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Bouché L, Panico M, Hitchen P, Binet D, Sastre F, Faulds-Pain A, Valiente E, Vinogradov E, Aubry A, Fulton K, Twine S, Logan SM, Wren BW, Dell A, Morris HR. The Type B Flagellin of Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile Is Modified with Novel Sulfonated Peptidylamido-glycans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25439-25449. [PMID: 27758867 PMCID: PMC5207245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of flagellins is a well recognized property of many bacterial species. In this study, we describe the structural characterization of novel flagellar glycans from a number of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile. We used mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS and MS/MS analysis) to identify a number of putative glycopeptides that carried a variety of glycoform substitutions, each of which was linked through an initial N-acetylhexosamine residue to Ser or Thr. Detailed analysis of a LLDGSSTEIR glycopeptide released by tryptic digestion, which carried two variant structures, revealed that the glycopeptide contained, in addition to carbohydrate moieties, a novel structural entity. A variety of electrospray-MS strategies using Q-TOF technology were used to define this entity, including positive and negative ion collisionally activated decomposition MS/MS, which produced unique fragmentation patterns, and high resolution accurate mass measurement to allow derivation of atomic compositions, leading to the suggestion of a taurine-containing peptidylamido-glycan structure. Finally, NMR analysis of flagellin glycopeptides provided complementary information. The glycan portion of the modification was assigned as α-Fuc3N-(1→3)-α-Rha-(1→2)-α-Rha3OMe-(1→3)-β-GlcNAc-(1→)Ser, and the novel capping moiety was shown to be comprised of taurine, alanine, and glycine. This is the first report of a novel O-linked sulfonated peptidylamido-glycan moiety decorating a flagellin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bouché
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Panico
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Hitchen
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Binet
- BioPharmaSpec, Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey JE2 7LA, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Sastre
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Faulds-Pain
- the Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Esmeralda Valiente
- the Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- the Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and
| | - Annie Aubry
- the Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and
| | - Kelly Fulton
- the Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and
| | - Susan Twine
- the Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and
| | - Susan M Logan
- the Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and
| | - Brendan W Wren
- the Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
| | - Howard R Morris
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,BioPharmaSpec, Suite 3.1 Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviours Road, Jersey JE2 7LA, United Kingdom
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Janesch B, Schirmeister F, Maresch D, Altmann F, Messner P, Kolarich D, Schäffer C. Flagellin glycosylation in Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051T. Glycobiology 2015; 26:74-87. [PMID: 26405108 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. The basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various Gram-negative bacteria, but less is known about flagellin glycans of Gram-positive bacteria including Paenibacillus alvei, a secondary invader of honeybee colonies diseased with European foulbrood. Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051(T) swarms vigorously on solidified culture medium, with swarming relying on functional flagella as evidenced by abolished biofilm formation of a non-motile P. alvei mutant defective in the flagellin protein Hag. Here, the glycobiology of the polar P. alvei flagella was investigated. Analysis on purified flagellin demonstrated that the 30-kDa Hag protein (PAV_2c01710) is modified with an O-linked trisaccharide comprised of one hexose and two N-acetyl-hexosamine residues, at three sites of glycosylation. Downstream of the hag gene on the bacterial chromosome, two open reading frames (PAV_2c01630, PAV_2c01640) encoding putative glycosyltransferases were shown to constitute a flagellin glycosylation island. Mutants defective in these genes exhibited altered migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as loss of extracellular flagella production and bacterial motility. This study reveals that flagellin glycosylation in P. alvei is pivotal to flagella formation and bacterial motility in vivo, and simultaneously identifies flagella glycosylation as a second protein O-glycosylation system in this bacterium, in addition to the well-investigated S-layer tyrosine O-glycosylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Janesch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Falko Schirmeister
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna A-1190, Austria
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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Twine SM, Paul CJ, Vinogradov E, McNally DJ, Brisson JR, Mullen JA, McMullin DR, Jarrell HC, Austin JW, Kelly JF, Logan SM. Flagellar glycosylation in Clostridium botulinum. FEBS J 2008; 275:4428-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Duck LW, Walter MR, Novak J, Kelly D, Tomasi M, Cong Y, Elson CO. Isolation of flagellated bacteria implicated in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:1191-201. [PMID: 17712838 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serologic expression cloning has identified flagellins of the intestinal microbiota as immunodominant antigens in experimental colitis in mice and in individuals with Crohn's disease (CD). The present study was done to identify the microbial source of such flagellins. METHODS Using a variety of isolation and culture approaches, a number of previously unknown flagellated bacteria were isolated. Based on 16S ribosomal DNA sequences, these bacteria fall into the family Lachnospiraceae of the phylum Firmicutes. RESULTS Serum IgG from patients with CD and from mice with colitis reacted to the flagellins of these bacteria, and only their flagellins, whereas serum IgG from controls did not. The sequence of these flagellins demonstrate conserved amino- and carboxy-terminal domains that cluster phylogenetically and have a predicted 3D structure similar to Salmonella fliC, including an intact TLR5 binding site. The flagellin of 1 of these bacteria was likely O-glycosylated. CONCLUSIONS The conserved immune response in both mouse and human to these previously unknown flagellins of the microbiota indicate that they play an important role in host-microbe interactions in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wayne Duck
