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Ugochukwu ICI, Rhimi W, Chebil W, Rizzo A, Tempesta M, Giusiano G, Tábora RFM, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Part 1: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: Malassezia yeasts as commensal or pathogenic organisms of human and animal skin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1327-1338. [PMID: 37883074 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2276367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malassezia spp. are a group of lipid-dependent basidiomycetes yeasts acting as commensal organisms of the human and animal skin. However, under some not well-defined circumstances, these yeasts may switch to opportunistic pathogens triggering a number of skin disorders with different clinical presentations. The genus comprises of 18 lipid-dependent species with a variable distribution in the hosts and pathologies thus suggesting a host- and microbe-specific interactions. AREA COVERED This review highlighted and discussed the most recent literature regarding the genus Malassezia as a commensal or pathogenic organisms highlighting Malassezia-associated skin disorders in humans and animals and their antifungal susceptibility profile. A literature search of Malassezia associated skin disorders was performed via PubMed and Google scholar (up to May 2023), using the different keywords mainly associated with Malassezia skin disorders and Malassezia antifungal resistance. EXPERT OPINION Malassezia yeasts are part of the skin mycobiota and their life cycle is strictly associated with the environment in which they live. The biochemical, physiological, or immunological condition of the host skin selects Malassezia spp. or genotypes able to survive in a specific environment by changing their metabolisms, thus producing virulence factors or metabolites which can cause skin disorders with different clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Wissal Chebil
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Muslim Hadi A, Saber Khalif H. Molecular analysis of Fungi: Malasseziarestricta from Felidae. BIONATURA 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 9 samples of wild cat Felischausfurax (de Winton, 1898) and 13 (11 positives) samples of domestic cat Feliscattus (Linnaeus, 1758) belong to Family Felidae. All cats were trapped and used hair and skin scrapings by forceps and surgical blades. The areas of the collection were: Mosul province (north of Iraq); Baghdad, Al-Rashidiya, Tharthar, Nahrawan, AL-Mahmoudiya (middle of Iraq) and AL-Haretha (south of Iraq). The current study revealed that the sensitive and specific PCR assay allowing rapid and reliable identification of Malasseziarestricta by the fragment size amplified was 500bp in the ITS1 gene in one sample of wild cats. The current study recorded a new strain of Malasseziarestrictathat called AF2013 strain "small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; internal transcribed spacer 1", complete sequence; and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. Which was inserted in GenBank: MW376484.1 from wild cat Felischausfurax for the first time in Iraq. Sequencing revealed close matching of the phylogenetic tree to an isolate from Korea (CP030254). The compression was performed using NCBI – the based nucleotides website.
Keywords: Dermatitis, Cutaneous microflora, fungi, Genotype, Malasseziarestricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afkar Muslim Hadi
- Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad
| | - Hani Saber Khalif
- Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad
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3
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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Wang L, Yu T, Zhu Y, Luo Y, Dong F, Lin X, Zhao W, He Z, Hu S, Dong Z. Amplicon-based sequencing and co-occurence network analysis reveals notable differences of microbial community structure in healthy and dandruff scalps. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:312. [PMID: 35439925 PMCID: PMC9017024 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dandruff is a chronic, recurring, and common scalp problem that is caused by several etiopathogeneses with complex mechanisms. Management of this condition is typically achieved via antifungal therapies. However, the precise roles played by microbiota in the development of the condition have not been elucidated. Despite their omnipresence on human scalp little is known about the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network of cutaneous microbiota. Results We characterized the scalp and hair surface bacterial and fungal communities of 95 dandruff-afflicted and healthy individuals residing in China. The degree distributions of co-occurrence/co-exclusion network in fungi-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria were higher in the healthy group (P < 0.0001), whereas the betweenness values are higher in the dandruff group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network among fungi-fungi and fungi-bacteria showed that compared to the healthy group, the dandruff group had more positive links (P < 0.0001). In addition, we observed that Malassezia slooffiae, Malassezia japonica and Malassezia furfur, were more abundant in the dandruff group than in the healthy group. These microbiota were co-exclusion by either multiple bacterial genera or Malassezia sp. in healthy group. The lactic acid bacteria on the scalp and hair surface, especially the genera Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, exhibit a negative correlation with multiple bacterial genera on the scalp and hair surface. Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus lactis isolated on the healthy human scalp can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Conclusions We showed that microbial networks on scalp and hair surface with dandruff were less integrated than their healthy counterparts, with lower node degree and more positive and stronger links which were deemed to be unstable and may be more susceptible to environmental fluctuations. Lactobacillus bacteria have extensive interactions with other bacteria or fungi in the scalp and hair surface micro-ecological network and can be used as targets for improving scalp health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08534-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Rd., Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Lafang China Co.. Ltd., LAF Building, Wanji Industrial Park, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhao
- Lafang China Co.. Ltd., LAF Building, Wanji Industrial Park, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Zilong He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049, Beijing, China.
