allostatic active inference model that outlines the primary tools of this resilience ability as monitoring well-being, maintaining stable well-being beliefs while updating situational beliefs and flexibly prioritizing actions that are expected to lead to well-being maintenance or gathering the information needed to discern what those actions could be. This model helps to explain the role of positive emotions in resilience as well as how people high in resilience ability use regulatory flexibility in the service of maintaining well-being and provides a starting point for assessing resilience as an ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Waugh
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ang JYZ, Tsai W. Cultural differences in the relations between expressive flexibility and life satisfaction over time. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1204256. [PMID: 37599734 PMCID: PMC10433629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1204256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expressive flexibility refers to the ability to assess situational demands and adjust one's emotion expressions via enhancement or suppression. It has been associated with lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms and greater social acceptance. These relationships, however, have not yet been examined across cultures-where prior research has found cultural differences in norms on emotion displays and their associations with mental health. This study examined expressive flexibility across three cultural groups and their associations with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms over time. Methods 276 first-year college students (146 Asian American, 71 European Americans, and 62 Latinx Americans) completed two online surveys during the first (T1) and thirteenth week (T2) of the Fall 2020 academic semester. Results Results revealed no significant cultural group differences in the ability to enhance or suppress emotions. However, we found a significant ethnicity x enhancement ability interaction in predicting T2 life satisfaction, controlling for T1 life satisfaction, age, gender, and emotion regulation frequency. Specifically, greater ability to enhance one's emotions was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction over time among Asian Americans, but not for European Americans and Latinx Americans. Discussion Our findings illustrate the importance of not looking just at cultural group differences in the levels of expressive flexibility, but also at the associations between expressive flexibility and mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen Ying Zhen Ang
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chauhan K, Donahue J, Thompson R. The predictive validity of the DSM-5 alternative model for borderline personality disorder: Associations with coping strategies, general distress, rumination, and suicidal ideation across one year. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:272-281. [PMID: 36919337 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) characterizes borderline personality disorder (BPD) in part as a constellation of maladaptive personality trait facets including emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, depressivity, impulsivity, risk-taking, and hostility. Previous studies have supported the construct validity of AMPD-BPD; however, research examining its predictive validity in relation to theoretically and clinically relevant constructs remains needed. The present study investigates the longitudinal relationships between AMPD-BPD and general distress, rumination, and suicidal ideation, as well as adaptive and maladaptive coping targeted in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) in a sample of participants with elevated BPD symptomology. We also examined if dysfunctional coping skill use at 9-month follow-up explained the relationship between baseline BPD traits and outcomes at 1-year. There were significant correlations between baseline trait BPD with dysfunctional coping skill use at 9-month follow-up and psychological distress and rumination at 1-year follow-up. Dysfunctional skill use exhibited a significant indirect effect in the association between trait BPD and rumination after 1 year. The findings of this study support the construct validity of AMPD-BPD that can inform treatment and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chauhan
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Godara M, Sanchez-Lopez A, De Raedt R. The contextual goal dependent attentional flexibility (CoGoDAF) framework: A new approach to attention bias in depression. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104354. [PMID: 37343329 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful adaptation to the environment requires attentional prioritization of emotional information relevant to the current situational demands. Accordingly, the presence of an attention bias (AB) for both positive and negative information may allow preferential processing of stimuli in line with the current situational goals. However, AB for negative information sometimes becomes maladaptive, being antithetical to the current adaptive needs and goals of an individual, such as in the case of affective disorders such as depression. Although difficulties in flexible shifting between emotional stimuli in depression have increasingly become a topic of discussion in the field, an integrative approach towards biased versus flexible emotional attentional processes remains absent. In the present paper, we advance a novel and integrative view of conceptualizing potentially aberrant affective attention patterns in depression as a function of the current contextual features. We propose that flexible emotional attention takes place as a result of attention prioritization towards goal-relevant emotional stimuli depending upon the current context of the individual. Specifically, the roles of context, distal and proximal goals, and approach and avoidance motivation processes are considered in a unified manner. The empirical, clinical, and interventional implications of this integrative framework provide a roadmap for future psychological and neurobiological experimental and translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malvika Godara
- Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ganson KT, O'Connor J, Nagata JM, Lipson SK. Association between psychological flexibility and physical violence perpetration in college student populations: results from the national Healthy Minds Study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1646-1650. [PMID: 34398694 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1953030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the association between psychological flexibility and physical violence perpetration among a large sample of college students. Participants: We analyzed data from the 2018-2019 national Healthy Minds Study, which included 21,850 undergraduate and graduate student participants at 78 U.S. campuses. Methods: We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to estimate the association between psychological flexibility, measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ), and a 12-month history of self-reported physical violence perpetration. Results: Mean scores on the AAQ were higher (p < 0.001) among participants who reported physical violence perpetration (25.6, SD 10.7) compared to those who did not (21.7, SD 9.9). Logistic regression results revealed that psychological inflexibility was associated with slightly higher odds of physical violence perpetration (AOR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04) while controlling for potential confounders. Conclusions: Campus violence prevention efforts should include programming aimed at increasing psychological flexibility as a means to reduce potential violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia O'Connor
- School of Social Work, College of Health Professions and Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah K Lipson
- Department of Health Law Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shangguan C, Wang Y, Zhou B, Lu J, Shan M. Greater resting frontal alpha asymmetry associated with higher emotional expressive flexibility. Laterality 2023; 28:254-273. [PMID: 37368940 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2023.2228525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Emotional expressive flexibility (EEF) is an important social ability that has prompted scholars to examine its benefits to human mental health. However, the neural underpinnings of individual differences in the EEF remain unclear. In neuroscience, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is regarded as a sensitive indicator of certain emotional modalities and affective styles. To the best of our knowledge, no study has linked FAA with EEF to examine whether FAA could be a potential neural indicator of EEF. In the present study, 47 participants (Mage = 22.38 years, 55.3% women) underwent a resting electroencephalogram and completed the flexible regulation of emotional expression scale (FREE). The results revealed that after controlling for gender, resting FAA scores positively predicted EEF, with relative left frontal activity associated with higher EEF. Additionally, this prediction was reflected in both the enhancement and suppression dimensions of EEF. Furthermore, individuals with relative left frontal activity reported greater enhancement and EEF than individuals with relative right frontal activity. The present study indicated that FAA may be a neural marker of EEF. In the future, more empirical studies are needed to provide causal evidence that the improvement in FAA can enhance EEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Shangguan
- College of Education Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Marxist, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingping Zhou
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Lu
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixian Shan
- College of Education Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Haag AC, Cha CB, Noll JG, Gee DG, Shenk CE, Schreier HMC, Heim CM, Shalev I, Rose EJ, Jorgensen A, Bonanno GA. The Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression Scale for Youth (FREE-Y): Adaptation and Validation Across a Varied Sample of Children and Adolescents. Assessment 2023; 30:1265-1284. [PMID: 35510578 PMCID: PMC9636062 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221090465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible self-regulation has been shown to be an adaptive ability. This study adapted and validated the adult Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale for use with youth (FREE-Y) in community and maltreatment samples. The FREE-Y measures the ability to flexibly enhance and suppress emotion expression across an array of hypothetical social scenarios. Participants (N = 654, 8-19 years) were included from three studies. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed a theoretically appropriate higher order factor structure. Using multiple-group CFAs, measurement invariance was achieved across maltreatment status, age, and gender. Reliabilities were adequate and construct validity was demonstrated through associations with measures of emotion regulation, psychopathology, IQ, and executive functioning. Group comparisons indicated lower Suppression and Flexibility scores for maltreated versus comparison participants. Findings suggest that the FREE-Y is a valid measure of expressive regulation ability in youth that can be applied across a range of populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennie G. Noll
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Chad E. Shenk
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | | | - Christine M. Heim
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Idan Shalev