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
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Sebaihia M, Peck MW, Minton NP, Thomson NR, Holden MT, Mitchell WJ, Carter AT, Bentley SD, Mason DR, Crossman L, Paul CJ, Ivens A, Wells-Bennik MH, Davis IJ, Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Churcher C, Quail MA, Chillingworth T, Feltwell T, Fraser A, Goodhead I, Hance Z, Jagels K, Larke N, Maddison M, Moule S, Mungall K, Norbertczak H, Rabbinowitsch E, Sanders M, Simmonds M, White B, Whithead S, Parkhill J. Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes. Genome Res 2007; 17:1082-92. [PMID: 17519437 PMCID: PMC1899119 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6282807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is a heterogeneous Gram-positive species that comprises four genetically and physiologically distinct groups of bacteria that share the ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin, the most poisonous toxin known to man, and the causative agent of botulism, a severe disease of humans and animals. We report here the complete genome sequence of a representative of Group I (proteolytic) C. botulinum (strain Hall A, ATCC 3502). The genome consists of a chromosome (3,886,916 bp) and a plasmid (16,344 bp), which carry 3650 and 19 predicted genes, respectively. Consistent with the proteolytic phenotype of this strain, the genome harbors a large number of genes encoding secreted proteases and enzymes involved in uptake and metabolism of amino acids. The genome also reveals a hitherto unknown ability of C. botulinum to degrade chitin. There is a significant lack of recently acquired DNA, indicating a stable genomic content, in strong contrast to the fluid genome of Clostridium difficile, which can form longer-term relationships with its host. Overall, the genome indicates that C. botulinum is adapted to a saprophytic lifestyle both in soil and aquatic environments. This pathogen relies on its toxin to rapidly kill a wide range of prey species, and to gain access to nutrient sources, it releases a large number of extracellular enzymes to soften and destroy rotting or decayed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sebaihia
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. Peck
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P. Minton
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T.G. Holden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfrid J. Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Carter
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Mason
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Crossman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Paul
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian J. Davis
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Cerdeño-Tárraga
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Churcher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Quail
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Chillingworth
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Fraser
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodhead
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Hance
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Jagels
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Larke
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Maddison
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Moule
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Mungall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Halina Norbertczak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Rabbinowitsch
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Simmonds
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Brian White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Whithead
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax 44-1223-494919
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Paul CJ, Twine SM, Tam KJ, Mullen JA, Kelly JF, Austin JW, Logan SM. Flagellin diversity in Clostridium botulinum groups I and II: a new strategy for strain identification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2963-75. [PMID: 17351097 PMCID: PMC1892883 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02623-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Clostridium botulinum are traditionally identified by botulinum neurotoxin type; however, identification of an additional target for typing would improve differentiation. Isolation of flagellar filaments and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that C. botulinum produced multiple flagellin proteins. Nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) analysis of in-gel tryptic digests identified peptides in all flagellin bands that matched two homologous tandem flagellin genes identified in the C. botulinum Hall A genome. Designated flaA1 and flaA2, these open reading frames encode the major structural flagellins of C. botulinum. Colony PCR and sequencing of flaA1/A2 variable regions classified 80 environmental and clinical strains into group I or group II and clustered isolates into 12 flagellar types. Flagellar type was distinct from neurotoxin type, and epidemiologically related isolates clustered together. Sequencing a larger PCR product, obtained during amplification of flaA1/A2 from type E strain Bennett identified a second flagellin gene, flaB. LC-MS analysis confirmed that flaB encoded a large type E-specific flagellin protein, and the predicted molecular mass for FlaB matched that observed by SDS-PAGE. In contrast, the molecular mass of FlaA was 2 to 12 kDa larger than the mass predicted by the flaA1/A2 sequence of a given strain, suggesting that FlaA is posttranslationally modified. While identification of FlaB, and the observation by SDS-PAGE of different masses of the FlaA proteins, showed the flagellin proteins of C. botulinum to be diverse, the presence of the flaA1/A2 gene in all strains examined facilitates single locus sequence typing of C. botulinum using the flagellin variable region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Paul