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Suzuki K, Cho O, Nagahama T, Sugita T. Short sequence repeats of the intergenic spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes in Malassezia globosa and M. restricta colonizing the scalps of male individuals with and without androgenetic alopecia. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:350-352. [PMID: 35396869 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the short sequence repeats (SSRs) of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region 1 of the rRNA genes in Malassezia globosa and M. restricta, which predominantly colonize the scalp in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). No AGA-specific SSRs were found in the M. globosa IGS region, whereas a (CT)6 :(AT)8 SSR was predominantly detected in the M. restricta IGS region in the AGA group. Malassezia colonization was higher in the scalps of patients with M. restricta (CT)6 :(AT)8 SSRs than in the scalps of patients without M. restricta (CT)6 :(AT)8 SSRs. These observations suggest that this specific SSR type in M. restricta is involved in the development or exacerbation of AGA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan.,Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Otomi Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagahama
- Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Zhu S, Lei Y, Wang C, Wei Y, Wang C, Sun Y. Patterns of yeast diversity distribution and its drivers in rhizosphere soil of Hami melon orchards in different regions of Xinjiang. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:170. [PMID: 34090353 PMCID: PMC8180054 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique climatic conditions of the Xinjiang region nurture rich melon and fruit resources, the melon and fruit sugar sources provide sufficient nutrients for the survival of yeast, and the diverse habitats accompanied by extreme climatic conditions promote the production of yeast diversity and strain resources. However, the relationship between yeast species and their relationship with environmental factors in the soil of Xinjiang specialty cash crop Hami melon is not clear. Here, we aimed to characterize the diversity, community structure, and relationship between yeast species and environmental factors in Hami melon orchards soils in different regions of Xinjiang, China. RESULTS Based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis of the D1 domain of the LSU rRNA genes, the community richness of yeast in the soil of Northern Xinjiang was higher than in the Southern and Eastern Xinjiang, but the community diversity was significantly lower in the Northern Xinjiang than in the Southern and Eastern Xinjiang. A total of 86 OTUs were classified into 59 genera and 86 species. Most OTUs (90.4%) belonged to the Basidiomycota; only a few (9.6%) belonged to Ascomycota. The most dominant species in the Southern, Eastern and Northern Xinjiang were Filobasidium magnum (17.90%), Solicoccozyma aeria (35.83%) and Filobasidium magnum (75.36%), respectively. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that the yeast community composition in the soils of the three regions were obviously different, with the Southern and Eastern Xinjiang having more similar yeast community. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil factors such as conductivity (CO), total phosphorus (TP) and Total potassium (TK) and climate factors such as average annual precipitation (PRCP), relative humidity (RH) and net solar radiation intensity (SWGNT) were significantly correlated with yeast communities (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION There are abundant yeast resources in the rhizosphere soil of Hami melon orchard in Xinjiang, and there are obvious differences in the diversity and community structure of yeast in the three regions of Xinjiang. Differences in climatic factors related to precipitation, humidity and solar radiation intensity and soil factors related to conductivity, total phosphorus and total potassium are key factors driving yeast diversity and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan Zhu
- College of life Science / Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, North 4 Street, College of life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - YongHui Lei
- Department of Plant protection, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Urumqi Customs technique center, Urumqi, 830063, China
| | - YuMei Wei
- College of life Science / Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, North 4 Street, College of life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - ChunCheng Wang
- College of life Science / Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, North 4 Street, College of life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - YanFei Sun
- College of life Science / Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, North 4 Street, College of life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Rhimi W, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Malassezia spp. Yeasts of Emerging Concern in Fungemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:370. [PMID: 32850475 PMCID: PMC7399178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are lipid-dependent yeasts, inhabiting the skin and mucosa of humans and animals. They are involved in a variety of skin disorders in humans and animals and may cause bloodstream infections in severely immunocompromised patients. Despite a tremendous increase in scientific knowledge of these yeasts during the last two decades, the epidemiology of Malassezia spp. related to fungemia remains largely underestimated most likely due to the difficulty in the isolation of these yeasts species due to their lipid-dependence. This review summarizes and discusses the most recent literature on Malassezia spp. infection and fungemia, its occurrence, pathogenicity mechanisms, diagnostic methods, in vitro susceptibility testing and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Bart Theelen
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,The Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Thammahong A, Kiatsurayanon C, Edwards SW, Rerknimitr P, Chiewchengchol D. The clinical significance of fungi in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:926-935. [PMID: 32441807 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases and is caused by multiple factors including genetic factors, skin barrier defects, host immune responses, allergen sensitivity, environmental effects, and infections. Commonly, bacterial and viral infections are present in the eczematous lesions of AD patients and clearly aggravate the symptoms. However, studies of fungal infections in AD are limited in spite of the fact that there are reports showing that Malassezia, Candida, and some dermatophytes can affect the symptoms of AD. Moreover, certain fungal infections are sometimes overlooked and need to be considered particularly in AD patients with treatment failure as clinical features of those fungal infections could mimic eczematous lesions in AD. Here, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and overlooked features of fungal infections associated with the symptoms of AD including the diagnosis and effectiveness of fungal treatments in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsa Thammahong
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Frau A, Kenny JG, Lenzi L, Campbell BJ, Ijaz UZ, Duckworth CA, Burkitt MD, Hall N, Anson J, Darby AC, Probert CSJ. DNA extraction and amplicon production strategies deeply inf luence the outcome of gut mycobiome studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9328. [PMID: 31249384 PMCID: PMC6597572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial ecology studies are often performed through extraction of metagenomic DNA followed by amplification and sequencing of a marker. It is known that each step may bias the results. These biases have been explored for the study of bacterial communities, but rarely for fungi. Our aim was therefore to evaluate methods for the study of the gut mycobiome. We first evaluated DNA extraction methods in fungal cultures relevant to the gut. Afterwards, to assess how these methods would behave with an actual sample, stool from a donor was spiked with cells from the same cultures. We found that different extraction kits favour some species and bias against others. In terms of amplicon sequencing, we evaluated five primer sets, two for ITS2 and one for ITS1, 18S and 28S rRNA. Results showed that 18S rRNA outperformed the other markers: it was able to amplify all the species in the mock community and to discriminate among them. ITS primers showed both amplification and sequencing biases, the latter related to the variable length of the product. We identified several biases in the characterisation of the gut mycobiome and showed how crucial it is to be aware of these before drawing conclusions from the results of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Frau
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - John G Kenny
- Centre for Genomic Research (CGR), University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Luca Lenzi
- Centre for Genomic Research (CGR), University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Umer Z Ijaz
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Michael D Burkitt
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Colney Ln, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Jim Anson
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories Directorate of Infection and Immunity, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Alistair C Darby