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Emma J. Rose
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang SH, Birk JL, Bonanno GA. Looking back and moving forward: dimensions of coping flexibility divergently predict long-term bereavement outcomes. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:275-290. [PMID: 35852939 PMCID: PMC9849482 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2099545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bereavement is a serious public health concern. Some people suffer prolonged and debilitating functional impairment after the death of a loved one. Evidence suggests that flexibility in coping approaches predicts resilience after stressful life events, but its long-term effects after the unique experience of bereavement are unknown. Which strategies of coping flexibility predict better-or worse-adjustment over time for bereaved people and at what times? DESIGN AND METHODS The present study used path analyses to investigate longitudinal effects of forward-focus and loss-focus coping strategies on symptoms of persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD), depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder in a spousally bereaved adult sample (N = 248) at three time-points after the loss (∼3 months, ∼14 months, and ∼25 months). RESULTS Forward-focus coping demonstrated adaptive utility overall, with sooner effects on PCBD than on depression. By contrast, loss-focus coping demonstrated a delayed-onset, maladaptive pattern. CONCLUSIONS The findings contribute to the coping flexibility literature by suggesting that the adaptiveness or maladaptiveness of different coping strategies may depend on the context that requires coping. In particular, forward-focus coping may be substantially more advantageous than loss-focus coping in the context of bereavement. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L. Birk
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fine NB, Ben-Aharon N, Armon DB, Seligman Z, Helpman L, Bloch M, Hendler T, Sheppes G. Reduced emotion regulatory selection flexibility in post-traumatic stress disorder: converging performance-based evidence from two PTSD populations. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2758-2767. [PMID: 37449489 PMCID: PMC10244008 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary views of emotion dysregulation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) highlight reduced ability to flexibly select regulatory strategies according to differing situational demands. However, empirical evidence of reduced regulatory selection flexibility in PTSD is lacking. Multiple studies show that healthy individuals demonstrate regulatory selection flexibility manifested in selecting attentional disengagement regulatory strategies (e.g. distraction) in high-intensity emotional contexts and selecting engagement meaning change strategies (e.g. reappraisal) in low-intensity contexts. Accordingly, we hypothesized that PTSD populations will show reduced regulatory selection flexibility manifested in diminished increase in distraction (over reappraisal) preference as intensity increases from low to high intensity. METHODS Study 1 compared student participants with high (N = 22) post-traumatic symptoms (PTS, meeting the clinical cutoff for PTSD) and participants with low (N = 22) post-traumatic symptoms. Study 2 compared PTSD diagnosed women (N = 31) due to childhood sexual abuse and matched non-clinical women (N = 31). In both studies, participants completed a well-established regulatory selection flexibility performance-based paradigm that involves selecting between distraction and reappraisal to regulate negative emotional words of low and high intensity. RESULTS Beyond demonstrating adequate psychometric properties, Study 1 confirmed that relative to the low PTS group, the high PTS group presented reduced regulatory selection flexibility (p = 0.01, ŋ²ₚ= 0.14). Study 2 critically extended findings of Study 1, in showing similar reduced regulatory selection flexibility in a diagnosed PTSD population, relative to a non-clinical population (p = 0.002, ŋ²ₚ= 0.114). CONCLUSIONS Two studies provide converging evidence for reduced emotion regulatory selection flexibility in two PTSD populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi B. Fine
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Ben-Aharon
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daphna Bardin Armon
- Department of Psychiatry, Lotem Center for Treatment of Sexual Trauma, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zivya Seligman
- Department of Psychiatry, Lotem Center for Treatment of Sexual Trauma, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Helpman
- Psychiatric Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miki Bloch
- Psychiatric Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Sheppes
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang S, Liu J, Sang B, Zhao Y. Age and gender differences in expressive flexibility and the association with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1185820. [PMID: 37223827 PMCID: PMC10202151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1185820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated age and gender differences in the ability to flexibly enhance and suppress facial expressions according to situational demands, known as expressive flexibility (EF), as well as its relationship with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Methods The participants included 766 Chinese high school students aged between 12 and 18 years (mean age = 14.96 years, standard deviation = 2.04; 52.2% female). Data on EF and depressive symptoms were collected using self-report questionnaires. Results Girls scored higher on enhancement abilities than boys, but with no significant gender difference in suppression abilities. There were also no significant age-related differences in enhancement and suppression abilities. Only enhancement ability