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, HFPB, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Logan SM. Flagellar glycosylation - a new component of the motility repertoire? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:1249-1262. [PMID: 16622043 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, assembly and regulation of the flagellar apparatus has been the subject of extensive studies over many decades, with considerable attention devoted to the peritrichous flagella of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The characterization of flagellar systems from many other bacterial species has revealed subtle yet distinct differences in composition, regulation and mode of assembly of this important subcellular structure. Glycosylation of the major structural protein, the flagellin, has been shown most recently to be an important component of numerous flagellar systems in both Archaea and Bacteria, playing either an integral role in assembly or for a number of bacterial pathogens a role in virulence. This review focuses on the structural diversity in flagellar glycosylation systems and demonstrates that as a consequence of the unique assembly processes, the type of glycosidic linkage found on archaeal and bacterial flagellins is distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Logan
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
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Schirm M, Kalmokoff M, Aubry A, Thibault P, Sandoz M, Logan SM. Flagellin from Listeria monocytogenes is glycosylated with beta-O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:6721-7. [PMID: 15466023 PMCID: PMC522210 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.20.6721-6727.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan staining of purified flagellin from Listeria monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b suggested that the flagellin protein from this organism is glycosylated. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the flagellin protein of L. monocytogenes is posttranslationally modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) at up to six sites/monomer. The sites of glycosylation are all located in the central, surface-exposed region of the protein monomer. Immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody specific for beta-O-linked GlcNAc confirmed that the linkage was in the beta configuration, this residue being a posttranslational modification commonly observed in eukaryote nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schirm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Schirm M, Soo EC, Aubry AJ, Austin J, Thibault P, Logan SM. Structural, genetic and functional characterization of the flagellin glycosylation process in Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 2003; 48:1579-92. [PMID: 12791140 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry analyses of the complex polar flagella from Helicobacter pylori demonstrated that both FlaA and FlaB proteins are post-translationally modified with pseudaminic acid (Pse5Ac7Ac, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno -n o n-ulosonic acid). Unlike Campylobacter, flagellar glycosylation in Helicobacter displays little heterogeneity in isoform or glycoform distribution, although all glycosylation sites are located in the central core region of the protein monomer in a manner similar to that found in Campylobacter. Bioinformatic analysis revealed five genes (HP0840, HP0178, HP0326A, HP0326B, HP0114) homologous to other prokaryote genes previously reported to be involved in motility, flagellar glycosylation or polysaccharide biosynthesis. Insertional mutagenesis of four of these homologues in Helicobacter (HP0178, HP0326A, HP0326B, HP0114) resulted in a non-motile phenotype, no structural flagella filament and only minor amounts of flagellin protein detectable by Western immunoblot. However, mRNA levels for the flagellin structural genes remained unaffected by each mutation. In view of the combined bioinformatic and structural evidence indicating a role for these gene products in glycan biosynthesis, subsequent investigations focused on the functional characterization of the respective gene products. A novel approach was devised to identify biosynthetic sugar nucleotide precursors from intracellular metabolic pools of parent and isogenic mutants using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry (CE-ESMS) and precursor ion scanning. HP0326A, HP0326B and the HP0178 gene products are directly involved in the biosynthesis of the nucleotide-activated form of Pse, CMP-Pse. Mass spectral analyses of the cytosolic extract from the HP0326A and HP0326B isogenic mutants revealed the accumulation of a mono- and a diacetamido trideoxyhexose UDP sugar nucleotide precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schirm
- University of Montreal, Department of Chemistry, Canada
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11
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Messner P, Schäffer C. Prokaryotic glycoproteins. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 85:51-124. [PMID: 12602037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6051-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
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12
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Arora SK, Bangera M, Lory S, Ramphal R. A genomic island in Pseudomonas aeruginosa carries the determinants of flagellin glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9342-7. [PMID: 11481492 PMCID: PMC55422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161249198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has been long recognized as an important posttranslational modification process in eukaryotic cells. Glycoproteins, predominantly secreted or surface localized, have also been identified in bacteria. We have identified a cluster of 14 genes, encoding the determinants of the flagellin glycosylation machinery in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK, which we called the flagellin glycosylation island. Flagellin glycosylation can be detected only in bacteria expressing the a-type flagellin sequence variants, and the survey of 30 P. aeruginosa isolates revealed coinheritance of the a-type flagellin genes with at least one of the flagellin glycosylation island genes. Expression of the b-type flagellin in PAK, an a-type strain carrying the glycosylation island, did not lead to glycosylation of the b-type flagellin of PAO1, suggesting that flagellins expressed by b-type bacteria not only lack the glycosylation island, they cannot serve as substrates for glycosylation. Providing the entire glycosylation island of PAK, including its a-type flagellin in a flagellin mutant of a b-type strain, results in glycosylation of the heterologous flagellin. These results suggest that some or all of the 14 genes on the glycosylation island are the genes that are missing from strain PAO1 to allow glycosylation of an appropriate flagellin. Inactivation of either one of the two flanking genes present on this island abolished flagellin glycosylation. Based on the limited homologies of these gene products with enzymes involved in glycosylation, we propose that the island encodes similar proteins involved in synthesis, activation, or polymerization of sugars that are necessary for flagellin glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Arora