- Centre for Genomic Research (CGR), University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Christopher S J Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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10
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Takahagi S, Tanaka A, Hide M. Sweat allergy. Allergol Int 2018; 67:435-441. [PMID: 30075993 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweat allergy is defined as a type I hypersensitivity against the contents of sweat, and is specifically observed in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and cholinergic urticaria (CholU). The allergic reaction is clinically revealed by positive reactions in the intradermal skin test and the basophil histamine release assay by sweat. A major histamine-releasing antigen in sweat, MGL_1304, has been identified. MGL_1304 is produced at a size of 29 kDa by Malassezia (M.) globosa and secreted into sweat after being processed and converted into the mature form of 17 kDa. It induces significant histamine release from basophils of patients with AD and/or CholU with MGL_1304-specific IgE, which is detected in their sera. Patients with AD also show cross-reactivity to MGL_1304-homologs in Malassezia restricta and Malassezia sympodialis, but MGL_1304 does not share cross antigenicity with human intrinsic proteins. Malassezia or its components may penetrate the damaged epidermis of AD lesions and interact with the skin immune system, resulting in the sensitization and reaction to the fungal antigen. As well as the improvement of impaired barrier functions by topical interventions, approaches such as anti-microbial treatment, the induction of tolerance and antibody/substance neutralizing the sweat antigen may be beneficial for the patients with intractable AD or CholU due to sweat allergy. The identification of antigens other than MGL_1304 in sweat should be the scope for future studies, which may lead to better understanding of sweat allergy and therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takahagi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Akio Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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11
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Niemeyer-van der Kolk T, van der Wall HEC, Balmforth C, Van Doorn MBA, Rissmann R. A systematic literature review of the human skin microbiome as biomarker for dermatological drug development. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2178-2193. [PMID: 29877593 PMCID: PMC6138488 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the potential of the skin microbiome as biomarker in six dermatological conditions: atopic dermatitis (AD), acne vulgaris (AV), psoriasis vulgaris (PV), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), seborrhoeic dermatitis/pityriasis capitis (SD/PC) and ulcus cruris (UC). METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Two investigators independently reviewed the included studies and ranked the suitability microbiome implementation for early phase clinical studies in an adapted GRADE method. RESULTS In total, 841 papers were identified and after screening of titles and abstracts for eligibility we identified 42 manuscripts that could be included in the review. Eleven studies were included for AD, five for AV, 10 for PV, two for HS, four for SD and 10 for UC. For AD and AV, multiple studies report the relationship between the skin microbiome, disease severity and clinical response to treatment. This is currently lacking for the remaining conditions. CONCLUSION For two indications - AD and AV - there is preliminary evidence to support implementation of the skin microbiome as biomarkers in early phase clinical trials. For PV, UC, SD and HS there is insufficient evidence from the literature. More microbiome-directed prospective studies studying the effect of current treatments on the microbiome with special attention for patient meta-data, sampling methods and analysis methods are needed to draw more substantial conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niemeyer-van der Kolk
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - C Balmforth
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M B A Van Doorn
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
Yeasts from the genus Malassezia belongs to normal commensal skin flora of warm-blooded vertebrates. These yeasts may act as opportunistic pathogens and cause skin diseases in humans and animals under certain conditions. The identification of Malassezia species is based on the phenotypic or genotypic diagnostics. The methods used for the phenotypic identification is determined by: the growth on Sabouraud agar, growth on selective media (Leeming-Notman agar, Dixon agar, Chrom Malassezia agar), the ability to utilise different concentrations of Tween, monitoring of the growth on CEL agar (soil enriched with castor oil) and TE agar (Tween-esculine agar), and the catalase test. The genotypic identification uses molecular methods like: the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment lenght polymorphism (AFLP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the DNA sequence analysis.
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Han SH, Cheon HI, Hur MS, Kim MJ, Jung WH, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Analysis of the skin mycobiome in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:366-373. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Han
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye In Cheon
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Min Seok Hur
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
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14
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Jain C, Das S, Ramachandran VG, Saha R, Bhattacharya SN, Dar S. Malassezia Yeast and Cytokine Gene Polymorphism in Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:DC01-DC05. [PMID: 28511379 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23948.9474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent chronic condition associated with microorganism and their interaction with the susceptible host. Malassezia yeast is a known commensal which is thought to provoke the recurrent episodes of symptoms in atopic dermatitis patients. Malassezia immunomodulatory properties along with defective skin barrier in such host, results in disease manifestation. Here, we studied Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in IL10 and IFN γ genes of the host and its relation with susceptibility to Malassezia infection. AIM To isolate Malassezia yeast from AD patients and compare the genetic susceptibility of the host by correlating the cytokine gene polymorphism with the control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study was conducted from January 2012 to January 2013. It was a prospective observational study done in Department of Microbiology and Department of Dermatology and Venereology in University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi. Sample size comprised of 38 cases each of AD. Skin scrapings were used for fungal culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Modified Dixon Agar (MDA) and isolated were identified as per conventional phenotypic methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from all study subjects. Cytokine genotyping was carried out by Amplification Refractory Mutations System- Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR) with sequence specific primers. Three SNPs (IL10-1082A/G; IL10-819/592C/T; IFN-γ+874A/T) in two cytokine genes were assessed in all the patients and healthy controls. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Chi-Square Test or Fisher's-Exact Test and Bonferroni's correction. RESULTS In AD group, Malassezia yeasts were cultured in 24 out of 38 samples and thus the identification rate was 63.1 percent as compared to healthy group, 52.6 percent (20/38). Significant difference in allele, or genotype distribution were observed in IL10-819/592C/T and IFN-γ+874A/T gene polymorphism in AD group. CONCLUSION Higher isolation rate in cases as compared to control group highlights the implication of Malassezia in AD. Association between specific cytokine gene polymorphism and clinical outcome was found to be significant in study group. The result of cytokine gene polymorphism in the present study demonstrated susceptibility of host to Malassezia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Jain
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Shukla Das
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - V G Ramachandran
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Rumpa Saha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - S N Bhattacharya
- Professor and Head, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Sajad Dar
- PhD Student, Department of Microbiology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
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15