was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion The development of EF abilities was stable among adolescents, with varying effects in terms of gender, and the importance of EF and enhancement abilities in reducing depressive symptoms in adolescents was highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Sang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Shanghai Academy of Educational Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Behavioral flexibility impacts on coping and emotional responses in male mice submitted to social defeat stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110696. [PMID: 36521585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility permits the appropriate behavioral adjustments in response to changing environmental demands. The present study aimed to evaluate if variability in baseline flexibility can enable differences in coping strategies, changes in neuroplasticity, and behavioral outcomes in responses to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Male C57BL6 mice were submitted to the Morris Water Maze (MWM) using an extended protocol for reversal learning to assess. The animals were divided into low and high behavioral flexibility groups based on their performance on the last day of acquisition versus the four days of reversal learning. The CSDS was applied for ten consecutive days, and coping strategies were evaluated during the physical interaction on the first and last day of stress. A battery of behavioral tests to assess social and emotional behavior was conducted 24 h after the CSDS protocol. The complexity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) neuronal morphology was evaluated by the Golgi-Cox method. Animals with High Flexibility exhibited changes in their CSDS coping strategies, from active to passive coping, during the CSDS protocol. Low Flexibility mice had no alterations in the coping strategies during CSDS. After social stress, High Flexibility was associated with reduced social interaction with an aggressive Swiss mouse, higher latency to immobility in the tail suspension test, and reduced latency to self-care in the sucrose splash test. High Flexibility mice also displayed higher dendritic complexity on pyramidal neurons from the prelimbic and infralimbic prefrontal cortex compared to Low Flexibility mice. These results suggest That High Flexibility is associated with increased neuroplasticity in cortical areas and better emotional responses related to behavioral despair and motivation. However, exposure to CSDS reversed the beneficial effects of High Flexibility in male mice. Thus, this study suggests that baseline variability in behavioral flexibility, even in inbred strains, might be associated with differences in coping strategies, PFC morphology, and behavioral responses to social stress.
Collapse
|
39
|
The Influence of Emotion Induced by Accidents and Incidents on Pilots’ Situation Awareness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13030231. [PMID: 36975256 PMCID: PMC10045440 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study examines the differences in emotions induced by accidents and incidents as emotional stimuli and the effects on pilot situation awareness (SA) after induction. (2) Method: Forty-five jet pilots were randomly divided into three groups after which their emotions were induced using the pictures of accident, incident, and neutral stimulus, respectively. (3) Results: The conditions of accidents and incidents both induced changes in the pilots’ happiness and sadness and the changes in the emotion were regulated by the emotional intelligence of pilots in the high SA group. The emotion induction, which caused a direct change in pilot’s happiness and fear, resulted in conditions that indirectly affected level 1 of SA in pilots. (4) Conclusions: The research elucidates the difference between accident and incident in inducing pilot emotions, and reminds us that SA level exerts the regulating effects on the same emotional induction conditions.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bortolon C, Chen S, Bonanno GA. Components of emotion regulation flexibility and psychosis: The association between psychosis-proneness and context sensitivity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:82-95. [PMID: 36172993 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emotion regulation flexibility has been conceptualized as a multi-componential construct involving context sensitivity, repertoire and feedback responsiveness. Psychosis research has yet to incorporate these new developments in the study of emotion regulation. Thus, we sought to advance even further the knowledge on emotion regulation in psychosis by adopting the emotion regulation flexibility approach as proposed by Bonanno and Burton (Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2013, 8, 591). METHOD In total, 401 participants completed 4 scales assessing the multi-components of emotion regulation flexibility and psychosis-proneness. RESULTS Our results indicated that Context Sensitivity (i.e., Cue Absence) and Feedback Responsiveness (i.e., Evaluation) were associated with psychosis-proneness. Cue absence was specifically associated with the positive dimension, while both Cue Absence and Enhancement ability were associated with the negative dimension. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that emotional context insensitivity is the most relevant component of regulatory flexibility in the case of psychosis-proneness. Thus, the disruption in this first step of flexible emotion regulation might be already present in those prone to psychosis. Difficulties in decoding appropriately the contextual cues might further disrupt the other steps of emotion regulation contributing to the psychotic (-like) experiences. This study needs replication in clinical and non-clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bortolon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.,C3R - Réhabilitation Psychosociale et Remédiation Cognitive, Centre Hospitalier Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France