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Charni N, Perissol C, Le Petit J, Rugani N. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2278-81. [PMID: 10788418 PMCID: PMC101491 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.5.2278-2281.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1999] [Accepted: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Bacillus cereus were produced. The MAbs (8D3 and 9B7) were selected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their reactivity with B. cereus vegetative cells. They reacted with B. cereus vegetative cells while failing to recognize B. cereus spores. Immunoblotting revealed that MAb 8D3 recognized a 22-kDa antigen, while MAb 9B7 recognized two antigens with molecular masses of approximately 58 and 62 kDa. The use of MAbs 8D3 and 9B7 in combination to develop an immunological method for the detection of B. cereus vegetative cells in foods was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Charni
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Service 452, UPRES A 6116 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-Marseille, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Cloning, Sequencing, and Characterization of the Gene Encoding Flagellin, flaC, and the Post-translational Modification of Flagellin, FlaC, from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824. Anaerobe 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/anae.1999.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Tasteyre A, Barc MC, Karjalainen T, Dodson P, Hyde S, Bourlioux P, Borriello P. A Clostridium difficile gene encoding flagellin. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 4):957-966. [PMID: 10784054 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-4-957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Six strains of Clostridium difficile examined by electron microscopy were found to carry flagella. The flagella of these strains were extracted and the N-terminal sequences of the flagellin proteins were determined. Four of the strains carried the N-terminal sequence MRVNTNVSAL exhibiting up to 90% identity to numerous flagellins. Using degenerate primers based on the N-terminal sequence and the conserved C-terminal sequence of several flagellins, the gene encoding the flagellum subunit (fliC) was isolated and sequenced from two virulent strains. The two gene sequences exhibited 91% inter-strain identity. The gene consists of 870 nt encoding a protein of 290 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 31 kDa, while the extracted flagellin has an apparent molecular mass of 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The FliC protein displays a high degree of identity in the N- and C-terminal amino acids whereas the central region is variable. A second ORF is present downstream of fliC displaying homology to glycosyltransferases. The fliC gene was expressed in fusion with glutathione S-transferase, purified and a polyclonal monospecific antiserum was obtained. Flagella of C. difficile do not play a role in adherence, since the antiserum raised against the purified protein did not inhibit adherence to cultured cells. PCR-RFLP analysis of amplified flagellin gene products and Southern analysis revealed inter-strain heterogeneity; this could be useful for epidemiological and phylogenetic studies of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Tasteyre
- Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de Microbiologie, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France1
| | - Marie-Claude Barc
- Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de Microbiologie, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France1
| | - Tuomo Karjalainen
- Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de Microbiologie, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France1
| | - Paul Dodson
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK2
| | - Susan Hyde
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK2
| | - Pierre Bourlioux
- Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de Microbiologie, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France1
| | - Peter Borriello
- PHLS Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, UK3
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK2
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Abstract
Differential centrifugation and cesium chloride-equilibrium centrifugation were used to purify the flagella from the strain Okinawa of the formalin-fixed Clostridium chauvoei. SDS-PAGE profile of purified flagella showed that a major protein band with a molecular mass of 46 kDa, corresponding to the flagellin monomer, and at least two minor protein bands with molecular masses of approximately 73 and 100 kDa were found. The amino acid composition of C. chauvoei flagellin was similar to the flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis. In addition, C. chauvoei flagellin monomer shared limited sequence homology with the N-terminal amino acid sequence reported for other bacterial flagellins. N-terminal sequences of two minor bands corresponded to the flagellin monomer, indicating that higher molecular mass bands were polymeric forms of the flagellin monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kojima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
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Arnold F, Bédouet L, Batina P, Robreau G. Cloning and sequencing of the central region of the flagellin gene from the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:1-8. [PMID: 10100740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to sequence the central part of the coding region of the Clostridium tyrobutyricum fiagellin gene to improve the immunoenzymatic counting of cells after milk filtration. The coding region was amplified by PCR, and the amplified products were cloned. A DNA sequence analysis of positive clones gave us 1,131 nucleotides with a partial calculated flagellin molecular mass of 40,143 Da. The flagellar filament protein sequence exhibited high levels of homology to sequences of flagellin protein from other bacteria in both N- and C-terminal parts, but little homology in the central domain. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of amplified C. tyrobutyricum flagellin gene products confirmed the variability of the central domain. The flagellin mRNA was determined to be 1.1 kb in size, which suggests a monocistronic mRNA. Furthermore, the deduced protein flagellin contains eleven potential N-glycosylation sites and one sequence rich in serine, which could be modified by O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arnold
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Laboratoire Universitaire de Microbiologie Appliquée de Quimper, France
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