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Cheikhrouhou F, Guidara R, Masmoudi A, Trabelsi H, Neji S, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Molecular Identification of Malassezia Species in Patients with Malassezia folliculitis in Sfax, Tunisia. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:583-589. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Harada K, Saito M, Sugita T, Tsuboi R. Malassezia species and their associated skin diseases. J Dermatol 2016; 42:250-7. [PMID: 25736318 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are lipophilic fungi that occur on all skin surfaces of humans and animals as commensal and pathogenic organisms. In the 2000s, several new species were added to the Malassezia genus by Japanese researchers. The genus Malassezia now includes 14 species of basidiomycetous yeast. Culture-independent molecular analysis clearly demonstrated that the DNA of Malassezia spp. was predominantly detected in core body and arm sites, suggesting that they are the dominant fungal flora of the human body. Malassezia spp. have been implicated in skin diseases including pityriasis versicolor (PV), Malassezia folliculitis (MF), seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). While Malassezia spp. are directly responsible for the infectious diseases, PV and MF, they act as an exacerbating factor in AD and SD. The fatty acids generated by Malassezia lipase can induce inflammation of the skin, resulting in development of SD. Patch and serum immunoglobulin E tests revealed that AD patients were hypersensitive to Malassezia. However, these findings only partially elucidated the mechanism by which Malassezia spp. induce inflammation in the skin; understanding of the pathogenetic role of Malassezia spp. in SD or AD remains incomplete. In this article, the latest findings of Malassezia research are reviewed with special attention to skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Harada
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Leung MHY, Chan KCK, Lee PKH. Skin fungal community and its correlation with bacterial community of urban Chinese individuals. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:46. [PMID: 27558504 PMCID: PMC4997687 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput sequencing has led to increased insights into the human skin microbiome. Currently, the majority of skin microbiome investigations are limited to characterizing prokaryotic communities, and our understanding of the skin fungal community (mycobiome) is limited, more so for cohorts outside of the western hemisphere. Here, the skin mycobiome across healthy Chinese individuals in Hong Kong are characterized. RESULTS Based on a curated fungal reference database designed for skin mycobiome analyses, previously documented common skin colonizers are also abundant and prevalent in this cohort. However, genera associated with local terrains, food, and medicine are also detected. Fungal community composition shows interpersonal (Bray-Curtis ANOSIM = 0.398) and household (Bray-Curtis ANOSIM = 0.134) clustering. Roles of gender and age on diversity analyses are test- and site-specific, and, contrary to bacteria, the effect of household on fungal community composition dissimilarity between samples is insignificant. Site-specific, cross-domain positive and negative correlations at both community and operational taxonomic unit levels may uncover potential relationships between fungi and bacteria on skin. CONCLUSIONS The studied Chinese population presents similar major fungal skin colonizers that are also common in western populations, but local outdoor environments and lifestyles may also contribute to mycobiomes of specific cohorts. Cohabitation plays an insignificant role in shaping mycobiome differences between individuals in this cohort. Increased understanding of fungal communities of non-western cohorts will contribute to understanding the size of the global skin pan-mycobiome, which will ultimately help understand relationships between environmental exposures, microbial populations, and the health of global humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Y. Leung
- B5423-AC1, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Patrick K. H. Lee
- B5423-AC1, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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18
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Low DNA Sequence Diversity of the Intergenic Spacer 1 Region in the Human Skin Commensal Fungi Malassezia sympodialis and M. dermatis Isolated from Patients with Malassezia-Associated Skin Diseases and Healthy Subjects. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:839-842. [PMID: 27371104 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region in the rRNA gene show remarkable intraspecies diversity compared with the small subunit, large subunit, and internal transcribed spacer region, the IGS region has been used as an epidemiological tool in studies on Malassezia globosa and M. restricta, which are responsible for the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) and seborrheic dermatitis (SD). However, the IGS regions of M. sympodialis and M. dermatis obtained from the skin of patients with AD and SD, as well as healthy subjects, lacked sequence diversity. Of the 105 M. sympodialis strains and the 40 M. dermatis strains, the sequences of 103 (98.1 %) and 39 (97.5 %), respectively, were identical. Thus, given the lack of intraspecies diversity in the IGS regions of M. sympodialis and M. dermatis, studies of the diversity of these species should be performed using appropriate genes and not the IGS.
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Malassezia arunalokei sp. nov., a Novel Yeast Species Isolated from Seborrheic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Individuals from India. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1826-1834. [PMID: 27147721 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00683-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of species within the genus Malassezia are lipophilic yeasts that colonize the skin of warm-blooded animals. Two species, Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta, are implicated in the causation of seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff (SD/D). During our survey of SD/D cases, we isolated several species of Malassezia and noticed vast variations within a few lipid-dependent species. Variations observed in the phenotypic characteristics (colony morphology, absence of catalase activity, growth at 37°C, and precipitation surrounding wells containing Tween 20 or Cremophor EL) suggested the possible presence of a novel species. Sequence divergence observed in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the D1/D2 domain, and the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) region of rDNA and the TEF1 gene, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ITS2 region, and fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis support the existence of a novel species. Based on phenotypic and molecular characterization of these strains, we propose a new species, namely, M. arunalokei sp. nov., and we designate NCCPF 127130 (= MTCC 12054 = CBS 13387) as the type strain.
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Tsakok T, Schulenburg H, Smith C, Till S, Flohr C. The Role of Yeast in Atopic Dermatitis Revisited: a Critical Appraisal. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-015-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Fatal Psychrobacter sp. infection in a pediatric patient with meningitis identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Microbiol 2015; 198:129-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of “yeast like fungi,” 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed individuals they commonly cause a spectrum of chronic recurrent infections. They rarely also cause serious illnesses like catheter-related blood stream infections, CAPD associated peritonitis etc., Though these fungi have been known to man for over 150 years, their fastidious nature and cumbersome culture and speciation techniques have restricted research. Since the last taxonomic revision, seven new species have been added to this genus. Their ability to evade the host immune system and virulence has increased the spectrum of the diseases caused by them. These agents have been implicated as causal agents in common diseases like atopic dermatitis recently. Though culture-based research is difficult, the new molecular analysis techniques and facilities have increased research in this field such that we can devote more attention to this genus to study in detail, their characteristics and their growing implications implications in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalakshmi Veeraraghavan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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24
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IgE-mediated sensitization to malassezia in atopic dermatitis: more common in male patients and in head and neck type. Dermatitis 2015; 25:120-6. [PMID: 24819285 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Malassezia, the predominant skin microbiota fungus, is considered to exacerbate AD, especially in a subset of patients with head and neck type AD (HNAD). In the present study, the relationship between AD and sensitization to Malassezia antigens was investigated. METHODS We assessed 173 patients with AD. The severity of eczema was determined with Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI); the type of AD, namely, head and neck type, was reported as well. The total serum IgE and specific IgE to Malassezia were determined and correlated with clinical picture of AD, sex, age, and the EASI. RESULTS Total IgE was elevated in 77.7% of patients. Specific IgE to Malassezia was positive (≥0.35 kU/L) in 49.1% of patients. Men were significantly more often sensitized to Malassezia antigen (58% of men vs 42% of women; P value, 0.04). Concurrently, 58% of patients with HNAD versus 42% non-HNAD patients had higher levels of specific IgE to Malassezia, this difference being nearly significant (P value, 0.06). Patients with atopy were also more frequently sensitized to Malassezia. No significant relationship between EASI and the level of total IgE or specific IgE to Malassezia was observed. CONCLUSIONS In our population, IgE-mediated sensitization was found in up to 49% of all patients with AD, most common in men and in head and neck type.