| | - Shuquan Chen
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Koay JM, Van Meter A. The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Executive Function. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:315-329. [PMID: 37791006 PMCID: PMC10544783 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2172417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation and executive function are associated: adaptive regulatory strategies are linked to better executive functioning while maladaptive strategies correspond with worse executive functioning. However, if - and how - these two processes affect one another has not previously been explored; most studies have employed a correlational approach, leaving the direction of influence unknown. We aim to address this gap by using an experimental design to explore the impact of emotion regulation on executive functioning. Adult participants (N=31) completed an executive functioning task (Computerized Task-Switching Test) under four induced emotion regulation conditions (1) neutral/baseline, (2) positive mood-maintain, (3) negative mood-maintain, (4) negative mood-reduce (conditions 2-4 were randomized). Relative to baseline, participants demonstrated better set-shifting performance across regulation conditions. In contrast, inhibitory control performance was slower, despite anticipated improvement due to practice effects. This suggests that inhibitory control may be more involved in the emotion regulation process than set-shifting when participants have a specific emotion regulation goal to achieve. The present study provides preliminary evidence that individuals' ability to perform executive function tasks may be affected by concurrent emotion regulation demands; additional experiments are necessary to further probe the complexity of the association between these two processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min Koay
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Anna Van Meter
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Behavioral Science
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Child abuse is associated with elevated risk for psychopathology. The current study examined the role of automatic emotion regulation as a potential mechanism linking child abuse with internalizing psychopathology. A sample of 237 youth aged 8-16 years and their caregivers participated. Child abuse severity was assessed by self-report questionnaires, and automatic emotion regulation was assessed using an emotional Stroop task designed to measure adaptation to emotional conflict. A similar task without emotional stimuli was also administered to evaluate whether abuse was uniquely associated with emotion regulation, but not cognitive control applied in a nonemotional context. Internalizing psychopathology was assessed concurrently and at a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. Child abuse severity was associated with lower emotional conflict adaptation but was unrelated to cognitive control. Specifically, the severity of emotional and physical abuse, but not sexual abuse, were associated with lower emotional conflict adaptation. Emotional conflict adaptation was not associated with internalizing psychopathology prospectively. These findings suggest that childhood emotional and physical abuse, in particular, may influence automatic forms of emotion regulation. Future work exploring the socioemotional consequences of altered automatic emotion regulation among youth exposed to child abuse is clearly needed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Schneck N, Herzog S, Lu J, Yttredahl A, Ogden RT, Galfalvy H, Burke A, Stanley B, Mann JJ, Ochsner KN. The Temporal Dynamics of Emotion Regulation in Subjects With Major Depression and Healthy Control Subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:260-267. [PMID: 36567086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion regulation (ER) processes help support well-being, but ineffective ER is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Engaging ER flexibly by going online and offline as needs and capacities shift may be more effective than engaging ER rigidly across time. Here, we sought to observe the neural temporal dynamics of an ER process, reappraisal, during regulation of responses to negative memories in healthy control subjects (n = 33) and subjects with major depressive disorder (n = 36). METHODS To track the temporal dynamics of reappraisal neural systems, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging neural decoding approach. In task 1, subjects explicitly engaged reappraisal on instruction in response to aversive images, and we used this task to develop the decoder for detecting reappraisal. In task 2, subjects experienced negative autobiographical memories from a distant (third person, ER condition) or immersed (first person, control condition) perspective. RESULTS The neural decoder, trained to detect reappraisal in task 1, predicted greater reappraisal occurring during the task 2 distance versus immerse trials and was engaged more intensely during memories that were rated as being more negative. Across time, decoder output manifested a temporal dynamic of early engagement followed by disengagement. These results were replicated in an independent subject dataset (n = 59). Relative to healthy control subjects, subjects with major depressive disorder had a comparable initial increase in decoder engagement at the beginning of the trial but an attenuated decrease at the end. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with major depressive disorder evidenced a more rigid neural dynamic of reappraisal compared with healthy control subjects. Rigid ER may indicate diminished ability to flexibly and effectively regulate emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Schneck
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.