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Castellá G, Coutinho SDA, Cabañes FJ. Phylogenetic relationships of Malassezia species based on multilocus sequence analysis. Med Mycol 2014; 52:99-105. [PMID: 23902157 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.815372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Malassezia are lipophilic basidiomycetous yeasts, which are part of the normal cutaneous microbiota of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Currently, this genus consists of 14 species that have been characterized by phenetic and molecular methods. Although several molecular methods have been used to identify and/or differentiate Malassezia species, the sequencing of the rRNA genes and the chitin synthase-2 gene (CHS2) are the most widely employed. There is little information about the β-tubulin gene in the genus Malassezia, a gene has been used for the analysis of complex species groups. The aim of the present study was to sequence a fragment of the β-tubulin gene of Malassezia species and analyze their phylogenetic relationship using a multilocus sequence approach based on two rRNA genes (ITS including 5.8S rRNA and D1/D2 region of 26S rRNA) together with two protein encoding genes (CHS2 and β-tubulin). The phylogenetic study of the partial β-tubulin gene sequences indicated that this molecular marker can be used to assess diversity and identify new species. The multilocus sequence analysis of the four loci provides robust support to delineate species at the terminal nodes and could help to estimate divergence times for the origin and diversification of Malassezia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Genotype Analyses of Human Commensal Scalp Fungi, Malassezia globosa, and Malassezia restricta on the Scalps of Patients with Dandruff and Healthy Subjects. Mycopathologia 2014; 177:263-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sugita T, Shiraki Y, Hiruma M. Genotype Analysis of the Variable Internal Repeat Region in the rRNA Gene ofTrichophyton tonsuransIsolated from Japanese Judo Practitioners. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:57-60. [PMID: 16428874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tinea capitis due to Trichophyton tonsurans is currently epidemic among Japanese Judo practitioners. T. tonsurans has seven genotypes in a variable internal repeat (VIR) region of the rRNA gene. All 101 isolates obtained from Japanese Judo practitioners had the identical genotype. This suggests that a specific genotype strain occurs throughout Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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28
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Chen YE, Tsao H. The skin microbiome: current perspectives and future challenges. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69:143-55. [PMID: 23489584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex communities of bacteria, fungi, and viruses thrive on our skin. The composition of these communities depends on skin characteristics, such as sebaceous gland concentration, moisture content, and temperature, as well as on host genetics and exogenous environmental factors. Recent metagenomic studies have uncovered a surprising diversity within these ecosystems and have fostered a new view of commensal organisms as playing a much larger role in immune modulation and epithelial health than previously expected. Understanding microbe-host interactions and discovering the factors that drive microbial colonization will help us understand the pathogenesis of skin diseases and develop new promicrobial and antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Erin Chen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Zhang H, Ran Y, Xie Z, Zhang R. Identification of Malassezia species in patients with seborrheic dermatitis in China. Mycopathologia 2012; 175:83-9. [PMID: 23247810 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) are complex and incompletely understood. Among the factors, Malassezia yeasts have been reported to play a major etiological role in SD. Many previous studies adopted conventional culture methods that were disadvantaged to detect Malassezia microflora in SD patients, resulting in a low detection rate for each species and high variance in types of microflora observed. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed Malassezia microflora in SD patients by applying a transparent dressing to the lesional skin and using direct detection of fungal DNA using nested PCR. METHODS We collected samples from the lesional skin of 146 SD patients in China and extracted fungal DNA directly from the lesional samples without culture. Specific primers for each Malassezia species were designed to amplify existing yeasts in each sample. Some samples were randomly selected to culture and identified by morphological and physiologic criteria. RESULTS M. globosa and M. restricta were found in 87.0 and 81.5% of seborrheic dermatitis patients, respectively, which together accounted for more than 50% of Malassezia spp. recovered in these Chinese patients. The majority of SD patients (82.9%) showed co-colonization of two or more Malassezia species. CONCLUSION M. globosa and M. restricta predominated in Malassezia colonization in Chinese SD patients. Compared with conventional culture, non-culture-based methods may more accurately reflect Malassezia microflora constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Han SH, Chung TH, Nam EH, Park SH, Hwang CY. Molecular analysis of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine skin and ear in Korea. Med Mycol 2012; 51:396-404. [PMID: 23167706 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.740575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated Malassezia species and genotypes colonizing dogs, comparing those recovered from the ear canal with those from other anatomical body sites, as well as from diseased and healthy skin. The Malassezia isolates were obtained from four types of skin samples, i.e., diseased ear, diseased skin, healthy ear, and healthy skin. Sequences of the 26S ribosomal DNA region, the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS-1) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) DNA region were analyzed. These confirmed the presence of Malassezia pachydermatis, which could be separated into three main sequence genotype groups (A, B, C). Genotype A was the most common, only two genotype B isolates were recovered from diseased skin lesion and genotype C was more likely to be isolated from ear samples than from other healthy or diseased-skin sites. The present findings provide the basis for further studies of genotypic diversity in M. pachydermatis, as well as their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Zhang E, Tajima M, Tsuboi R, Sugita T. Sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer region of the rRNA gene of Cryptococcus albidus isolated from the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy individuals. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 57:74-6. [PMID: 23140516 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The yeast species Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus was found to more often colonize the skin surface of patients with atopic dermatitis (77.0%, 47/61) than that of healthy subjects (37.5%, 15/40). The intergenic spacer 1 region of the rRNA gene of this species consists of four sequence types: I, II, III and IV. Types I and II were predominant among healthy subjects and atopic dermatitis patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Nagata R, Nagano H, Ogishima D, Nakamura Y, Hiruma M, Sugita T. Transmission of the major skin microbiota, Malassezia, from mother to neonate. Pediatr Int 2012; 54:350-5. [PMID: 22300401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2012.03563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin surface colonization starts after birth. It is thought that early microbial colonization affects the development of skin immune functions. Although Malassezia is the predominant fungus in the skin microbiota in healthy individuals, the microorganism is associated with atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. In the present study, transmission of skin microbiota from mothers to their neonates was elucidated using the Malassezia microbiota as an indicator. METHODS Temporal changes in the level of Malassezia colonization of the skin from 27 neonates and mothers were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The genotypes of Malassezia colonizing the neonate and mother were also determined. RESULTS Malassezia was detected from 89% and 100% of neonate samples on days 0 and 1 after birth, respectively. Subsequently, the level of Malassezia colonization of the neonates increased with time, whereas that of the mothers did not change. The Malassezia diversity of neonates shifted to the adult type by day 30. The genotype of Malassezia colonizing the skin of neonates agreed well with that of Malassezia colonizing the skin of the mothers. CONCLUSION Fungal microbiota colonization of neonates began on day 0, and the fungal microbiota of neonates had changed to the adult type by day 30. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a molecular analysis of the fungal microbiota of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
In the last 15 years, the genus Malassezia has been a topic of intense basic research on taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, immunology, and metabolomics. Currently, the genus encompasses 14 species. The 1996 revision of the genus resulted in seven accepted taxa: M. furfur, M. pachydermatis, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta, and M. slooffiae. In the last decade, seven new taxa isolated from healthy and lesional human and animal skin have been accepted: M. dermatis, M. japonica, M. yamatoensis, M. nana, M. caprae, M. equina, and M. cuniculi. However, forthcoming multidisciplinary research is expected to show the etiopathological relationships between these new species and skin diseases. Hitherto, basic and clinical research has established etiological links between Malassezia yeasts, pityriasis versicolor, and sepsis of neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Their role in aggravating seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis, and onychomycosis, though often supported by histopathological evidence and favorable antifungal therapeutic outcomes, remains under investigation. A close association between skin and Malassezia IgE binding allergens in atopic eczema has been shown, while laboratory data support a role in psoriasis exacerbations. Finally, metabolomic research resulted in the proposal of a hypothesis on the contribution of Malassezia-synthesized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands to basal cell carcinoma through UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Relationships between free-living protozoa, cultivable Legionella spp., and water quality characteristics in three drinking water supplies in the Caribbean. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7321-8. [PMID: 21873489 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05575-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study whose results are presented here aimed at identifying free-living protozoa (FLP) and conditions favoring the growth of these organisms and cultivable Legionella spp. in drinking water supplies in a tropical region. Treated and distributed water (±30°C) of the water supplies of three Caribbean islands were sampled and investigated with molecular techniques, based on the 18S rRNA gene. The protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis and cultivable Legionella pneumophila were observed in all three supplies. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with the highest similarity to the potential or candidate hosts Acanthamoeba spp., Echinamoeba exundans, E. thermarum, and an Neoparamoeba sp. were detected as well. In total, 59 OTUs of FLP were identified. The estimated protozoan richness did not differ significantly between the three supplies. In supply CA-1, the concentration of H. vermiformis correlated with the concentration of Legionella spp. and clones related to Amoebozoa predominated (82%) in the protozoan community. These observations, the low turbidity (<0.2 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]), and the varying ATP concentrations (1 to 12 ng liter(-1)) suggest that biofilms promoted protozoan growth in this supply. Ciliophora represented 25% of the protozoan OTUs in supply CA-2 with elevated ATP concentrations (maximum, 55 ng liter(-1)) correlating with turbidity (maximum, 62 NTU) caused by corroding iron pipes. Cercozoan types represented 70% of the protozoan clones in supply CA-3 with ATP concentrations of <1 ng liter(-1) and turbidity of <0.5 NTU in most samples of distributed water. The absence of H. vermiformis in most samples from supply CA-3 suggests that growth of this protozoan is limited at ATP concentrations of <1 ng liter(-1).
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Sugita T, Takashima M. Recent trend of taxonomy and identification in pathogenic yeasts. Med Mycol J 2011; 52:107-15. [PMID: 21788722 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.52.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
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Ranganathan S, Mukhopadhyay T. Dandruff: the most commercially exploited skin disease. Indian J Dermatol 2011; 55:130-4. [PMID: 20606879 PMCID: PMC2887514 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.62734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The article discuss in detail about the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of dandruff including the etio-pathology. The article also discusses in detail about various treatment methods available for dandruff. The status of dandruff being amphibious – a disease/disorder, and relatively less medical intervention is sought after for the treatment, dandruff is the most commercially exploited skin and scalp disorder/disease by personal care industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ranganathan
- CavinKare Research Centre, No.12 Poonamallee Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai - 600 097, India
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Cafarchia C, Gasser RB, Figueredo LA, Latrofa MS, Otranto D. Advances in the identification of Malassezia. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 25:1-7. [PMID: 21193026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Malassezia are lypophilic and/or lipid-dependent, unipolar budding yeasts that can become pathogenic under the influence of particular predisposing factors (e.g., changes in the cutaneous microenvironment and/or alterations in host defences). This genus comprises at least 14 species, which have been identified traditionally based on their morphology and biochemical features. However, phenetic characteristics often do not allow the identification or delineation of closely related Malassezia spp., such that molecular tools need to be used to assist in fundamental studies of the epidemiology and ecology of Malassezia as well as aspects of the pathogenesis and disease caused by members of this genus. This article briefly reviews the morphological and biochemical methods commonly used for the identification of Malassezia as well as DNA technological methods that have been established for the specific identification of members of this genus and the diagnosis of their infections. New avenues for the development of improved molecular-diagnostic methods to overcome diagnostic limitations and to underpin fundamental investigations of this interesting group of yeasts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Zhang H, Zhang R, Ran Y, Dai Y, Lu Y, Wang P. Genetic polymorphism of Malassezia furfur isolates from Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in China using DNA fingerprinting. Med Mycol 2010; 48:1034-8. [PMID: 20507265 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.490568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported isolation rates of Malassezia yeast from human skin show geographic variations. In China, the populations of the Han (1,182.95 million) and Tibetan (5.41 million) ethnic groups are distributed over 9.6 and 3.27 million square kilometers respectively, making biodiversity research feasible and convenient. Malassezia furfur clinical strains (n = 29) isolated from different individuals, with or without associated dermatoses, of these two ethnic groups (15 Han and 12 Tibetan) were identified and analyzed with DNA fingerprinting using single primers specific to minisatellites. Using the Bionumerics software, we found that almost all M. furfur clinical isolates and type strains formed five distinct group clusters according to their associated skin diseases and the ethnic groups of the patients. These findings are the first to focus on the genetic diversity and relatedness of M. furfur in the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups in China and reveal genetic variation associated with related diseases, host ethnicity and geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Bellis FD, Castellá G, Cabañes FJ, Bond R. Absence of DNA sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer 1 region inMalassezia nanaisolates from cats. Med Mycol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903170894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent sequencing of the whole genome of Malassezia globosa and M. restricta forms the basis for molecular epidemiology studies and instigates investigations into their respective virulence factors. Thus, reviewing current knowledge on Malassezia molecular typing methods would reveal the pros and cons of each method and would highlight potential scarcity of epidemiological data regarding this ubiquitous fungal commensal and pathogen. RECENT FINDINGS Methods employed for Malassezia molecular typing can be categorized into those detecting sequence variations of strains and those that selectively amplify polymorphic DNA markers for discriminating Malassezia species subtypes. The former exploit rRNA gene sequence variations in order to trace M. globosa, M. restricta and M.pachydermatis subtypes associated with specific skin diseases, or detect M. furfur geographical variations. Polymorphic DNA amplification methods, such as amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, demonstrated association of M. furfur subtypes with the origin of the strain (skin or systemic isolate), whereas PCR-fingerprinting of the mini-satellite DNA clustered M. furfur strains according to their geographic origin and disease origin. Moreover, much typing work has already been performed regarding the zoophilic species M. pachydermatis and the relevant methods can be adapted for studying the anthropophilic Malassezia species. SUMMARY In the near future, molecular typing will be a powerful tool in epidemiological studies that could be employed for the elucidation of the pathobiology of Malassezia species in associated skin diseases