| | - Sarah Herzog
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jun Lu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashley Yttredahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ainsley Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Barbara Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Troy AS, Willroth EC, Shallcross AJ, Giuliani NR, Gross JJ, Mauss IB. Psychological Resilience: An Affect-Regulation Framework. Annu Rev Psychol 2023; 74:547-576. [PMID: 36103999 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-020122-041854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to adversity (e.g., poverty, bereavement) is a robust predictor of disruptions in psychological functioning. However, people vary greatly in their responses to adversity; some experience severe long-term disruptions, others experience minimal disruptions or even improvements. We refer to the latter outcomes-faring better than expected given adversity-as psychological resilience. Understanding what processes explain resilience has critical theoretical and practical implications. Yet, psychology's understanding of resilience is incomplete, for two reasons: (a) We lack conceptual clarity, and (b) two major approaches to resilience-the stress and coping approach and the emotion and emotion-regulation approach-have limitations and are relatively isolated from one another. To address these two obstacles,we first discuss conceptual questions about resilience. Next, we offer an integrative affect-regulation framework that capitalizes on complementary strengths of both approaches. This framework advances our understanding of resilience by integrating existing findings, highlighting gaps in knowledge, and guiding future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Troy
- Popular Comms Institute, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily C Willroth
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Amanda J Shallcross
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;
| | | | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Iris B Mauss
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Eisma MC, Janshen A, Huber LFT, Schroevers MJ. Cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression and mindfulness in adaptation to bereavement: a longitudinal study. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36637402 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2165647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies increase prolonged grief and depressive symptoms following bereavement. However, less is known about the role of adaptive emotion regulation strategies in adaptation to loss. Therefore, we examined the concurrent and longitudinal associations of three putative adaptive emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, and mindfulness) with prolonged grief and depression symptoms. DESIGN A two-wave longitudinal survey. METHODS A sample of 397 bereaved Dutch adults (89% female, mean age 54 years) completed validated questionnaires to assess trait cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, mindfulness and prolonged grief and depression symptoms at baseline (T1) and 344 participants completed symptom measures again six months later (T2). RESULTS Zero-order correlations demonstrated that mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotional expression relate negatively to T1 and T2 prolonged grief and depression symptoms. In multiple regression analyses, controlling for relevant background variables, all emotion regulation strategies related negatively to T1 prolonged grief and depression symptoms. In multiple regression analyses, controlling for T1 symptoms and background variables, mindfulness predicted lower T2 depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive emotion regulation strategies relate negatively to post-loss psychopathology symptoms, yet only mindfulness longitudinally predicts lower depression symptoms. Dispositional mindfulness may be a protective factor in psychological adaptation to bereavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Eisma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Janshen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas F T Huber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maya J Schroevers
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen/University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Emotional Flexibility and Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression in Divorced Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:298-305. [PMID: 36625861 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was developed to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on the level of emotional flexibility and ambivalence related to emotional expression of divorced women. A general community sample of 30 divorced women was recruited and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received MBSR for 8 weeks, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. The Emotional Flexibility Questionnaire (EFQ) and the Ambivalence Over the Expression of Emotion Questionnaire (AEQ) were administered to both groups before (pre) and after (post) the treatment. Data were analyzed using two-way mixed repeated-measures analyses of variance. The results showed that women in the treatment group had a significant increase in the total score of the EFQ and its components. In addition, the MBSR group had a significant decrease in the total score of the AEQ and its components. MBSR intervention shows potential for use with divorced women to help with emotion regulation and subsequent better adjustment to separation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Wylie MS, De France K, Hollenstein T. Adolescents suppress emotional expression more with peers compared to parents and less when they feel close to others. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2023; 47:1-8. [PMID: 36582413 PMCID: PMC9791326 DOI: 10.1177/01650254221132777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by frequent emotional challenges, intense emotions, and higher levels of expressive suppression use than found in older populations. While evidence suggests that contingent expressive suppression use based on context is the most functional, it remains unclear whether adolescents use expressive suppression differentially based on social context. Because the peer relationship is highly salient in adolescence, the current study was designed to assess whether adolescents use expressive suppression differentially based on their social context. Adolescents (N = 179, Mage = 13.94, 49.2% female) reported emotional events using experience sampling via a smartphone application for 14 days. Multilevel modeling revealed that adolescents used less expressive suppression when they were alone compared with when they were with people, and used more expressive suppression when they were with their peers compared with when they were with family. In addition, more closeness with family predicted less overall expressive suppression use, while closeness with peers did not influence the level of expressive suppression use within the peer context. We discuss the importance of peer relations in adolescence and the relationship between closeness and emotional expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Wylie