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Darabi K, Hostetler SG, Bechtel MA, Zirwas M. The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 60:125-36. [PMID: 18834647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic skin condition. A subset of patients with head and neck dermatitis may have a reaction to Malassezia flora fueling their disease. Although there are no documented differences in Malassezia species colonization, patients with head and neck atopic dermatitis are more likely to have positive skin prick test results and Malassezia-specific IgE compared with healthy control subjects and patients with atopy without head and neck dermatitis. There is no clear relationship with atopy patch testing. The reaction to Malassezia is likely related to both humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. Clinically, Malassezia allergy may be suspected in patients with atopic dermatitis and: (1) head and neck lesions; (2) exacerbations during adolescence or young adulthood; (3) severe lesions recalcitrant to conventional therapy; and (4) other atopic diseases. There is literature to suggest that these patients will benefit from a 1- to 2-month course of daily itraconazole or ketoconazole followed by long-term weekly treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamruz Darabi
- Division of Dermatology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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42
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Zomorodain K, Mirhendi H, Tarazooie B, Kordbacheh P, Zeraati H, Nayeri F. Molecular analysis of Malassezia species isolated from hospitalized neonates. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25:312-6. [PMID: 18577034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia species are a part of the skin microflora of neonates. Under certain circumstances, they can cause diseases ranging from simple pustulosis to lifethreatening fungemia in newborn infants. Little information is available about the epidemiology of Malassezia species in neonates. In the present study, we successfully isolated Malassezia yeasts from 68.7% of hospitalized neonates. Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFPL), M. furfur (88.06%) was identified as the most isolated species, followed in frequency by M. globosa (10.48%), M. obtusa (0.73%), and M. slooffiae (0.73%). Among the variables studied, only a longer stay in the ward resulted in a higher colonization rate. Using multiple logistic regression, only the type of hospital and ward had some effects on the colonization rate. Our results supported the hypothesis that neonates acquire Malassezia flora through direct contact with their mothers or hospital personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Zomorodain
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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43
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Paulino LC, Tseng CH, Blaser MJ. Analysis of Malassezia microbiota in healthy superficial human skin and in psoriatic lesions by multiplex real-time PCR. FEMS Yeast Res 2008; 8:460-71. [PMID: 18294199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts from the genus Malassezia are members of the normal biota of human skin, and may play a role in dermatopathology. Our previous study of the fungal microbiota from healthy subjects and from patients with psoriasis using clone library analysis revealed the presence of five Malassezia species and four uncharacterized phylotypes. We now compared the Malassezia microbiota from six healthy body locations and two psoriatic lesions, and evaluated its stability over time using multiplex real-time PCR. Samples from each body location were obtained monthly, for 4 months. Dual-labeled probes were designed to recognize four Malassezia sp. and two uncharacterized groups, and a genus-specific probe was also developed. A good correspondence was obtained between real-time PCR data and clone library analyses. Malassezia restricta was the most abundant species in the majority of samples, and high amounts of Malassezia globosa were also detected. The uncharacterized phylotype 1 was usually detected in lower proportions, nevertheless it was present in most samples. The microbiota was host-specific and relatively stable over time. In accordance with our previous observations, no significant dichotomy between samples from healthy skin and from psoriatic lesions was found; the samples clustered according to the subject, rather than health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Paulino
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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44
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Galván IJ, Mir-Rashed N, Jessulat M, Atanya M, Golshani A, Durst T, Petit P, Amiguet VT, Boekhout T, Summerbell R, Cruz I, Arnason JT, Smith ML. Antifungal and antioxidant activities of the phytomedicine pipsissewa, Chimaphila umbellata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:738-746. [PMID: 17950387 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart (Pyrolaceae) ethanol extracts led to the identification of 2,7-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (chimaphilin) as the principal antifungal component. The structure of chimaphilin was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The antifungal activity of chimaphilin was evaluated using the microdilution method with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.05mg/mL) and the dandruff-associated fungi Malassezia globosa (0.39mg/mL) and Malassezia restricta (0.55mg/mL). Pronounced antioxidant activity of C. umbellata crude extract was also identified using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, suggesting this phytomedicine has an antioxidant function in wound healing. A chemical-genetic profile was completed with chimaphilin using approximately 4700 S. cerevisiae gene deletion mutants. Cellular roles of deleted genes in the most susceptible mutants and secondary assays indicate that the targets for chimaphilin include pathways involved in cell wall biogenesis and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda J Galván
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ags., CP 20100 México, Mexico
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45
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Tajima M, Sugita T, Nishikawa A, Tsuboi R. Molecular Analysis of Malassezia Microflora in Seborrheic Dermatitis Patients: Comparison with Other Diseases and Healthy Subjects. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:345-51. [PMID: 17671514 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia species colonize the skin of normal and various pathological conditions including pityriasis versicolor (PV), seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). To elucidate the pathogenic role of Malassezia species in SD, Malassezia microflora of 31 Japanese SD patients was analyzed using a PCR-based, culture-independent method. Nested PCR assay using the primers in the rRNA gene indicated that the major Malassezia species in SD were M. globosa and M. restricta, found in 93 and 74% of the patients, respectively. The detection rate and number of each species varied similarly in SD, PV and healthy subjects (HSs), whereas AD showed higher values. Real-time PCR assay showed that the lesional skin harbored approximately three times the population of genus Malassezia found in nonlesional skin (P<0.05), and that M. restricta is a significantly more common species than M. globosa in SD (P<0.005). Genotypic analysis of the rRNA gene showed that the M. globosa and M. restricta from SD patients fell into specific clusters, and could be distinguished from those collected from HSs, but not from those colleted from AD patients. Our results indicate that certain strains of M. restricta occur in the lesional skin of SD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Tajima
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Gandra RF, Simão RCG, Matsumoto FE, da Silva BCM, Ruiz LS, da Silva EG, Gambale W, Paula CR. Genotyping by RAPD-PCR analyses of Malassezia furfur strains from pityriasis versicolor and seborrhoeic dermatitis patients. Mycopathologia 2007; 162:273-80. [PMID: 17039273 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-006-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia furfur is lypophilic yeast commonly associate with dermatological disorders. In the present work, we described the isolation of 47 M. furfur strains from three groups of patients: pityriasis versicolor (21 isolates), seborrhoeic dermatitis (15 isolates) and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the HIV positive patients (11 isolates). To investigate the identity of the strains at molecular level, DNA genomic of M. furfur strains were prepared and used to RAPD-PCR analyses. RAPD assay were carried out using two decamer primers and bands pattern generated were analyzed by an Unweighted Pair-Group Method (UPGMA). Dendrogram established a distinct differentiation between M. furfur isolates from pityriasis versicolor and seborrhoeic dermatitis patients with or without AIDS. We concluded that RAPD typing presented a high discriminatory power between strains studied in this work and can be applied in epidemiological investigation of skin disease causing by M. furfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo F Gandra
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2069, Cascavel, 85814-110, PR, Brazil.
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47
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Paulino LC, Tseng CH, Strober BE, Blaser MJ. Molecular analysis of fungal microbiota in samples from healthy human skin and psoriatic lesions. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2933-41. [PMID: 16891514 PMCID: PMC1594634 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00785-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis, a common cutaneous disease of unknown etiology, may be triggered by infections, including those due to fungi. Since the fungal community of human skin is poorly characterized, we aimed to analyze the mycological microbiota in healthy skin and psoriatic lesions. Twenty-five skin samples from five healthy subjects (flexor forearm) and three patients with psoriasis were analyzed using broad-range 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and 5.8S rDNA/internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) Malassezia-specific PCR primers. Broad-range PCR analysis indicated that most organisms resembled Malassezia. Malassezia-specific 5.8S/ITS2 analysis of 1,374 clones identified five species and four unknown phylotypes, potentially representing new species. The species distribution appears largely host specific and conserved in different sites of healthy skin. In three subjects, the Malassezia microbiota composition appeared relatively stable over time. Samples of Malassezia microbiota from healthy skin and psoriatic lesions were similar in one patient but substantially different in two others. These data indicate the predominance of Malassezia organisms in healthy human skin, host-specific variation, stability over time, and as yet, no consistent patterns differentiating psoriatic skin from healthy skin.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Female
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/genetics
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Malassezia/classification
- Malassezia/genetics
- Malassezia/isolation & purification
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Psoriasis/complications
- Psoriasis/microbiology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Skin/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Paulino
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., OBV-A 606, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Abstract
The genus Malassezia is now divided into eleven species. Different species initiate or aggravate different skin diseases. In seborroheic dermatitis, M. restricta play an important role, while in atopic dermatitis, M. globosa and/or M. restricta are major cutaneous microflora. M. globosa is a causative species of tinea versicolor, and this species is also a causative species of malassezia folliculitis. We should therefore obtain better knowledge of the ecological and pathogenic roles of malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sei
- Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital Department of Dermatology, Kanagawa, Japan
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Mayser P, Kupfer J, Nemetz D, Schäfer U, Nilles M, Hort W, Gieler U. Treatment of head and neck dermatitis with ciclopiroxolamine cream--results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 19:153-8. [PMID: 16612143 DOI: 10.1159/000092596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In atopic dermatitis, microbial allergens may be pathogenetically significant. Apart from Staphylococcus aureus, these are primarily lipophilic Malassezia yeasts. They are particularly involved in the pathogenesis of head and neck dermatitis (HND), a special form of atopic dermatitis, which is often difficult to treat. Fifty patients (21 men, 29 women) with moderate to severe HND of at least 6 months' duration were included in a prospective double-blind study. All of them showed at least 10% involvement of the head-neck region. The severity of disease was evaluated by Investigator Global Assessment (IGA), Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) for the head-neck region and a pruritus score. IgE antibodies to Malassezia sympodialis and/or Malassezia furfur (at least CAP class 1) were a prerequisite for study enrollment. Either 1% ciclopiroxolamine cream (Batrafen; Aventis Pharma, Bad Soden, Germany) or the corresponding base cream were thinly applied to the affected areas twice daily for 28 days. Sixteen patients in the ciclopiroxolamine group and 13 patients in the placebo group completed the study. To assess the change in severity of atopic eczema, IGA differences between the individual measuring points were determined for all patients. There were significant differences in the IGA score change between the ciclopiroxolamine group and the placebo group, from t3 to t4, and over the total period. Similar, but not significant, changes were observed with the EASI score, in terms of affected skin area and itching. The present study is the first to examine the effect of antifungal single-drug therapy with a cream containing ciclopiroxolamine on the course of HND. The study medication was found to be significantly effective. To optimize this effect, suitable patients selected in terms of fungal load, specific IgE, prick test and particularly atopy patch test for Malassezia antigens could receive combined treatment with antimycotic-containing shampoos and/or short-term systemic antimycotic therapy in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mayser
- Center of Dermatology and Andrology, Giessen, Germany.
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50
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Sugita T, Tajima M, Ito T, Saito M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Antifungal activities of tacrolimus and azole agents against the eleven currently accepted Malassezia species. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2824-9. [PMID: 15956404 PMCID: PMC1151899 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2824-2829.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia is an exacerbating factor in atopic dermatitis (AD) and colonizes the skin surface of patients with AD. With the goal of reducing the number of Malassezia cells, we investigated the antifungal activities of a therapeutic agent for AD, tacrolimus, and the azole agents itraconazole and ketoconazole against Malassezia species in vitro. We examined 125 strains of the 11 currently accepted Malassezia species by using the agar dilution method. All strains of the 11 Malassezia species were very susceptible to both azole agents, with MICs ranging from 0.016 to 0.25 mug/ml. Tacrolimus had antifungal activities against half of the strains, with MICs ranging from 16 to 32 mug/ml. Two of the major cutaneous floras, Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta, have several genotypes in the intergenic spacer region of the rRNA gene; the azole agents had slightly higher MICs for specific genotype strains of both microorganisms. A combination of azole agents and tacrolimus had a synergistic effect against Malassezia isolates, based on a fractional inhibitory index of 0.245 to 0.378. Our results provide the basis for testing these agents in future clinical trials to reduce the number of Malassezia cells colonizing the skin surface in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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