- Queen’s University, Canada,Megan Wylie, Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rademacher L, Kraft D, Eckart C, Fiebach CJ. Individual differences in resilience to stress are associated with affective flexibility. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022:10.1007/s00426-022-01779-4. [PMID: 36528692 PMCID: PMC10366320 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCognitive flexibility is frequently linked to resilience because of its important contribution to stress regulation. In this context, particularly affective flexibility, defined as the ability to flexibly attend and disengage from affective information, may play a significant role. In the present study, the relationship of cognitive and affective flexibility and resilience was examined in 100 healthy participants. Resilience was measured with three self-report questionnaires, two defining resilience as a personality trait and one focusing on resilience as an outcome in the sense of stress coping abilities. Cognitive and affective flexibility were assessed in two experimental task switching paradigms with non-affective and affective materials and tasks, respectively. The cognitive flexibility paradigm additionally included measures of cognitive stability and spontaneous switching in ambiguous situations. In the affective flexibility paradigm, we explicitly considered the affective valence of the stimuli. Response time switch costs in the affective flexibility paradigm were significantly correlated to all three measures of resilience. The correlation was not specific for particular valences of the stimuli before or during switching. For cognitive (non-affective) flexibility, a significant correlation of response time switch costs was found with only one resilience measure. A regression analysis including both affective and cognitive switch costs as predictors of resilience indicated that only affective, but not cognitive switch costs, explained unique variance components. Furthermore, the experimental measures of cognitive stability and the rate of spontaneous switching in ambiguous situations did not correlate with resilience scores. These findings suggest that specifically the efficiency of flexibly switching between affective and non-affective information is related to resilience.
Collapse
|
49
|
Notebaert L, Abdul Razak H, Masschelein S. An empirical evaluation of The Resilience Shield model. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:181. [PMID: 35871006 PMCID: PMC9308925 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resilience refers to the process through which individuals deal with the adversity they experience. Previous research has shown there are multiple factors that contribute to individuals’ resilience, leading to increasing interest in the development of multidimensional resilience models. Once such recently proposed model is The Resilience Shield, which clusters groups of protective factors into different shield layers. The stronger these layers, the better the protection against adversity (Pronk et al. in The Resilience Shield, Pan Macmillan Australia, 2021). While this model was based in part on existing literature, no empirical evaluation has occurred to date. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the model fit for each of the modifiable shield layers and the overall model, and to examine whether each of the constructs included contributes to observed resilience scores.
Methods Participants completed a series of questionnaires via The Resilience Shield website assessing constructs relevant to each resilience shield layer. Data from 3337 participants was analysed using Structural Equation Modelling and regression analyses.
Results The results showed acceptable fit of the measurement model for the Social, Mind, and Professional Layers, but poor fit for the Body Layer. There was also good fit for the overall model. In addition, all but one of the constructs included in The Resilience Shield survey explained independent variance in either dispositional resilience scores, or dispositional vulnerability scores. Conclusion These results broadly support the multidimensional structure proposed by The Resilience Shield model and suggest that (at least in the population in which it was tested) this may be an acceptable model to index individuals’ performance on a range of indicators that contribute to resilience.
Collapse
|
50
|
Wobeto MI, Brites R, Hipólito J, Nunes O, Brandão T. Emotion regulation and mental health among professionals of long-term care institutions for older adults: the mediating role of work engagement. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2022; 11:124-133. [PMID: 38084316 PMCID: PMC10501438 DOI: 10.5114/hpr/156259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether work engagement mediated the association between emotion regulation and mental health of professionals working in long-term care institutions for older adults in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE A cross-sectional study with a total of 104 professionals working in 13 long-term care facilities for the elderly in Brazil was conducted. Emotion regulation (expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal), work engagement (vigor, dedication, and absorption), and mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress) were measured using self-report scales. Multiple mediation models were used to test the mediating role of engagement. RESULTS Expressive suppression was associated with more vigor, which in turn was associated with less anxiety and stress; cognitive reappraisal was associated with more vigor, which in turn was associated with less anxiety and stress. No indirect effects were found for depression. CONCLUSIONS Expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal strategies to regulate emotions seem to be associated with more vigor in terms of resilience and persistence to deal with work demands in these professionals. These results seem to suggest that workers who are more capable of regulating their emotions (using both expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in a flexible way according to work demands) are more likely to be resilient, invest in their profession, and be persistent in the face of difficulties. This, in turn, contributes to protecting them from experiencing anxiety and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Wobeto
- Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rute Brites
- Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Hipólito
- Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Odete Nunes
- Psychology Research Center, Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Brandão
- William James Center for Research, ISPA - University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|